Vim

From Gentoo Wiki
Jump to:navigation Jump to:search
This page is a translated version of the page Vim and the translation is 38% complete.
Other languages:
Deutsch • ‎English • ‎español • ‎français • ‎italiano • ‎português do Brasil • ‎svenska • ‎русский • ‎தமிழ் • ‎ไทย • ‎中文（中国大陆）‎ • ‎日本語 • ‎한국어

Vim (Vi improved) ist ein Texteditor welcher auf dem vi Textverarbeiter basiert. Vim kann über die Kommandozeile oder als eine eigenständige Anwendung über eine Benutzeroberfläche verwendet werden.

Vim sollte nicht mit Neovim verwechselt werden, ein ähnliches Programm welches den selben Anwendungszweck erfüllt.

Installation

USE Marker

USE flags for app-editors/vim Vim, an improved vi-style text editor

X Link console vim against X11 libraries to enable title and clipboard features in xterm
acl Add support for Access Control Lists
crypt Use dev-libs/libsodium for crypto support
cscope Enable cscope interface
debug Enable extra debug codepaths, like asserts and extra output. If you want to get meaningful backtraces see https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Quality_Assurance/Backtraces
gpm Add support for sys-libs/gpm (Console-based mouse driver)
lua Enable Lua scripting support
minimal Install a very minimal build (disables, for example, plugins, fonts, most drivers, non-critical features)
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettextGNU locale utilities)
perl Add optional support/bindings for the Perl language
python Add optional support/bindings for the Python language
racket Enable support for Scheme using dev-scheme/racket
ruby Add support/bindings for the Ruby language
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
sound Enable sound support
tcl Add support the Tcl language
terminal Enable terminal emulation support
vim-pager Install vimpager and vimmanpager links
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2022-05-19 13:35 More information about USE flags

Emerge

Wenn Unterstützung für das X Fenstersystem nicht notwendig ist, kann app-editors/vim installiert werden:

root #emerge --ask app-editors/vim

Zusätzliche Software

Gvim

Um Vim mit der Ncurses basierten Schnittstelle (/usr/bin/vim) und der grafischen Schnittstelle (für das X Fenster System - /usr/bin/gvim) zu installieren, installiere das app-editors/gvim Paket:

root #emerge --ask app-editors/gvim

Pakete

Vim unterstützt Pakete, welche einen nativen Mechanismus zur Verfügung stellen, um die Funktionalität zu erweitern. Lese die Dokumentation über eingebaute Pakete, um mehr zu erfahren: :help packages

Plugins

Die Kategorie app-vim enthält viele zusätzliche Syntax Definitionen, Plugins und anderes Vim Zugehöriges.

Nutze emerge oder eix um einen Überblick über verfügbare Pakete in der app-vim Kategorie zu erhalten:

user $emerge --search "%@^app-vim"
user $eix -cC app-vim

Nicht alle Vim Plugins werden im Gentoo Repository verfügbar sein. Vim enthält jetzt native Pakete, als Möglichkeit Vim Plugins zu installieren. Zusätzlich gibt es mehrere Plugin Verwalterungsprogramme für Vim.

Konfiguration

Dateien

Vim kann für jeden Nutzer einzeln oder über eine systemweiten Konfigurationsdatei konfiguriert werden:

  • /etc/vim/vimrc - Die globale Konfigurationsdatei
  • ~/.vimrc - Die Konfigurationsdatei des Nutzers. Das Tilde (~) ist eine Verkürzung für das Home Verzeichnis des Nutzers.
  • ~/.vim/pack/foo - Ort, wo Vim Plugins installiert sind.[1] Ersätze foo durch den Namen jedes Plugins.

Farb-Themen

About a dozen color schemes are shipped with the base Vim package. They can be listed in last line mode by typing colorscheme, then pressing either Ctrl+d or pressing the Tab key twice:

:colorscheme
blue       darkblue   default    delek      desert     elflord    evening    industry   koehler    morning    murphy     pablo      peachpuff  ron        shine      slate      torte      zellner

They can be changed in Vim by using the colorscheme (alternatively use colo) command while in last line mode:

:colorscheme peachpuff

Color schemes can be permanently applied in the .vimrc file:

DATEI ~/.vimrc
colorscheme peachpuff
syntax on

The first line sets the default color scheme while the last line activates the color scheme.

Selecting vi editor and system default editor

If Vim - and only Vim - is installed, the vi command should launch Vim. If other vi-like editors are installed, eselect may be used to choose which editor the vi command launches.

The text editor article may also be of interest for setting a system default editor, if Vim is to be set as the default.

Usage

Invocation

From the command line:

user $vim --help
vim --help
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.2 (2019 Dec 12, compiled Nov 26 2021 11:56:27)
 
Usage: vim [arguments] [file ..]       edit specified file(s)
   or: vim [arguments] -               read text from stdin
   or: vim [arguments] -t tag          edit file where tag is defined
   or: vim [arguments] -q [errorfile]  edit file with first error
 
Arguments:
   --			Only file names after this
   -v			Vi mode (like "vi")
   -e			Ex mode (like "ex")
   -E			Improved Ex mode
   -s			Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
   -d			Diff mode (like "vimdiff")
   -y			Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
   -R			Readonly mode (like "view")
   -Z			Restricted mode (like "rvim")
   -m			Modifications (writing files) not allowed
   -M			Modifications in text not allowed
   -b			Binary mode
   -l			Lisp mode
   -C			Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
   -N			Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
   -V[N][fname]		Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
   -D			Debugging mode
   -n			No swap file, use memory only
   -r			List swap files and exit
   -r (with file name)	Recover crashed session
   -L			Same as -r
   -A			Start in Arabic mode
   -H			Start in Hebrew mode
   -T <terminal>	Set terminal type to <terminal>
   --not-a-term		Skip warning for input/output not being a terminal
   --ttyfail		Exit if input or output is not a terminal
   -u <vimrc>		Use <vimrc> instead of any .vimrc
   --noplugin		Don't load plugin scripts
   -p[N]		Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
   -o[N]		Open N windows (default: one for each file)
   -O[N]		Like -o but split vertically
   +			Start at end of file
   +<lnum>		Start at line <lnum>
   --cmd <command>	Execute <command> before loading any vimrc file
   -c <command>		Execute <command> after loading the first file
   -S <session>		Source file <session> after loading the first file
   -s <scriptin>	Read Normal mode commands from file <scriptin>
   -w <scriptout>	Append all typed commands to file <scriptout>
   -W <scriptout>	Write all typed commands to file <scriptout>
   -x			Edit encrypted files
   --startuptime <file>	Write startup timing messages to <file>
   -i <viminfo>		Use <viminfo> instead of .viminfo
   --clean		'nocompatible', Vim defaults, no plugins, no viminfo
   -h  or  --help	Print Help (this message) and exit
   --version		Print version information and exit

The vi command may also be used to launch Vim, if so configured.

Specify a name, to open an existing file, or to create a new one:

user $vim <filename>

Tutorial

Vim has a built-in tutorial which should require around 30 minutes to go through. Start it using the vimtutor command:

user $vimtutor

Tips and tricks

Using Vim like ex or ed from the command line

It is possible to use Vim for one-liners — commands that can be used in scripts or on the command-line to make changes in an unattended manner.

For instance, the following command adds # to the beginning of each line in the file.txt file:

user $vim -c ":%s/^/#/g" -c ":x" file.txt

What happens is that Vim interprets the passed on commands (through the -c option). The first command is Vim's substitution command (which is very similar to sed's), the second one is Vim's instruction to save and exit the editor.

Change file encoding

To change the file encoding of a file to UTF-8, use the following command (in last line mode):

:e ++enc=utf8

As shown in the previous trick, it is possible to do this from the command line as well:

user $vim -c ":wq! ++enc=utf8" file.txt

Troubleshooting

I'm trapped in vim!

For someone entering vim without knowing how to use it, it may not be evident how to quit.

Press esc several times, then :, q, enter. To quit without saving, press esc several times, then :, q, !, enter.

If several files are open, try pressing esc several times, then :, q, a, enter. To quit without saving, press esc several times, then :, q, a, !, enter.

If this doesn't help, and desperate measures are needed, something like killall vim may be a last ditch solution (from another terminal). Beware that this will terminate all the vim sessions for a user, without saving. If run as root, such a command will terminate all vim sessions for all users on the system.

See also

External resources

References

  1. ↑ https://vimhelp.org/repeat.txt.html#packages
Retrieved from "https://wiki.gentoo.org/index.php?title=Vim/de&oldid=1061630"