FAQ
emerge — configuration — ebuild repository — dispatch-conf
world file — USE flags — ebuilds — profiles
upgrades — using testing packages — binary packages
tools — gentoolkit — eselect
Portage FAQ — cheat sheet — FAQ
all articles
Ten artykuł to kolekcja pytań i odpowiedzi zgromadzonych z listy mailingowej gentoo-dev oraz z kanałów Gentoo na Freenode Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
Zauważ, że na wiele z tych pytań udzielono odpowiedzi w poradnikach i oficjalnej dokumentacji Gentoo. To jest po prostu lista typowych pytań. Przeczytaj dokumentację Gentoo i strony podręcznika (man), aby lepiej zrozumieć działanie Gentoo i GNU / Linux oraz uzyskać odpowiedzi na pytania, na które nie ma tu odpowiedzi.
Read the Gentoo documentation to learn how to use Gentoo, and GNU/Linux more broadly. The main Gentoo documentation is on the wiki, and in the Handbook. More information may be found in man pages, info pages, /usr/share/doc/, upstream, etc. Many commands also support the
--help or -h switches.These questions are often collected from the gentoo-dev mailing list and from Gentoo channels on Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
See also the Portage FAQ for frequently asked questions about the package manager. There is also a FAQ section in the Handbook. For frequently asked questions relating to the documentation wiki and editing the wiki, see the wiki FAQ. There are also some architecture-specific FAQs, such as: AMD64/FAQ, PPC/FAQ, MIPS/FAQ, and Alpha/FAQ.
See the benefits of Gentoo article, to see what makes Gentoo stand out from other distributions. See the cheat sheet for information about common usage. See the help pages for information on editing and contributing to the wiki.
Pierwsze kroki
Please note that there are several pages that provide information about Gentoo Linux. See the page on the website about Gentoo, the philosophy of Gentoo, and the article on the benefits of Gentoo. The handbook also has a section about Gentoo.
Jak wymawia się Gentoo i co to oznacza?
Gentoo (/ˈdʒɛntuː/) is pronounced "gen-too" (the "g" in "Gentoo" is a soft "g", as in "gentle").
The Gentoo Linux distribution takes it's name from the Gentoo penguin, who's scientific name is Pygoscelis papua. The name Gentoo was given to the penguin by the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands.
Co wyróżnia Gentoo??
Gentoo uses a BSD ports-like system called Portage - a package management system that allows great flexibility installing, maintaining, and updating software. Portage provides compile-time option support via USE flags, conditional dependencies, safe installation of software through sandboxing, use-case adaptable defaults thanks to system profiles, and configuration file protection - amongst many other features. All this functionality comes together to make Gentoo a very adaptable operating system, that can conveniently be tailored to any specific usage when needed, but when left in the default configuration will yield a simple, "sane default", environment.
Domyślnie w Gentoo cały system jest kompilowany z kodu źródłowego, przy użyciu optymalizacji wybranych przez użytkownika. Użytkownik ma całkowitą kontrolę nad tym, które pakiety są lub nie są zainstalowane. Gentoo oferuje wiele możliwości wyboru, dzięki czemu użytkownicy mogą instalować Gentoo według własnych preferencji, dlatego Gentoo nazywa się „meta-dystrybucją”.
Gentoo permits many alternatives for core (system) software, allowing users to adapt with ease the installation to their own needs and preferences - in fact, the user has almost complete control over which packages are installed, or left out. This is a key difference from many other distributions, which are often built around specific subsystems, which cannot be replaced. Because of Gentoo's flexibility, there are no "variants", "editions", "flavors", etc. - there is no need, as everything can be adapted for each use-case from the default installation.
The depth of choice of core software, target architectures, and low-level optimization configuration, is why Gentoo is called a meta-distribution.
Gentoo strives to do things in the simplest possible way, and core Gentoo principles and procedures are easy to understand and master, given just a little effort. The relatively small investment to learn how to use Gentoo will reap dividends for anyone who is to become a substantial user of a Unix(like) operating system. Gentoo may require some reading and a little thought to understand how to use it, but the payoff from the power gained by the new user is considerable.
Gentoo jest aktywnie rozwijane. Cała dystrybucja wykorzystuje styl szybkiego rozwoju: łatki do pakietów są szybko włączane do drzewa głównego,dokumentacja jest codziennie aktualizowana, funkcje Portage są często dodawane, a oficjalne wydania pojawiają się dwa razy w roku.
Do not confuse rolling release with bleeding edge. Gentoo updates may be fast-paced, but Gentoo is a stable distribution, with exceptional reliability. All packages are fully tested, and must meet high standards. Quality control is a fundamental priority for the project at large.
Instalacja
See the article on installation for an overview of the installation process.
Things are really unstable when using '-O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer' optimizations. What gives?
While Portage optimizes compilation to a specific processor according to the CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS setting, anything other than the defaults for a given processor risk issues and even performance loss. The goal of the Gentoo project has never specifically been to permit low level optimization, even if its architecture does lend itself to this.
Any required CFLAGS should be set on a per-package basis, system-wide optimization above defaults is not recommended.
The -O2 flag is the highest that should always work. Anything above -O3 is not supported by current versions of GCC. Very aggressive optimizations sometimes cause the compiler to streamline the assembly code to the point where it does not quite do the same thing anymore.
Spróbuj skompilować za pomocą -O2 -march=<system_arch> wraz z CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS before reporting a bug.
See the GCC optimization article for more details.
Jak zmienić hasło roota (lub każdego innego użytkownika) ?
Użyj polecenia passwd, aby zmienić hasło dla aktualnie zalogowanego użytkownika. Użytkownik root może zmienić hasło innych użytkowników za pomocą polecenia passwd nazwa_użytkownika. Dodatkowe opcje i ustawienia dla passwd można znaleźć na stronie podręcznika (man passwd).
Jak dodać normalnego użytkownika?
Polecenie useradd larry doda użytkownika o nazwie "larry". Jednak ta metoda nie daje użytkownikowi wielu praw potrzebnych do prawidłowego działania w systemie, dlatego preferowane jest następujące polecenie:
root #useradd -m -G users,audio,wheel larryThis will add a user called "larry". The -m option creates a home directory. The -G option adds the user to the specified groups:
userswhich is the standard group for interactive users on the systemaudiowhich allows the user to access sound deviceswheelwhich allows the user to execute the su command to gain root privileges (if they know the root password)
Dlaczego użytkownik nie może wykonać su root?
For security reasons, users may only su to root if they belong to the wheel group. To add larry to the wheel group, issue the following command as root:
root #gpasswd -a <nazwa_użytkownika> wheelCzy mogę zaktualizować Gentoo do innej wersji bez reinstalacji systemu?
There are no Gentoo releases, packages are updated continually: it is a rolling release distribution (not to be confused with "bleeding edge" - Gentoo is stable by default).
Gentoo packages get updates every day, and though important core packages will be updated from time to time, and new profiles created, there are no specific events that could be termed versions, releases, editions, variants etc. Each time the system is upgraded, everything will be "up to date".
A well-maintained, regularly-updated, installation should never need reinstalling.
Gentoo should be updated regularly (updating daily or every few days is not unreasonable) for security reasons, and to avoid updates becoming complex. See the Gentoo Upgrading Guide for how to keep things in order.
Gentoo requires Internet access, with sufficient stability and capacity, for both installation and updates.
The Release Engineering Project page, the gentoo-announce mailing list, and the Gentoo ebuild repository news items provide information on important changes.
Moje jądro się nie uruchamia, co powinienem zrobić?
It isn't obligatory to redo every step of the installation. However, investigating the kernel and all associated steps is necessary. Suppose that Gentoo is installed to the following partition scheme /dev/sda1 being /boot, /dev/sda3 being rootfs (/), and /dev/sda2 being swap space.
Boot from a live environment, then escalate to superuser privileges (necessary for mounting filesystems).
Wpierw mount na wszystkich partycjach:
root #mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo
root #mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot
root #swapon /dev/sda2
root #mount -t proc proc /mnt/gentoo/proc
root #mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys
root #mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/sys
root #mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
root #mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/devNastępnie przejdź do środowiska Gentoo za pomocą chroot i skonfiguruj jądro:
root #chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
root #env-update && source /etc/profile
root #cd /usr/src/linux
root #make menuconfigNow (de)select anything that was selected wrongly on the previous attempt, recompile, and reinstall the kernel:
root #make $(portageq envvar MAKEOPTS) && make install modules_installroot #/sbin/liloWyjdź z środowiska chroot i uruchom ponownie system.
root #exit
root #umount -l /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/sys
root #umount /mnt/gentoo/proc /mnt/gentoo/boot /mnt/gentoo
root #rebootPlease see this article from the Knowledge Base for further details.
If, on the other hand, the problem lies with the bootloader configuration, follow the same steps, but instead of configuring and compiling the kernel, reconfigure the bootloader (recompilation of the bootloader is usually not necessary).
Mój serwer proxy wymaga uwierzytelnienia, co mam zrobić?
To have Portage automatically use this scheme, define it in /etc/portage/make.conf:
/etc/portage/make.confSetting proxy authentication for Portagehttp_proxy="http://username:password@yourproxybox.org:portnumber"
ftp_proxy="ftp://username:password@yourproxybox.org:portnumber"
RSYNC_PROXY="rsync://username:password@yourproxybox.server:portnumber"
Keep in mind that the proxy server must support the CONNECT method for the rsync port(s).
Beware of the risks of storing passwords in configuration files. It is bad practice in general, and in some situations can be a huge security problem. Alternative, more secure methods, are advised.
Jak wypalić obraz ISO?
See recommended GUI burners for applications to create optical disks from a running Gentoo installation. See the CD/DVD/BD writing article for information on burning optical media from Gentoo on the command line (article doesn't currently cover iso burning).
This section covers burning an ISO file to optical media - see the LiveUSB article for information on writing ISO files to USB storage devices as bootable media.
ISO files must be burned to an optical disk in raw mode - this means the image should not just be "placed" on the disk as a file, but interpreted as the entire disk, with the aid of specialized ISO burning software. Most CD/DVD writing software will be capable of mastering an ISO file to a disk. Use whatever is at hand on systems available to burn a disk, and consult the documentation relevant to that software.
There are lots of optical media burning tools available to make a disk from an ISO file, here is a small selection of a few popular tools, on different platforms, with a short description of how to use them:
- With EasyCD Creator, on MS Windows: select File, Record CD from CD image. Then change the Files of type to ISO image file. Then locate the ISO file and click Open. After clicking Start recording the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD/DVD.
- With Nero Burning ROM, on MS Windows: cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select Burn Image from the File menu. Select the image to burn and click Open. Now click the Burn button and watch the brand new Gentoo Live CD being burnt.
- With cdrecord, part of cdrtools (app-cdr/cdrtools) - a multi platform project (works on Linux, among others): simply type cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom (replace /dev/cdrom with the CDROM drive's device path) followed by the path to the ISO file.
- With K3B, on Unix(like) OSs: select Tools → Burn Image. Then locate the ISO file within the 'Image to Burn' area, and select the target medium within the 'Burn Medium' area. Click Start to begin the burn process.
- With Mac OS X Panther, and later, launch Disk Utility from Applications/Utilities, select Open from the Images menu, select the mounted disk image in the main window and select Burn in the Images menu.
What ISO or stage file should I use for my CPU?
First find out what CPU is in the system Gentoo is to be installed on (for instance a Pentium-M). Next find out what CPU type it is compatible with (instruction-wise) to find a proper match with Gentoo's ISO or stages. Consulting the CPU's vendor website for this information usually works, although querying a search engine of choice is usually more efficient.
When uncertain, take a "lower" ISO or stage file, for instance a i686 or even generic x86 (or the equivalent in the system's arch). This will ensure that the system will work, but may not be as fast as further optimizations.
Please note that many more options exist than those for which Gentoo builds binary stages. Please see the GCC guide for setting the -march flag.
The Handbook has further information on selecting the correct stage file and choosing the right installation medium.
The Internet does not work after rebooting. What is wrong?
First follow standard troubleshooting practices (cables, routers working etc.).
Verify that the network card is discovered properly by the kernel. Run ip link and look for network interfaces. Something such as eth0, eno1, enp2s0, enp0s8, wlan0, wlp5s6 (in case of certain wireless network cards) should be present. Specific kernel modules may be required for the kernel to properly detect the network card. If that is the case, make sure that the required kernel modules are listed via a file ending in .conf in /etc/modules-load.d.
If support for the system's network card has been left out of the kernel, it will need to be reconfigured and, in some cases, recompiled.
If the network card is found by the kernel, but the network configuration has been set to use DHCP, a DHCP client might not have been installed on the system. There are many DHCP clients available in Gentoo, a common one being dhcpcd. If necessary to get the connection to the Internet working, reboot to the installation CD and install net-misc/dhcpcd.
Information on how to rescue the system using the installation CD is available here as well.
The Handbook contains information on network setup, while the wiki has information on Ethernet, WiFi, and network management.
Can I dual boot with Windows or other operating systems?
Yes! Probably the fastest way to do so is to install GRUB with sys-boot/os-prober. Read about it in the GRUB article and specifically about dual booting with GRUB here.
Attempting to boot Windows from GRUB Legacy or LILO only shows a black screen. What should I do?
This is a known problem and only applies to older bootloaders such as GRUB Legacy and LILO. Windows refuses to boot when it is not installed on the first hard drive and shows a black/blank screen. To handle this, it is necessary to "fool" Windows into believing that it is installed on the first hard drive with a little tweak in the boot loader configuration. Please note that in the below example, Gentoo is installed on /dev/sda (first disk) and Windows on /dev/sdb (second disk). Adjust the configuration as needed:
/boot/grub/grub.confExample dual boot entry for Windows in grub.conftitle Windows XP
map (hd1) (hd0)
map (hd0) (hd1)
rootnoverify (hd1,0)
chainloader +1
The above example is for GRUB Legacy bootloader, not GRUB2. For information on how to dual boot Windows with GRUB see the GRUB article.
/etc/lilo.confExample dual boot entry for Windows in lilo.confother=/dev/sdb1
label=WindowsXP
table=/dev/sdb
map-drive = 0x80
to = 0x81
map-drive = 0x81
to = 0x80
This will make Windows believe it is installed on the first hard drive and boot without problems. More information can be found in official GRUB documentation and in man lilo.conf.
How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 file?
The Gentoo Handbook only describes a Gentoo installation using a stage3 file. Stage1 and stage2 files are for development purposes only (the Release Engineering team starts from a stage1 file to obtain a stage3) and should not be used by users. A stage3 file can very well be used to bootstrap the system. A working Internet connection is a requirement.
Bootstrapping means building the toolchain (the C library and compiler) for the system after which all core system packages are installed. To bootstrap the system, perform a stage3 installation. Before starting the chapter on Configuring the Kernel, it might be necessary to modify the bootstrap.sh script to match personal requirements:
root #cd /usr/portage/scripts
root #vi bootstrap.shPo modyfikacjach, uruchom skrypt.
root #./bootstrap.shNext, rebuild all core system packages with the newly built toolchain. We need to rebuild them since the stage3 file already offers them:
root #emerge -e @systemTeraz kontynuuj "Konfigurację Jądra".
Zarządzanie pakietami
W jakiej formie są przechowywane pakiety?
Packages are not "stored" per se. Instead, Gentoo provides a set of scripts which can resolve dependencies, fetch source code, and compile a version of the package tailored to the user's needs. Generally Gentoo only builds binaries for releases and snapshots. The Gentoo Developer Manual covers the contents of an ebuild script in detail.
For full ISO releases, a full suite of binary packages will be created using an enhanced .tbz2 format, which is .tar.bz2 compatible with meta-information attached to the end of the file. These can be used to install a working (though not fully optimized) version of the package quickly and efficiently.
Możliwe jest tworzenie pakietów RPMs (pliki menadżera pakietów Red Hat) używając Portage od Gentoo, ale obecnie nie można wykorzystać istniejących pakietów RPM do instalacji.
I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
Yes, but it is not trivial, nor is it recommended. Since the method to do this requires a good understanding of Portage internals and commands, it is instead recommended that the ebuild is patched to do whatever it is that the user wants and place it in a Portage overlay (that is why overlays exist). This is much better for maintainability, and usually easier. See the Gentoo Developer Manual for more information.
Co jeśli rsync nie działa?
When behind a firewall that does not permit rsync traffic through port 873, the emerge-webrsync command can be used to fetch and install a Portage snapshot through regular HTTP. See this section for information on downloading source files and Portage snapshots via a proxy.
I have a slow (or no) Internet connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
It is possible to download packages manually and copy them to an appropriate location to be used for installation, however this can be a very tedious process.
Run emerge --pretend package/atom to see what programs are going to be installed. To find out the sources for those packages, and where to download the sources from, run emerge -fp package/atom. Download sources and bring them on any media home. Put the sources into the /var/cache/distfiles/ folder and then simply run emerge package/atom.
Source distfiles are collecting in /var/cache/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
Deleting these files will have no negative impact on day-to-day performance. However, it might be wise to keep the most recent version of the files; often several ebuilds will be released for the same version of a specific piece of software. If the archive is deleted and the software is upgraded or rebuilt it will be necessary to download them from the Internet again.
Use the eclean script from app-portage/gentoolkit to manage the contents of /var/cache/distfiles/ and a few other locations. Please read eclean(1) man-page to learn more about its usage, as well as the Gentoolkit article.
What is in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
During compilation, Gentoo saves the sources of the package in /var/tmp/portage (or in $PORTAGE_TMPDIR/portage if the default is changed). These files and folder are usually deleted upon a successful emerge, but this sometimes fails. It is safe to clean out all contents of this directory if the emerge command is not running. Be sure to always pgrep emerge before cleaning out this directory.
Usage
How do I set up an International keyboard layout?
Edit the keymap variable in /etc/conf.d/keymaps. To have console working correctly with extended characters in the keymap, it might be necessary to set the consolefont and consoletransation variables in the /etc/conf.d/consolefont file (for further information on localizing the environment, refer to the localization guide). Then, issue a reboot, or restart the keymaps and consolefont scripts:
root #/etc/init.d/keymaps restart
root #/etc/init.d/consolefont restartSee keyboard layout switching for more information.
DNS name resolution works for root only
/etc/resolv.conf has the wrong permissions; fix it as follows:
root #chmod 0644 /etc/resolv.confSee also resolv.conf.
Why can't my user use their own crontab?
Dodaj użytkownika do grupy cron:
root #gpasswd -a <nazwa_użytkownika> cronHow do I get numlock to start on boot?
The following command will add the numlock service to the default runlevel, enabling numlock at boot:
root #rc-update add numlock default
root #/etc/init.d/numlock startEach GUI provides different tools for this sort of thing; please check the help section or online manuals for the GUI of choice for further assistance.
How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
To have the terminal cleared, add the clear command to the user's ~/.bash_logout script:
user $echo clear >> ~/.bash_logoutTo have this happen automatically when adding a new user, do the same for the /etc/skel/.bash_logout file:
root #echo clear >> /etc/skel/.bash_logoutRozbudowa
Gdzie mogę zgłosić błąd?
Use the Bugzilla site to report bugs. Visit #gentoo (webchat) on the Libera.Chat IRC network and ask around if it is unclear whether an issue is really a bug or not.
There are a couple of guides for reporting bugs on the wiki: Bugzilla/Bug report guide and Bugzilla/Guide. See also the support article.
How often are new releases made?
Gentoo's packages are usually updated shortly after the upstream authors release new code, see this section for more information.
The Release Engineering Project page, the gentoo-announce mailing list, and the Gentoo ebuild repository news items provide information on important changes to Gentoo Linux.
This section concerns releases of packages. Gentoo itself is on a rolling release model and does not have releases, see the What makes Gentoo different? section.
My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Console beeps can be turned off using setterm, like this:
root #setterm -blength 0To turn off the console beeps on boot, put the following command in the /etc/conf.d/local.start file. However, this only disables beeps for the current terminal. To disable beeps for other terminals, pipe the command output to the target terminal, like this:
root #setterm -blength 0 > /dev/vc/1Replace /dev/vc/1 with the terminal for which console beeps need to be disabled.
See this article for more details.
Trivia
Why is the letter 'e' in the name of many Gentoo-specific tools and functions?
The 'e' became a thing because Gentoo originally started as Enoch Linux. Many of Gentoo's tools and function names maintained the prefix 'e' for this reason.
Here's a quote from Daniel Robbins (Daniel Robbins) : "I think the 'e' likely came from enoch, and was picked as a single-character prefix in the vein of the 'iMac', which was initially released in August 1998. Enoch began in early 1999. (see https://www.funtoo.org/Funtoo_Linux_History)."
Zasoby
Mogę kupić płytę Gentoo Linux?
Most stores have stopped offering CDs and DVDs. With the short window between Gentoo ISO releases and technological advancements (especially higher internet bandwidth for the masses) these forms of installation media are now artifacts of history. Bootable media are readily available on the mirrors and accessible via the downloads page.
Licensed stores for official merchandise of other types are listed on the stores page.
This FAQ has not answered my question. What do I do now?
A good first step is to browse through the relevant documentation, on the Gentoo wiki, in man pages, Info, /usr/share/doc/, etc. Many commands also support the --help or -h switches.
The various Gentoo Linux mailing lists, or the forums could help. Queries may be put to the Gentoo community on IRC - ask questions directly in the #gentoo (webchat) Libera.Chat IRC channel.
The Gentoo bug tracking system contains information on many issues. Searching the web may yield good results for some questions. If having trouble with a particular package, check upstream documentation.
See the support article if having a particular issue.
This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Daniel Robbins (Daniel Robbins) , Colin Morey, John P. Davis, Eric Stockbridge, Stoyan Zhekov, Carl Anderson, Jorge Paulo, Benny Chuang, Jonathan Smith,
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.