Dépôt ebuild
emerge — configuration — ebuild repository — dispatch-conf
world file — USE flags — ebuilds — profiles
upgrades — using testing packages — binary packages
tools — gentoolkit — eselect
Portage FAQ — cheat sheet — FAQ
all articles
Un "dépôt ebuild", également appelé "overlay" est une structure arborescente composée de répertoires et de fichiers, utilisée pour enrichir la liste des logiciels disponibles dans le gestionnaire de paquets du système. Un tel dépôt contient des ebuilds, eclasses et autres types de fichiers de métadonnées descriptives. Ces fichiers informent le gestionnaire de paquets des logiciels disponibles à l'installation. Un dépôt d'ebuilds devrait se conformer à une ou plusieurs EAPI
The Gentoo ebuild repository is Gentoo Linux's primary and official ebuild repository - it contains all the information needed to build and install every package that makes up Gentoo. Additional ebuild repositories, such as GURU, can be configured with Portage, to provide even more packages.
Portage will install the latest available version of a package from any configured ebuild repository, by default. If the latest available version is provided by several ebuild repositories, it will be chosen according to a set order of priority - hence the colloquial name overlay.
Les administrateurs de systèmes Gentoo peuvent ajouter des dépôts ebuild supplémentaires au système en utilisant divers utilitaires et méthodes décrits ci-dessous.
The Gentoo ebuild repository
Le dépôt principal sur Gentoo est connu sous le nom de dépôt ebuild Gentoo. Il contient des ebuilds maintenus par les développeurs officiels de Gentoo et les membres de la communauté (à travers le projet Project:Proxy Maintainers). Les administrateurs système peuvent ajouter des dépôts ebuild supplémentaires au système en utilisant divers utilitaires et méthodes décrits ci-dessous.
The Gentoo ebuild repository contains ebuild files that tell Portage how to build and install each package. The ebuilds come with metadata, dependency information, and everything else needed to get a package in working order.
The metadata provides the package's name, version, where to get sources from, available USE flags, license, website etc. Dependency information in ebuilds allows Portage to pull in any other packages required to build and run a package that is to be installed - no more, no less. Dependencies are very granular in Gentoo, they will even vary depending on what use flags are selected, for ultimate selectivity. Perhaps most importantly, ebuilds contain the information required to configure, build (compile), install, and test each package - usually from a project's own source code.
In addition to ebuilds, the Gentoo ebuild repository contains the official profiles, which define the default state of USE flags, default values for most variables found in /etc/portage/make.conf, the set of system packages, etc.
The Gentoo ebuild repository is also the place where news items are posted, which is why any new news items will be highlighted after a Gentoo ebuild repository synchronization.
The Gentoo ebuild repository, and it's ebuilds, are maintained by the Gentoo developers and other members of the community.
The Gentoo ebuild repository will sometimes be called by shorter, or even colloquial, names, such as the Gentoo repository, the Gentoo repo, ::gentoo, gentoo.git, or occasionally just the "repo". It is also historically and commonly known within the Gentoo community as the Portage tree, rsync tree, or sometimes just "the tree".
GURU is an official ebuild repository maintained collaboratively by Gentoo users, with a little help from a few Gentoo developers. It is complimentary to the Gentoo ebuild repository, and the maintainers strive to keep up a reasonable level of quality for the packages provided. There is also a list of public ebuild repositories registered on repos.gentoo.org.
Where do ebuild repositories come from?
Because an ebuild repository is simply a structure of files and directories, a new ebuild repository can be made available to Portage simply by copying those files and directories to a location known to Portage. The ebuild repositories and their files are usually under /var/db/repos/, but the location of repositories configured for Portage is specified in /etc/portage/repos.conf. Ebuild repositories can be configured on any accessible filesystem however, even on an nfs or SSHFS filesystem - allowing them to be stored on a network or Internet server.
As previously discussed, the Gentoo ebuild repository is hosted on gitweb.gentoo.org. That server also hosts other ebuild repositories.
In practice, any additional ebuild repositories usually aren't just copied to a directory by hand and configured for Portage (meaning added to /etc/portage/repos.conf). Generally, new repositories are made available by third parties, and once configured for Portage, are synchronized by Portage. Synchronization mirrors all the files from a remote location to a locally available filesystem, as configured.
Because ebuild repositories are just file-structures, many methods can be used to synchronize them, and Portage offers several possibilities. Rsync is the default synchronization method, git is also popular. The synchronization method is specified in /etc/portage/repos.conf when configuring a repository, along with the information needed to retrieve it.
Logiciels disponibles
eselect repository maintient les entrées dans /etc/portage/repos.conf pour que Portage puisse y accéder et les synchroniser. Voir l'article Eselect/Repository pour plus de détails.
Ebuild repositories can always be configured manually, by editing /etc/portage/repos.conf.
While the Gentoo ebuild repository is either written or reviewed by Gentoo developers, and the GURU repository has some developer oversight, that is not always the case for other ebuild repositories. It is possible that some ebuild repositories might contain vulnerable, badly broken or, theoretically, even malicious software.
New ebuild repositories for use with Portage can also be created by the user.
La commande suivante fournit la liste des dépôts ebuilds avec leur priorité (cherchez la chaîne "Repositories") :
user $emerge --info --verboseuser $portageq repos_config /Installing packages from other repositories
Packages from repositories other than the Gentoo ebuild repository can be installed with the emerge command, just as usual.
For example, once the GURU repository is added, to install the x11-misc/xbanish package from that repository:
root #emerge --ask x11-misc/xbanishThese are the packages that would be merged, in order: Calculating dependencies... done! Dependency resolution took 2.96 s. [ebuild R #] x11-misc/xbanish-1.7::guru 0 KiB Total: 1 package (1 reinstall), Size of downloads: 0 KiB
Note that the repository is not specified in the command. The "::guru" appended to the package atom in the output shows what repository the package will be installed from. This works because the x11-misc/xbanish package is present in the GURU repository, but not in the Gentoo repository.
If multiple versions of the same package are available from two or more different ebuild repositories, Portage will install the most recent version.
{{{1}}}
Chaque dépôt ebuild dispose d'une priorité unique. Ceci assure que, dans le cas où une version spécifique serait trouvée dans plusieurs dépôts, la résolutions soit non ambiguë. Les ebuilds des dépôts à une plus haute priorité (par exemple, 60) sont prioritaires par rapport à ceux trouvés dans des dépôts de priorité moindre (par exemple, 50).
It is possible to instruct Portage to install a package from a specific ebuild repository with the :: version specifier (can be used for different emerge instructions, e.g. uninstalling a package through --depclean):
root #emerge --ask category/atom::nom-dépôtSee the repository management section to see how to list repositories configured for portage with their respective priorities.
Repository synchronization
Ebuild repositories should be synchronized, so that the local mirrors will reflect a recent state of the repositories. This is necessary to be able to keep the system up to date, and install current software.
Regularly synchronizing with the Gentoo repository and updating the system in this way is important, to ensure that all the latest security updates are installed, and that the local system does not get too out of sync with the Gentoo repository, as this can make upgrades complicated if things have moved too far on in the repository.
Synchronize and update between daily or weekly to keep a Gentoo Linux installation running smoothly with the latest security updates. Waiting more than a few weeks to update may make things a little more complicated when the update is attempted. Please don't synchronize more than once daily, to avoid strain on the servers.
If local repositories are not very up to date, synchronize the repositories and update the system, before installing packages.
Voir l'article Synchronisation (projet Portage) et man 1 emaint.
user $emaint --helpusage: usage: emaint [options] COMMAND
<nowiki/>
The emaint program provides an interface to system health checks
and maintenance. See the emaint(1) man page for additional
information about the following commands:
<nowiki/>
Commands:
all Perform all supported commands
binhost Scan and generate metadata indexes for binary packages.
cleanconfmem Check and clean the config tracker list for uninstalled packages.
cleanresume Discard emerge --resume merge lists
logs Check and clean old logs in the PORTAGE_LOGDIR.
merges Scan for failed merges and fix them.
movebin Perform package move updates for binary packages
moveinst Perform package move updates for installed and binary packages.
sync Check repos.conf settings and sync repositories.
world Check and fix problems in the world file.
<nowiki/>
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-c, --check Check for problems (a default option for most modules)
-f, --fix Attempt to fix problems (a default option for most modules)
--version show program's version number and exit
-C, --clean Cleans out logs more than 7 days old (cleanlogs only) module-options: -t, -p
-t NUM, --time NUM (cleanlogs only): -t, --time Delete logs older than NUM of days
-p, --pretend (cleanlogs only): -p, --pretend Output logs that would be deleted
-P, --purge Removes the list of previously failed merges. WARNING: Only use this option if you plan on manually fixing them or do not want them re-installed.
-y, --yes (merges submodule only): Do not prompt for emerge invocations
-r REPO, --repo REPO (sync module only): -r, --repo Sync the specified repo
-A, --allrepos (sync module only): -A, --allrepos Sync all repos that have a sync-url defined
-a, --auto (sync module only): -a, --auto Sync auto-sync enabled repos only
--sync-submodule {glsa,news,profiles}
(sync module only): Restrict sync to the specified submodule(s)
To sync all repositories for which auto-sync=true is set, run emaint sync with the --auto switch (-a for short). This is usually the command that should be run regularly, before system updates and package installation (and is equivalent to using the old emerge --sync command):
root #emaint sync --autoTo sync the foo repository (irrespective of the foo auto-sync setting):
root #emaint sync --repo fooTo sync all repositories with a valid sync-type and sync-url defined (ignoring auto-sync settings):
root #emaint sync --allreposFor any repositories that should not be synced when running emaint sync --auto,
auto-sync = no must be set in the appropriate file in /etc/portage/repos.conf, due to the default being auto-sync = true.eix-sync est un enrobeur démarrant emerge --sync (qui à son tour démarre emaint sync --auto), suivi par eix-update. Pour davantage de détails, voir l'article Eix et man 1 eix.
The emerge-webrsync tool can be used to download and install the daily Gentoo Repository rsync snapshot, to help with firewall restrictions, or to speed up the first synchronization, for example.
See man emaint for information on how to use the portage synchronization commands. See the Portage project sync article about migrating to the new modular sync system from Portage version 2.2.16, it contains important information, notably for users of eix-sync, esync -l, and emerge --sync .
Bonnes pratiques
Génération du cache
Lorsque de grands dépôts ebuild sont installés, Portage peut mettre un temps très long pour réaliser des opérations telles que la résolution des dépendances. Ceci est dû au fait, qu'en général, les dépôts ebuild ne possèdent pas de cache des méta-données.
Générer un cache de méta-données local en exécutant la commande emerge --regen après synchronisation de vos dépôts ebuild.
root #emaint sync --allrepos
root #( ulimit -n 4096 && emerge --regen )Soyez vigilants: la commande emerge --regen prend beaucoup de temps, et n'est pas recommandée pour les utilisateurs de rsync; puisque rsync met à jour les caches en utilisant ceux des serveurs (et la plupart des utilisateurs de portage sont utilisateurs de rsync). Si vous utilisez rsync, utilisez simplement emerge --sync (ou eix-sync) pour reconstruire le cache. Normalement, seul les utilisateurs de très gros dépôts alternatifs devraient utiliser emerge --regen.
Masquage des dépôts ebuild installés mais non sûrs
Lorsque vous utilisez des dépôts ebuild importants ou des dépôts dont la qualité est soit faible, soit inconnue, il est recommandé de masquer en dur tout le dépôt et n'accepter que des ebuilds spécifiques au cas par cas.
/etc/portage/package.maskMasquer tous les paquets d'un dépôt ebuild*/*::depot-foobar
Then add the specific package(s) from the repository-foobar overlay so that they will be available visible to Portage for installation:
/etc/portage/package.unmaskDémasquer un paquet donné dans un dépôt ebuildcategorie-foo/bar::depot-foobar
Après cela, démasquer les paquets que vous voulez installer.
Voir aussi
- projet Overlay - Le projet officiel de Gentoo pour le support des dépôts ebuild.
- guide pour les overlays (projet Overlay) - Un guide utilisateur écrit par le projet Overlay.
- guide des développeurs pour les overlays de Gentoo - Ce document est conservé seulement pour des raisons historiques. L'actuel guide est maintenu au nom de Project:Overlays/Overlays guide.
- Définir un dépôt personnalisé - Section du Gentoo Handbook