Sistema de archivos
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Un sistema de archivos es una forma de organizar datos que se espera mantener cuando un programa termina y que ofrece formas de almacenar, recuperar y actualizar los datos así como gestionar el espacio dispnible en el o los dispositivos que lo albergan.
Linux dispone de unos cuantos sistemas de archivos cada uno con sus propias ventajas y desventajas teniendo en cuenta los casos de uso que se apliquen.
Sistemas de archivos
Información general
Flash memory filesystems
The following flash memory filesystems are designed to be used on embedded flash memory known as MTDs; they are not intended to be used for USB based flash drives, SD cards, or other types of removable flash block devices.
| Name | Userspace package | Description |
|---|---|---|
| JFFS2 | Journalling Flash File System version 2. | |
| YAFFS | sys-fs/yaffs2utils | Yet Another Flash File System. |
Sistemas de archivos en disco
| Name | Userspace package | Description |
|---|---|---|
| bcachefs | sys-fs/bcachefs-tools | A next generation, robust, high performance filesystem supporting CoW (Copy-on-write), compression, and encryption. |
| btrfs | sys-fs/btrfs-progs | A copy-on-write B-tree file system (btrfs) with advanced features. |
| Cramfs | sys-fs/cramfs | A memory and space sensitive compressed filesystem that supports random reading. It avoids the block device layer and usefulness in tiny embedded systems with very tight memory constraints. |
| eCryptfs | sys-fs/ecryptfs-utils | The enterprise cryptographic filesystem for Linux. |
| efivarfs | A (U)EFI variable filesystem[1] | |
| exFAT | sys-fs/exfatprogs | Extensible File Allocation Table (exFAT) filesystem by Microsoft, natively supported since Linux 5.7[2] |
| ext4 | sys-fs/e2fsprogs | The default, GPL licensed journaling filesystem for many Linux distributions. |
| F2FS | sys-fs/f2fs-tools | A Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS) created by Samsung for the Linux kernel. |
| FAT | sys-fs/dosfstools | The File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem. Originally created for use with Microsoft Windows. |
| GFS2 | Global File System 2: A shared disk filesystem. Typically used in compute clusters. | |
| HFS | sys-fs/hfsutils | Hierarchical File System (HFS). Originally created for use with the Macintosh System Software, later renamed to Mac OS (Classic). |
| HFS+ | sys-fs/hfsplusutils | The successor to HFS, introduced in Mac OS 8.1 and default filesystem for Mac OS X until macOS 10.12 Sierra. |
| JFS | sys-fs/jfsutils | A GPL licensed, 64-bit Journaled File System (JFS) developed by IBM.[3] |
| NILFS | sys-fs/nilfs-utils | A log-structured file system implementation for the Linux kernel. |
| NTFS | Microsoft Windows' New Technology File System (NTFS) (Windows' default filesystem). | |
| OCFS2 | Oracle Cluster File System version 2. | |
| OverlayFS | The only union-like filesystem built-in to the Linux kernel. | |
| ReiserFS | sys-fs/reiserfsprogs | Version 3 of the ReiserFS filesystem. Scheduled for removal from the kernel in 2025. |
| SquashFS | sys-fs/squashfs-tools, sys-fs/squashfs-tools-ng | A compressed, read-only file system for Linux[4] |
| UDF | sys-fs/udftools | Universal Disk Format - needed for mounting some kind of .iso files |
| UFS | The Unix File System (UFS) also called the Berkeley Fast File System. | |
| XFS | sys-fs/xfsprogs | A GPL licensed, 64-bit journaling filesystem created by Silicon Graphics.[5] |
| ZFS | sys-fs/zfs | A CDDL (non-GPL compatible) licensed, copy-on-write filesystem created by Sun Microsystems[6]. |
Sistemas de archivosvirtuales
Virtual filesystems, also called pseudo filesystems, are for storing temporary data in memory while the system is running.
| Name | Userspace package | Description |
|---|---|---|
| debugfs | Used for debugging purposes; primarily Linux kernel development. | |
| procfs | Used to output and change of system and process information. | |
| securityfs | Used by the TPM BIOS character driver, AppArmor and IMA, an integrity provider.[7] | |
| sysfs | Used to output information about and to configure devices and drivers. | |
| tmpfs | Used to store files in memory (RAM). | |
| devtmpfs | udev requires devtmpfs (Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev) in the kernel. |
Sistemas de archivos en red
| Name | Userspace package | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ceph | sys-cluster/ceph | A distributed object store and filesystem designed to provide excellent performance, reliability, and scalability. |
| GlusterFS | sys-cluster/glusterfs | A powerful network/cluster filesystem. |
| NFS | net-fs/nfs-utils | A common Linux network file system protocol. |
| Samba | net-fs/samba | A re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol. |
Sistemas de archivos basados en FUSE
| Name | Userspace package | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CurlFtpFS | net-fs/curlftpfs | File system for accessing FTP hosts based on FUSE. |
| FuseISO | sys-fs/fuseiso | FUSE module to mount ISO filesystem images. |
| MTPfs | sys-fs/mtpfs | A FUSE filesystem providing access to Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) devices. |
| smbnetfs | net-fs/smbnetfs | A FUSE filesystem for SMB shares. |
| SSHFS | net-fs/sshfs | Implements FUSE to mount filesystems in user space. |
| squashfuse | sys-fs/squashfuse | Mount SquashFS archives using FUSE. |
Utilización
Montaje
Los sistemas de archivos de se pueden montar de diferentes formas:
- mount. La orden utilizada para montar manualmente los sistemas de archivos. Se necesitan privilegios de administración o entradas en /etc/fstab.
- /etc/fstab. Contiene información descriptiva acerca de cómo se pueden montar los sistemas de archivos.
- Medios extraíbles. Montar bajo demanda de archivos.
- Udevil - Una pequeña utilidad de automontaje con pocas dependencias.
- AutoFS. Montaje automático cuando se accede a un archivo.