Konfigurace jádra Linux

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This page is a translated version of the page Handbook:AMD64/Installation/Kernel and the translation is 100% complete.
AMD64 Handbook
Instalace
O instalaci
Výběr média
Konfigurace sítě
Příprava disků
Instalace stage3
Instalace základního systému
Konfigurace jádra
Konfigurace systému
Instalace nástrojů
Konfigurace zavaděče
Dokončení
Práce s Gentoo
Úvod do Portage
Přepínače USE
Funkce portage
Systém initskriptů
Proměnné prostředí
Práce s Portage
Soubory a adresáře
Proměnné
Mísení softwarových větví
Doplňkové nástroje
Vlastní strom Portage
Pokročilé funkce
Konfigurace sítě
Začínáme
Pokročilá konfigurace
Modulární síťování
Bezdrátové sítě
Přidání funkcí
Dynamická správa

Firmware

Linux Firmware

Některé ovladače vyžadují pro svoje fungování instalaci doplňkového firmwaru. Často se jedná o síťová rozhraní, zvláště u bezdrátových síťových karet. Také moderní grafické čipy od výrobců jako je AMD, NVidia a Intel vyžadují často externí soubory s firmwarem jsou-li použity open source ovladače. Většina firmwaru je součástí sys-kernel/linux-firmware:

It is recommended to have the sys-kernel/linux-firmware package installed before the initial system reboot in order to have the firmware available in the event that it is necessary:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Poznámka
Installing certain firmware packages often requires accepting the associated firmware licenses. If necessary, visit the license handling section of the Handbook for help on accepting licenses.

It is important to note that kernel symbols that are built as modules (M) will load their associated firmware files from the filesystem when they are loaded by the kernel. It is not necessary to include the device's firmware files into the kernel's binary image for symbols loaded as modules.

SOF Firmware

Důležité
Use of this firmware requires enabling certain Kernel options and is only supported on AMD64 currently. Enabling these options are only necessary if a manual configuration is planned, as the Distribution Kernels have them enabled already. The necessary options are covered in architecture specific kernel configuration.

Sound Open Firmware (SOF) is a new open source audio driver meant to replace the proprietary Smart Sound Technology (SST) audio driver from Intel. 10th gen+ and Apollo Lake (Atom E3900, Celeron N3350, and Pentium N4200) Intel CPUs require this firmware for certain features and certain AMD APUs also have support for this firmware. SOF's supported platforms matrix can be found here for more information.

root #emerge --ask sys-firmware/sof-firmware

Microcode

In addition to discrete graphics hardware and network interfaces, CPUs also can require firmware updates. Typically this kind of firmware is referred to as microcode. Newer revisions of microcode are sometimes necessary to patch instability, security concerns, or other miscellaneous bugs in CPU hardware.

Microcode updates for AMD CPUs are distributed within the aforementioned sys-kernel/linux-firmware package. Microcode for Intel CPUs can be found within the sys-firmware/intel-microcode package, which will need to be installed separately. See the Microcode article for more information on how to apply microcode updates.

Kernel configuration and compilation

Nyní je čas nakonfigurovat a sestavit jádro. K tomu lze přistoupit dvěma způsoby:

Ranked from least involved to most involved:

  1. Jádro se konfiguruje a sestaví ručně.
  2. K automatickému sestavení a instalaci jádra Linux se použije nástroj zvaný genkernel.

Základ, kolem něhož jsou vybudovány všechny distribuce, je jádro Linux. Je to vrstva mezi uživatelskými programy a systémovým hardwarem. Gentoo nabízí svým uživatelům několik možný zdrojů jádra. Celý seznam s popisem je dostupný na stránce Přehled jader.

Distribution kernels

Distribution Kernels are ebuilds that cover the complete process of unpacking, configuring, compiling, and installing the kernel. The primary advantage of this method is that the kernels are updated to new versions by the package manager as part of @world upgrade. This requires no more involvement than running an emerge command. Distribution kernels default to a configuration supporting the majority of hardware, however two mechanisms are offered for customization: savedconfig and config snippets. See the project page for more details on configuration.

Installing a distribution kernel

Before installing the kernel package the dracut USE flag needs to be added for the package sys-kernel/installkernel in /etc/portage/package.use:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/installkernelEnable dracut support
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut

Users may also wish to enable additional sys-kernel/installkernel USE flags at this stage. See the Installation/Kernel#Installkernel section for details.

To build a kernel with Gentoo patches from source, type:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel

System administrators who want to avoid compiling the kernel sources locally can instead use precompiled kernel images:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin
Optional: Signed kernel modules

The kernel modules in the prebuilt distribution kernel (sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin) are already signed. To sign the modules of kernels built from source enable the modules-sign USE flag, and optionally specify which key to use for signing in /etc/portage/make.conf:

FILE /etc/portage/make.confEnable module signing
USE="modules-sign"

# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512.

If MODULES_SIGN_KEY is not specified the kernel build system will generate a key, it will be stored in /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/certs. It is recommended to manually generate a key to ensure that it will be the same for each kernel release. A key may be generated with:

root #openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -x509 -outform PEM -out kernel_key.pem -keyout kernel_key.pem
Poznámka
The MODULES_SIGN_KEY and MODULES_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.

OpenSSL will ask some questions about the user generating the key, it is recommended to fill in these questions as detailed as possible.

Store the key in a safe location, at the very least the key should be readable only by the root user. Verify this with:

root #ls -l kernel_key.pem
 -r-------- 1 root root 3164 Jan  4 10:38 kernel_key.pem 

If this outputs anything other then the above, correct the permissions with:

root #chown root:root kernel_key.pem
root #chmod 400 kernel_key.pem
Optional: Signing the kernel image (Secure Boot)

The kernel image in the prebuilt distribution kernel (sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin) is already signed for use with Secure Boot. To sign the kernel image of kernels built from source enable the secureboot USE flag, and optionally specify which key to use for signing in /etc/portage/make.conf. Note that signing the kernel image for use with secureboot requires that the kernel modules are also signed, the same key may be used to sign both the kernel image and the kernel modules:

FILE /etc/portage/make.confEnable custom signing keys
USE="modules-sign secureboot"

# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512.

# Optionally, to boot with secureboot enabled, may be the same or different signing key.
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
Poznámka
The SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
Poznámka
For this example the same key that was generated to sign the modules is used to sign the kernel image. It is also possible to generate and use a second separate key for signing the kernel image. The same OpenSSL command as in the previous section may be used again.

See the above section for instructions on generating a new key, the steps may be repeated if a separate key should be used to sign the kernel image.

To successfully boot with Secure Boot enabled, the used bootloader must also be signed and the certificate must be accepted by the UEFI firmware or Shim. This will be explained later in the handbook.

Upgrading and cleaning up

Once the kernel is installed, the package manager will automatically update it to newer versions. The previous versions will be kept until the package manager is requested to clean up stale packages. To reclaim disk space, stale packages can be trimmed by periodically running emerge with the --depclean option:

root #emerge --depclean

Alternatively, to specifically clean up old kernel versions:

root #emerge --prune sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin

Post-install/upgrade tasks

Distribution kernels are capable of rebuilding kernel modules installed by other packages. linux-mod-r1.eclass provides the dist-kernel USE flag which controls a subslot dependency on virtual/dist-kernel.

Enabling this USE flag on packages like sys-fs/zfs and sys-fs/zfs-kmod allows them to automatically be rebuilt against a newly updated kernel and, if applicable, will re-generate the initramfs accordingly.

Manually rebuilding the initramfs or Unified Kernel Image

If required, manually trigger such rebuilds by, after a kernel upgrade, executing:

root #emerge --ask @module-rebuild

If any kernel modules (e.g. ZFS) are needed at early boot, rebuild the initramfs afterward via:

root #emerge --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel
root #emerge --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin

Instalace zdrojových kódů

Poznámka
This section is only relevant when using the following genkernel (hybrid) or manual kernel management approach.

When installing and compiling the kernel for amd64-based systems, Gentoo recommends the sys-kernel/gentoo-sources package.

Choose an appropriate kernel source and install it using emerge:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-sources

Tím nainstalujete zdrojové kódy jádra do /usr/src, v němž bude symbolický odkaz linux ukazovat na nainstalované zdrojové kódy jádra:

It is conventional for a /usr/src/linux symlink to be maintained, such that it refers to whichever sources correspond with the currently running kernel. However, this symbolic link will not be created by default. An easy way to create the symbolic link is to utilize eselect's kernel module.

For further information regarding the purpose of the symlink, and how to manage it, please refer to Kernel/Upgrade.

First, list all installed kernels:

root #eselect kernel list
Available kernel symlink targets:
  [1]   linux-6.1.38-gentoo

In order to create a symbolic link called linux, use:

root #eselect kernel set 1
root #ls -l /usr/src/linux
lrwxrwxrwx    1 root   root    12 Oct 13 11:04 /usr/src/linux -> linux-6.1.38-gentoo

Alternativa: Použití genkernelu

Poznámka
In case it was missed, this section requires the kernel sources to be installed. Be sure to obtain the relevant kernel sources, then return here for the rest of section.

Pokud ve vás ruční konfigurace vzbuzuje obavy, pak doporučujeme použití genkernel. Nakonfiguruje a sestaví jádro automaticky.

Genkernel provides a generic kernel configuration file and will compile the kernel and initramfs, then install the resulting binaries to the appropriate locations. This results in minimal and generic hardware support for the system's first boot, and allows for additional update control and customization of the kernel's configuration in the future.

Be informed: while using genkernel to maintain the kernel provides system administrators with more update control over the system's kernel, initramfs, and other options, it will require a time and effort commitment to perform future kernel updates as new sources are released. Those looking for a hands-off approach to kernel maintenance should use a distribution kernel.

For additional clarity, it is a misconception to believe genkernel automatically generates a custom kernel configuration for the hardware on which it is run; it uses a predetermined kernel configuration that supports most generic hardware and automatically handles the make commands necessary to assemble and install the kernel, the associate modules, and the initramfs file.

Binary redistributable software license group

If the linux-firmware package has been previously installed, then skip onward to the to the installation section.

As a prerequisite, due to the firwmare USE flag being enabled by default for the sys-kernel/genkernel package, the package manager will also attempt to pull in the sys-kernel/linux-firmware package. The binary redistributable software licenses are required to be accepted before the linux-firmware will install.

This license group can be accepted system-wide for any package by adding the @BINARY-REDISTRIBUTABLE as an ACCEPT_LICENSE value in the /etc/portage/make.conf file. It can be exclusively accepted for the linux-firmware package by adding a specific inclusion via a /etc/portage/package.license/linux-firmware file.

If necessary, review the methods of accepting software licenses available in the Installing the base system chapter of the handbook, then make some changes for acceptable software licenses.

If in analysis paralysis, the following will do the trick:

root #mkdir /etc/portage/package.license
FILE /etc/portage/package.license/linux-firmwareAccept binary redistributable licenses for the linux-firmware package
sys-kernel/linux-firmware @BINARY-REDISTRIBUTABLE

Installation

Nyní se podívejme na to, jak genkernel použít. Nejprve nainstalujeme ebuild sys-kernel/genkernel.

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/genkernel

Generation

Nyní sestavte zdrojové kódy jádra spuštěním příkazu genkernel all. Vemte na vědomí, že genkernel sestaví jádro s podporou téměř veškerého hardwaru, tudíž sestavování může trvat docela dlouho!

Poznámka
Pokud oddíl boot neobsahuje systém souborů ext2 nebo ext3, bude nejspíše třeba ručně nakonfigurovat jádro pomocí příkazu genkernel --menuconfig all a přidat podporu pro odpovídající systém souborů přímo do jádra (tedy nikoli jako modul). Uživatelé LVM2 budou pravděpodobně chtít také přidat přepínač --lvm.
Poznámka
Users of LVM2 should add --lvm as an argument to the genkernel command below.
root #genkernel all

Na konci genkernel vytvoří jádro a kompletní sada modulů a počáteční ram disk (initramfs). Jádro a initrd použijeme později v tomto dokumentu při konfiguraci zavaděče.

root #ls /boot/kernel* /boot/initramfs*

Výchozí: Ruční konfigurace

Úvod

Poznámka
In case it was missed, this section requires the kernel sources to be installed. Be sure to obtain the relevant kernel sources, then return here for the rest of section.

Ruční konfigurace jádra je často vnímána na jako ta vůbec nejsložitější procedura, kterou musí uživatel Linuxu provádět. Nic není dál od pravdy - po konfiguraci několika jader si málokdo vzpomene, že to kdy bylo složité ;)

Nicméně jedno je pravdou: při manuální konfiguraci je nutné znát systém. Většinu informací získáte nainstalováním balíčku sys-apps/pciutils, který obsahuje příkaz lspci:

root #emerge --ask sys-apps/pciutils
Poznámka
Uvnitř chrootu můžete bezpečně ignorovat varování pcilib (jako je "pcilib cannot open /sys/bus/pci/devices"), které může lspci vypisovat.

Dalším zdrojem informací o systému je spuštění lsmod, po němž uvidíte jaké moduly jádra používá instalační CD, čímž můžete získat indicii o tom, co povolit.

Nyní přejděte do adresáře se zdrojovým kódem jádra a spusťte příkaz make menuconfig. Po něm na vás vyskočí obrazovka s konfiguračním menu.

root #cd /usr/src/linux
root #make menuconfig

Konfigurace jádra Linux má mnoho a mnoho sekcí. Nejprve si vypišme ty volby, které musejí být aktivovány (jinak by Gentoo nefungovalo nebo nefungovalo správně bez dodatečného poladění). Na Gentoo wiki máme k dispozici také Průvodce Gentoo nastavením jádra, který vám může poskytnout další pomoc.

Aktivace vyžadovaných voleb

When using sys-kernel/gentoo-sources, it is strongly recommend the Gentoo-specific configuration options be enabled. These ensure that a minimum of kernel features required for proper functioning is available:

KERNEL Enabling Gentoo-specific options
Gentoo Linux --->
  Generic Driver Options --->
    [*] Gentoo Linux support
    [*]   Linux dynamic and persistent device naming (userspace devfs) support
    [*]   Select options required by Portage features
        Support for init systems, system and service managers  --->
          [*] OpenRC, runit and other script based systems and managers
          [*] systemd

Naturally the choice in the last two lines depends on the selected init system (OpenRC vs. systemd). It does not hurt to have support for both init systems enabled.

When using sys-kernel/vanilla-sources, the additional selections for init systems will be unavailable. Enabling support is possible, but goes beyond the scope of the handbook.

Enabling support for typical system components

Zajistěte, že všechny ovladače nezbytné pro zavedení systému (jako je řadič SCSI atd.) jsou sestaveny jako součást jádra a ne jako modul, jinak systém nebude schopen plně najet.

Potom zvolte přesný model procesoru. Doporučuje se zapnout prvky MCE (pokud jsou v nabídce), tak aby byl uživatel upozorněn na chyby hardwaru. Na některých architekturách (jako je x86_64) tyto chyby nejsou zapisovány do dmesg ale /dev/mcelog. To vyžaduje balíček app-admin/mcelog.

Zvolte také "Maintain a devtmpfs file system to mount at /dev", aby byly kritické soubory zařízení dostupné už zkraje procesu zavádění (CONFIG_DEVTMPFS a CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT):

KERNEL Zapnutí podpory devtmpfs
Device Drivers --->
  Generic Driver Options --->
    [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev
    [ ]   Automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs

Ověřte, že byla aktivována podpora pro SCSI diky (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD):

KERNEL Enabling SCSI disk support
Device Drivers --->
   SCSI device support  --->
      <*> SCSI disk support
KERNEL Enabling basic SATA and PATA support (CONFIG_ATA_ACPI, CONFIG_SATA_PMP, CONFIG_SATA_AHCI, CONFIG_ATA_BMDMA, CONFIG_ATA_SFF, CONFIG_ATA_PIIX)
Device Drivers --->
  <*> Serial ATA and Parallel ATA drivers (libata)  --->
    [*] ATA ACPI Support
    [*] SATA Port Multiplier support
    <*> AHCI SATA support (ahci)
    [*] ATA BMDMA support
    [*] ATA SFF support (for legacy IDE and PATA)
    <*> Intel ESB, ICH, PIIX3, PIIX4 PATA/SATA support (ata_piix)

Verify basic NVMe support has been enabled:

KERNEL Enable basic NVMe support for Linux 4.4.x (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NVME)
Device Drivers  --->
  <*> NVM Express block device
KERNEL Enable basic NVMe support for Linux 5.x.x (CONFIG_DEVTMPFS)
Device Drivers --->
  NVME Support --->
    <*> NVM Express block device

It does not hurt to enable the following additional NVMe support:

KERNEL Enabling additional NVMe support (CONFIG_NVME_MULTIPATH, CONFIG_NVME_MULTIPATH, CONFIG_NVME_HWMON, CONFIG_NVME_FC, CONFIG_NVME_TCP, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_PASSTHRU, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_LOOP, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_FC, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_FCLOOP, CONFIG_NVME_TARGET_TCP
[*] NVMe multipath support
[*] NVMe hardware monitoring
<M> NVM Express over Fabrics FC host driver
<M> NVM Express over Fabrics TCP host driver
<M> NVMe Target support
  [*]   NVMe Target Passthrough support
  <M>   NVMe loopback device support
  <M>   NVMe over Fabrics FC target driver
  < >     NVMe over Fabrics FC Transport Loopback Test driver (NEW)
  <M>   NVMe over Fabrics TCP target support

Nyní přejděte na Souborové systémy (File Systems) a vyberte podporu pro soubory systémy, které používáte. Nesestavte souborový systém použitý pro kořen (root) jako modul, jinak Gentoo nebude moci připojit tento diskový oddíl. Vyberte také Virtual memory a /proc file system. Vyberte jednu nebo více z násedujících možností dle potřeb systému (CONFIG_EXT2_FS, CONFIG_EXT3_FS, CONFIG_EXT4_FS, CONFIG_MSDOS_FS, CONFIG_VFAT_FS, CONFIG_PROC_FS, and CONFIG_TMPFS):

KERNEL Selecting necessary file systems
File systems --->
  <*> Second extended fs support
  <*> The Extended 3 (ext3) filesystem
  <*> The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
  <*> Reiserfs support
  <*> JFS filesystem support
  <*> XFS filesystem support
  <*> Btrfs filesystem support
  DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems  --->
    <*> MSDOS fs support
    <*> VFAT (Windows-95) fs support
 
Pseudo Filesystems --->
    [*] /proc file system support
    [*] Tmpfs virtual memory file system support (former shm fs)

Pokud používáte pro připojení k internetu PPPoE nebo modem, aktivujte následující volby (CONFIG_PPP, CONFIG_PPP_ASYNC, and CONFIG_PPP_SYNC_TTY):

KERNEL Selecting PPPoE necessary drivers
Device Drivers --->
  Network device support --->
    <*> PPP (point-to-point protocol) support
    <*>   PPP support for async serial ports
    <*>   PPP support for sync tty ports

Zvolení dvou možností komprese nijak neublíží, ale ani není nezbytně nutné, stejně jako volba "PPP over Ethernet", kterou ppp použije pouze v případě, že bude nastaveno pro použití PPPoE v módu jádra.

Nezapomeňte do jádra zahrnout podporu síťových (ethernetových nebo bezdrátových) karet.

Většina systémů má k dispozici více jader, proto je důležité aktivovat Symmetric multi-processing support (CONFIG_SMP):

KERNEL Activating SMP support
Processor type and features  --->
  [*] Symmetric multi-processing support
Poznámka
U vícejaderných systémů se každé jádro počítá jako jeden procesor.

Pokud používáte vstupní zařízení USB (jako je klávesnice nebo myš) nebo jiná USB zařízení, nezapomeňte je také povolit (CONFIG_HID_GENERIC and CONFIG_USB_HID, CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT, CONFIG_USB_XHCI_HCD, CONFIG_USB_EHCI_HCD, CONFIG_USB_OHCI_HCD):

KERNEL Activating USB support for input devices
Device Drivers --->
  HID support  --->
    -*- HID bus support
    <*>   Generic HID driver
    [*]   Battery level reporting for HID devices
      USB HID support  --->
        <*> USB HID transport layer
  [*] USB support  --->
    <*>     xHCI HCD (USB 3.0) support
    <*>     EHCI HCD (USB 2.0) support
    <*>     OHCI HCD (USB 1.1) support

Optional: Signed kernel modules

To automatically sign the kernel modules enable CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL:

KERNEL Sign kernel modules CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL
[*] Enable loadable module support  
  -*-   Module signature verification    
    [*]     Automatically sign all modules    
    Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->

Optionally change the hash algorithm if desired.

To enforce that all modules are signed with a valid signature, enable CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE as well:

KERNEL Enforce signed kernel modules CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE
[*] Enable loadable module support  
  -*-   Module signature verification    
    [*]     Require modules to be validly signed
    [*]     Automatically sign all modules
    Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->

To use a custom key, specify the location of this key in CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY, if unspecified the kernel build system will generate a key. It is recommended to generate one manually instead. This can be done with:

root #openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -x509 -outform PEM -out kernel_key.pem -keyout kernel_key.pem

OpenSSL will ask some questions about the user generating the key, it is recommended to fill in these questions as detailed as possible.

Store the key in a safe location, at the very least the key should be readable only by the root user. Verify this with:

root #ls -l kernel_key.pem
 -r-------- 1 root root 3164 Jan  4 10:38 kernel_key.pem 

If this outputs anything other then the above, correct the permissions with:

root #chown root:root kernel_key.pem
root #chmod 400 kernel_key.pem
KERNEL Specify signing key CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY
-*- Cryptographic API  ---> 
  Certificates for signature checking  --->  
    (/path/to/kernel_key.pem) File name or PKCS#11 URI of module signing key

To also sign external kernel modules installed by other packages via linux-mod-r1.eclass, enable the modules-sign USE flag globally:

FILE /etc/portage/make.confEnable module signing
USE="modules-sign"
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, when using custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512
Poznámka
The MODULES_SIGN_KEY and MODULES_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.

Optional: Signing the kernel image (Secure Boot)

When signing the kernel image (for use on systems with Secure Boot enabled) it is recommended to set the following kernel config options:

KERNEL Lockdown for secureboot
General setup  --->
  Kexec and crash features  --->   
    [*] Enable kexec system call                                                                                          
    [*] Enable kexec file based system call                                                                               
    [*]   Verify kernel signature during kexec_file_load() syscall                                                        
    [*]     Require a valid signature in kexec_file_load() syscall                                                        
    [*]     Enable ""image"" signature verification support
</div>  

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[*] Enable loadable module support  
  -*-   Module signature verification    
    [*]     Require modules to be validly signed
    [*]     Automatically sign all modules
    Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->
</div>  

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Security options  ---> 
[*] Integrity subsystem   
  [*] Basic module for enforcing kernel lockdown                                                                       
  [*]   Enable lockdown LSM early in init                                                                       
        Kernel default lockdown mode (Integrity)  --->
</div>            

  <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[*]   Digital signature verification using multiple keyrings                                                            
  [*]     Enable asymmetric keys support                                                                                     
  -*-       Require all keys on the integrity keyrings be signed                                                              
  [*]       Provide keyring for platform/firmware trusted keys                                                                
  [*]       Provide a keyring to which Machine Owner Keys may be added                                                        
  [ ]         Enforce Machine Keyring CA Restrictions

Where ""image"" is a placeholder for the architecture specific image name. These options, from the top to the bottom: enforces that the kernel image in a kexec call must be signed (kexec allows replacing the kernel in-place), enforces that kernel modules are signed, enables lockdown integrity mode (prevents modifying the kernel at runtime), and enables various keychains.

On arches that do not natively support decompressing the kernel (e.g. arm64 and riscv), the kernel must be built with its own decompressor (zboot):

KERNEL zboot CONFIG_EFI_ZBOOT
Device Drivers --->                                                                                                                           
  Firmware Drivers --->                                                                                                                       
    EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) Support --->                                                                                               
      [*] Enable the generic EFI decompressor

After compilation of the kernel, as explained in the next section, the kernel image must be signed. First install app-crypt/sbsigntools and then sign the kernel image:

root #emerge --ask app-crypt/sbsigntools
root #sbsign /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/path/to/kernel-image --cert /path/to/kernel_key.pem --key /path/to/kernel_key.pem --out /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/path/to/kernel-image
Poznámka
For this example the same key that was generated to sign the modules is used to sign the kernel image. It is also possible to generate and use a second sperate key for signing the kernel image. The same OpenSSL command as in the previous section may be used again.

Then proceed with the installation.

To automatically sign EFI executables installed by other packages, enable the secureboot USE flag globally:

FILE /etc/portage/make.confEnable Secure Boot
USE="modules-sign secureboot"
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, to boot with secureboot enabled, may be the same or different signing key.
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
Poznámka
The SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
Poznámka
When generating an Unified Kernel Image with systemd's ukify the kernel image will be signed automatically before inclusion in the unified kernel image and it is not necessary to sign it manually.


Konfigurace jádra specifická pro architekturu

Pokud mají být podporovány 32bitové programy (multilib), ujistěte se, že jste zapnuli volbu "IA32 Emulation". Gentoo instaluje ve výchozím stavu systém s podporou multilib (mix 32bitového a 64bitového prostředí), tudíž pokud nepoužíváte profil no-multilib, je tato volba vyžadována.

KERNEL Selecting processor types and features
'"`UNIQ--pre-0000004A-QINU`"'

Zapněte podporu pro popisky oddílů GPT, pokud jste je v předchozí části použili při rozdělování disku:

KERNEL Enable support for GPT
'"`UNIQ--pre-0000004D-QINU`"'

Zapněte podporu "EFI stub" a "EFI variables" v jádře Linux, pokud je pro spuštění systému používáno UEFI:

KERNEL Enable support for UEFI
'"`UNIQ--pre-00000050-QINU`"'
KERNEL Enabling SOF Firmware support (CONFIG_SND_SOC_SOF_TOPLEVEL, CONFIG_SND_SOC_SOF_PCI, CONFIG_SND_SOC_SOF_ACPI, CONFIG_SND_SOC_SOF_AMD_TOPLEVEL, CONFIG_SND_SOC_SOF_INTEL_TOPLEVEL)
Device Drivers --->
  Sound card support --->
    Advanced Linux Sound Architecture --->
      <M> ALSA for SoC audio support --->
        [*] Sound Open Firmware Support --->
            <M> SOF PCI enumeration support
            <M> SOF ACPI enumeration support
            <M> SOF support for AMD audio DSPs
            [*] SOF support for Intel audio DSPs


Sestavení a instalace

Po té, co je konfigurace dokončena, je čas sestavit a nainstalovat jádro. Opusťte konfiguraci a zahajte proces kompilace:

root #make && make modules_install
Poznámka
Můžete zapnout paralelní sestavování pomocí make -jX s tím, že X je přirozené číslo značící počet paralalelních úloh, které dovolíte sestavovacímu procesu spustit. Je to podobné jako dřívější instrukce k proměnné MAKEOPTS v souboru /etc/portage/make.conf.

Jakmile je sestavování jádra hotové, zkopírujte obraz jádra do adresáře /boot. Učiní tak příkaz make install:

root #make install

Tím bude obraz jádra zkopírován do /boot/ společně se souborem Systém.map a konfiguračním souborem jádra.


Kernel installation

Installkernel

Installkernel may be used to automate, the kernel installation, initramfs generation, unified kernel image generation and/or bootloader configuration among other things. sys-kernel/installkernel implements two paths of achieving this: the traditional installkernel originating from Debian and systemd's kernel-install. Which one to choose depends, among other things, on the system's bootloader. By default systemd's kernel-install is used on systemd profiles, while the traditional installkernel is the default for other profiles.

If unsure, follow the 'Traditional layout' subsection below.

systemd-boot

When using systemd-boot (formerly gummiboot) as the bootloader, systemd's kernel-install must be used. Therefore ensure the systemd and the systemd-boot USE flags are enabled on sys-kernel/installkernel, and then install the relevant package for systemd-boot.

On OpenRC systems:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/systemd-boot
sys-apps/systemd-utils boot kernel-install
sys-kernel/installkernel systemd systemd-boot
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/systemd-utils

On systemd systems:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/systemd
sys-apps/systemd boot
sys-kernel/installkernel systemd-boot
# Needed for <systemd-254
sys-apps/systemd gnuefi
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/systemd

GRUB

Users of GRUB can use either systemd's kernel-install or the traditional Debian installkernel. The systemd USE flag switches between these implementations. To automatically run grub-mkconfig when installing the kernel, enable the grub USE flag.

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/installkernel
sys-kernel/installkernel grub
root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/installkernel

When systemd's kernel-install is used, it should be configured to use the grub layout, this is the default if the grub USE flag is enabled:

FILE /etc/kernel/install.conf
layout=grub

Traditional layout, other bootloaders (e.g. lilo, etc.)

The traditional /boot layout (for e.g. LILO, etc.) is used by default if the grub, systemd-boot and uki USE flags are not enabled. No further action is required.


Building an initramfs

In certain cases it is necessary to build an initramfs - an initial ram-based file system. The most common reason is when important file system locations (like /usr/ or /var/) are on separate partitions. With an initramfs, these partitions can be mounted using the tools available inside the initramfs. The default configuration of the Project:Distribution Kernel requires an initramfs.

Without an initramfs, there is a risk that the system will not boot properly as the tools that are responsible for mounting the file systems require information that resides on unmounted file systems. An initramfs will pull in the necessary files into an archive which is used right after the kernel boots, but before the control is handed over to the init tool. Scripts on the initramfs will then make sure that the partitions are properly mounted before the system continues booting.

Důležité
If using genkernel, it should be used for both building the kernel and the initramfs. When using genkernel only for generating an initramfs, it is crucial to pass --kernel-config=/path/to/kernel.config to genkernel or the generated initramfs may not work with a manually built kernel. Note that manually built kernels go beyond the scope of support for the handbook. See the kernel configuration article for more information.

Installkernel can automatically generate an initramfs when installing the kernel if the dracut USE flag is enabled:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/installkernel
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut

Alternatively, dracut may be called manually to generate an initramfs. Install sys-kernel/dracut first, then have it generate an initramfs:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/dracut
root #dracut --kver=6.1.38-gentoo

The initramfs will be stored in /boot/. The resulting file can be found by simply listing the files starting with initramfs:

root #ls /boot/initramfs*

Optional: Building an Unified Kernel Image

An Unified Kernel Image (UKI) combines, among other things, the kernel, the initramfs and the kernel command line into a single executable. Since the kernel command line is embedded into the unified kernel image it should be specified before generating the unified kernel image (see below). Note that any kernel command line arguments supplied by the bootloader or firmware at boot are ignored when booting with secure boot enabled.

An unified kernel image requires a stub loader, currently the only one available is systemd-stub. To enable it:

For systemd systems:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/systemd
sys-apps/systemd boot

For OpenRC systems:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/systemd-utils
sys-apps/systemd-utils boot

Installkernel can automatically generate an unified kernel image using either dracut or ukify, by enabling the respective flag. The uki USE flag should be enabled as well to install the generated unified kernel image to the $ESP/EFI/Linux directory on the EFI system partition (ESP).

For dracut:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/installkernel
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut uki
FILE /etc/dracut.conf
uefi="yes"
kernel_cmdline="some-kernel-command-line-arguments"

For ukify:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/installkernel
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut ukify uki
FILE /etc/kernel/cmdline
some-kernel-command-line-arguments

Note that while dracut can generate both an initramfs and an unified kernel image, ukify can only generate the latter and therefore the initramfs must be generated separately with dracut.

Generic Unified Kernel Image

The prebuilt sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin can optionally install a prebuilt generic unified kernel image containing a generic initramfs that is able to boot most systemd based systems. It can be installed by enabling the generic-uki USE flag, and configuring installkernel to not generate a custom initramfs or unified kernel image:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/generic-uki
sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin generic-uki
sys-kernel/installkernel -dracut -ukify uki

Secure Boot

The generic Unified Kernel Image optionally distributed by sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin is already pre-signed. How to sign a locally generated unified kernel image depends on whether dracut or ukify is used. Note that the location of the key and certificate should be the same as the SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT as specified in /etc/portage/make.conf.

For dracut:

FILE /etc/dracut.conf
uefi="yes"
kernel_cmdline="some-kernel-command-line-arguments"
uefi_secureboot_key="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
uefi_secureboot_cert="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"

For ukify:

FILE /etc/kernel/uki.conf
[UKI]
SecureBootPrivateKey=/path/to/kernel_key.pem
SecureBootCertificate=/path/to/kernel_key.pem

Rebuilding external kernel modules

External kernel modules installed by other packages via linux-mod-r1.eclass must be rebuilt for each new kernel version. When the distribution kernels are used this may be automated by enabling the dist-kernel flag globally.

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/module-rebuild
*/* dist-kernel

External kernel modules may also be rebuilt manually with:

root #emerge --ask @module-rebuild

Moduly jádra

Konfigurace modulů

Poznámka
Volitelně lze moduly hardwaru vypsat ručně. Obyčejně udev většinou nahraje všechny moduly detekovaného připojeného hardwaru. Nicméně ničemu neublíží, pokud jsou automaticky detekované moduly zapsány na seznam. Občas nějaký exotický hardware potřebuje pomoc při nahrávání svých ovladačů.

VLožte moduly, které je třeba načíst automaticky, do souborů /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf, vždy jeden modul na řádek. Je-li potřeba je možné dodatečné volby modulů nastavit v souborech /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf.

Všechny dostupné moduly lze zobrazit spuštěním příkazu find. Nezapomeňte nahradit "<verze jádra>" verzí právě sestaveného jádra.

root #find /lib/modules/<kernel version>/ -type f -iname '*.o' -or -iname '*.ko' | less

Force loading particular kernel modules

Například pro automatické načtení modulu 3c59x.ko (což je ovladač síťové karty zn. 3Com), upravte soubor /etc/modules-load.d/network.conf a vložte do něj název modulu. Jméno souboru nemá pro načítač význam.

root #mkdir -p /etc/modules-load.d
root # nano -w /etc/modules-load.d/network.conf

Note that the module's .ko file suffix is insignificant to the loading mechanism and left out of the configuration file:

FILE /etc/modules-load.d/network.confVynucení načtení modulu 3c59x
3c59x

V instalaci pokračujte Konfigurací systému.