Cinnamon
Cinnamon は、Gnome 2、LXDE、または Xfce のユーザが使い易いと感じるであろう伝統的インターフェースを備えた、現代的なデスクトップ環境です。Cinnamon は非常に良いグラフィックと機能的特徴を備えています。Gnome Shell からフォークされて、Linux Mint のために開発され、 amd64 と x86 アーキテクチャで利用可能です。
インストール
前提条件
Cinnamon は systemd 上でも、systemd の無い環境でもよく機能します。systemd への依存を含めずにインストールするには、eselect を使って、プロファイルを default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop のような Gnome を含まないものに切り替えてください。systemd を含めてインストールするには、default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome/systemd のような Gnome が有効化されたプロファイルを使用してください。いずれの場合も、アーキテクチャとバージョンは異なることがあります。
利用可能なシステムプロファイルのリストを取得するには:
root #eselect profile list[1] default/linux/amd64/13.0 [2] default/linux/amd64/13.0/selinux [3] default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop [4] default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome [5] default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome/systemd etc.
OpenRC
OpenRC のシステムで、適切なシステムプロファイルを設定:
root #eselect profile set default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop上記プロファイルを、対応するプロファイル番号を用いて指定することも可能です:
root #eselect profile set 3Systemd のない Gentooの記事に説明があります。
Systemd
Systemd のシステム上での Cinnamon には、 GNOME デスクトップ用プロファイルのうち systemd の付いたものを選びます:
root #eselect profile set default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome/systemd文字列の末尾が
/gnome/systemd であれば、システムアーキテクチャ (amd64) とバージョン (13) は異なっていても構いません。Xorg
Cinnamon を動作させるにはもちろん Xorg をインストールして設定しておく必要があります。この記事の内容で進める前に X サーバをセットアップしておいてください。必要であれば、Xorg Gentoo ガイドの startx を用いるの節で詳しく説明されているように、Xorg をテストしてください。
Cinnamon (および他のアプリケーション) は国際化されていて、多くの言語に対応しています。Gentoo の初期インストール中でなければ、make.conf 内で LINGUAS に適切な言語の値を追加してください:
/etc/portage/make.confmake.conf でフランス語を指定する例LINGUAS="fr" # or en, de, it, es, etc.
Cinnamon の体験をより完全なものにするために x11-libs/gtk+extra と、Xorg の 1.17 より古いバージョンでは x11-drivers/xf86-video-modesetting も、インストールすると良いでしょう。
- X.Org バージョン 1.17 よりも前では:
root #emerge --ask x11-libs/gtk+extra x11-drivers/xf86-video-modesetting- X.org 1.17 以降では:
root #emerge --ask x11-libs/gtk+extraUSE フラグ
USE flags for gnome-extra/cinnamon A fork of GNOME Shell with layout similar to GNOME 2
eds
|
Enable support for Evolution-Data-Server (EDS) |
gstreamer
|
Add support for media-libs/gstreamer (Streaming media) |
gtk-doc
|
Build and install gtk-doc based developer documentation for dev-util/devhelp, IDE and offline use |
networkmanager
|
Enable net-misc/networkmanager support |
nls
|
Add Native Language Support (using gettextGNU locale utilities) |
python ターゲットに関する詳細は、Python プロジェクトの PYTHON TARGETS の記事をみてください。
一部の USE フラグ、icu、pulseaudio および gnome-keyring は Cinnamon の依存関係として必要です。これらがまだ設定されていない場合は、emerge --ask gnome-extra/cinnamon で package.use (または package.use/cinnamon でも package.use/anotherName でも) を作成または更新するか、手動で USE フラグを設定してください。
Emerge
上のステップがすべて完了したら、Cinnamon を emerge するように Portage に指示してください:
root #emerge --ask gnome-extra/cinnamonnet-libs/webkit-gtk のコンパイル時間は、特に古いハードウェアでは、非常に長くなることがあります。辛抱強く待ってください。Cinnamon はそれだけの価値があります!
システム設定
Before looking at the Cinnamon theming, configure the system to properly start Cinnamon at boot or upon user request, and enable the right privilege delegation settings so that end users can interact with the system in an intuitive manner.
サービス
The next set of instructions show how to deal with OpenRC. With systemd use systemctl as detailed in the systemd page.
dbus と consolekit
Xorg server and Cinnamon need the dbus and consolekit services, make sure that they will be started at system boot time:
root #rc-update add dbus default
root #rc-update add consolekit default
Next, start the services (there is no need to restart the system):
root #rc-service dbus start
root #rc-service consolekit start
NetworkManager
NetworkManager is a Cinnamon dependency and is not needed if the network was configured during the initial Gentoo installation. It should not run concurrently with another network service. If NetworkManager is desired be sure to disable other network management programs or services before starting it. For example, if the system was originally configured to use Gentoo's netifrc scripts to manage the network connections, disable these network services:
root #rc-service net.eth0 stop
root #rc-update del net.eth0 default
When using sys-fs/udev network interfaces will be using Predictable Network Interface Names to name the active interfaces. This will produce names like enp12s0, eno1, enp2s0, etc. When using sys-fs/eudev, the Gentoo udev fork avoiding systemd dependencies, the first network interface name is often still called eth0.
After removing the other network services, add NetworkManager:
root #rc-service NetworkManager start
root #rc-update add NetworkManager default
NetworkManager アップレットの無効化
If NetworkManager is not used, it's applet can be disabled in Cinnamon panel as explained in Arch Linux Wiki Cinnamon page. Copy /etc/xdg/autostart/nm-applet.desktop to ~/.config/autostart/nm-applet.desktop, then add the disabling command and finally change file ownership:
root #cp /etc/xdg/autostart/nm-applet.desktop /home/ユーザ名/.config/autostart/nm-applet.desktop
root #echo 'X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=false' >> /home/ユーザ名/.config/autostart/nm-applet.desktop
root #chown ユーザ名:ユーザ名 /home/ユーザ名/.config/autostart/nm-applet.desktop
Sudo
通常ユーザが Cinnamon からシステムを再起動またはシャットダウンするためには、ある設定がされた sudo が必要です。
まずは app-admin/sudo をインストールします:
root #emerge --ask app-admin/sudo次に、visudo コマンドで sudo 構成を修正してください:
root #visudovisudo は sudoers ファイルを生成または更新するために、デフォルトのテキストエディタを実行します。下のテキスト中の username を、Cinnamon を使用する各ユーザのユーザ名で置き換えてください:
/etc/sudoersusername ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/halt username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/poweroff username ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/shutdown
あるいは、wheel グループに対して設定するには:
/etc/sudoers%wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/reboot %wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/halt %wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/poweroff %wheel ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/shutdown
Polkit のルールとアクション
For an ordinary user to perform additional highly privileged actions from Cinnamon, policy kit must be configured. Use pkaction to get a list of actions; the names should be self-explanatory:
root #pkactionorg.cinnamon.settings-daemon.plugins.power.backlight-helper org.cinnamon.settings-users org.cinnamon.settingsdaemon.datetimemechanism.configure org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Contacts org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Control org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Device.Control org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Firmware org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Location org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.Messaging org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.USSD org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.enable-disable-network org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.enable-disable-wifi etc.
The simplest way is to authorize all actions by only testing wheel group membership. Put a JavaScript file with a .rules extension in /etc/polkit-1/rules.d, named for example 55-allowing-all-actions.rules:
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/55-allowing-all-actions.rulesSetting general polkit rulepolkit.addRule (function (action, subject) { if (subject.isInGroup ("wheel")) { return polkit.Result.YES; } });
To only authorize some actions, the action names must be iterated. For a wheel group user to suspend, hibernate, shutdown and restart the system, make a 55-allowing-actions.rules file like so:
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/55-allowing-actions.rulesSetting polkit rulespolkit.addRule (function (action, subject) { if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.upower.hibernate" || action.id == "org.freedesktop.upower.suspend" || action.id == "org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop" || action.id == "org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart" && subject.isInGroup ("wheel")) { return polkit.Result.YES; } });
Various actions can be added: those to change color profiles, use Nemo (Cinnamon files manager) as root, mount and eject media, set screen backlight, use network manager, change wallpaper, etc. Several polkit.addRule (function (action, subject){ … }); blocks can be used next to each other as well, and several files can be added.
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/50-default.rules already exists. Newly created file(s) names should begin with a number bigger than 50, 55 for example, so they are processed after the 50-default.rules file. Do not make a file which would be processed before it, for instance one beginning with 45.
Cinnamon の起動
When not using a login/display manager, make a .xinitrc file in the user's home directory, starting ConsoleKit, D-Bus and Cinnamon sessions:
~/.xinitrcCinnamon launch directiveexec ck-launch-session dbus-launch cinnamon-session
Then to start Xorg and Cinnamon, execute startx after logging in:
user $startxWith a display manager follow the display manager instructions.
テーマ
Mint-X アイコン
By default Cinnamon comes with Gnome icons. Mint-X icons are on GitHub. Download, unzip, and put the Mint-X icon set in /usr/share/icons:
root #mv 展開したアーカイブへのパス/mint-x-icons-master/usr/share/icons/Mint-X /usr/share/icons/Mint-XNext, make a cache for it:
root #gtk-update-icon-cache /usr/share/icons/Mint-XThe new icon set can be selected in Cinnamon Control Center. Mint-X icons are green, but other icon sets with different colors can be installed too, like Mint-X-Grey or Mint-X-Orange. Make sure to create a cache for these as well.
Colored icons sets rely on Mint-X icon set: always install it, with or without colored icons sets.
Desktop icons text color
Desktop icons text color is now white in Cinnamon version 2.6.13, so this chapter applies to older Cinnamon versions… and remains a good introduction to Cinnamon theming.
An icon's text color in Cinnamon desktop is black by default, which is not always readable. The instructions to change this color depends on the GTK+ 3 version that the system is using. Get the currently used version with:
user $emerge --info x11-libs/gtk+- In GTK+ versions less than 3.13.3, this setting can only be changed system-wide. Change the text color by adding CSS rules to the /usr/share/themes/Adwaita/gtk-3.0/gtk.css file (Adwaita is the default theme coming with GTK+), after the
@importline:
/usr/share/themes/Adwaita/gtk-3.0/gtk.cssCSS rules for GTK+ < 3.13.3@import url("resource:///org/gnome/adwaita/gtk-main.css"); /* added css rules */ .nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item { color: #fff; /* #fff is white web color indication, #333 should be dark grey */ } .nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item:selected { background-color: alpha (#fff, 0.2); /* 0.2 is transparency level */ }
- The 2nd rule concerns the selected desktop icon and can be modified to get another background color or set the transparency.
- In more recent GTK+ versions (3.13.3 onward), this must be tuned through a user-specific configuration file. Adwaita is now included in GTK+ as the theme replacing Raleigh, so rules must be set in the user's home directories. The file to edit is ~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css (create ~/.config/gtk-3.0/ directory if needed), and the change is now without the
@importline. Additionally in this example, the left Nemo side bar is gray colored:
~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.cssGTK+ ≥ 3.13.3 用 のスタイルシートのルール.nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item { color: #fff; } .nemo-desktop.nemo-canvas-item:selected { background-color: alpha (#fff, 0.2); } NemoWindow .sidebar, NemoWindow .sidebar .view { background-color: #444; color: #eee; /* light grey */ }
Mint-X テーマ
Cinnamon comes with a default cinnamon theme, obviously... The Mint-X themes are available for download on GitHub. Download them, unzip, and copy to /usr/share/themes if needed. They can be selected in the Cinnamon Control Center.
Playing with themes
Almost all theme settings can be changed in the cinnamon.css file in the theme directory.
For example with the Cinnamon theme, which is not in /usr/share/themes but in /usr/share/cinnamon/theme, first copy the theme's directory to a user .themes sub-directory, named for example other-cinnamon, which will be the new theme name:
root #mkdir /home/ユーザ名/.themes/other-cinnamon
root #cp -R /usr/share/cinnamon/theme /home/ユーザ名/.themes/other-cinnamon/cinnamon
root #chown -R ユーザ名:ユーザ名 /home/ユーザ名/.themes/other-cinnamon
Edit ~/.themes/other-cinnamon/cinnamon/cinnamon.css. The results of the changes can be viewed immediately by selecting another theme in Cinnamon Control Center, then reselecting the theme being changed.
一般的なアプリケーションソフト
ターミナルエミュレータ
- lxde-base/lxterminal - Requires no dependencies.
- x11-terms/xfce4-terminal - Requires some dependencies but is better featured than lxde-base/lxterminal.
- x11-terms/gnome-terminal - Doesn't require systemd if
-nautilusand-gnome-shellUSE flags are set for this package.
GNOME 内の定番ソフトウェア
A number of popular applications are available as well, built for Gnome and working flawlessly in Cinnamon:
- standard calculator (gnome-extra/gnome-calculator)
- screen copy utility (media-gfx/gnome-screenshot)
- image viewer (media-gfx/eog)
- PDF reader (app-text/evince)
- system monitor (gnome-extra/gnome-system-monitor)
- archive manager (app-arch/file-roller)
- disk burning (app-cdr/brasero)
- text editor (app-editors/gedit)
root #emerge --ask gnome-extra/gnome-calculator media-gfx/gnome-screenshot media-gfx/eog app-text/evince gnome-extra/gnome-system-monitor app-arch/file-roller app-cdr/brasero app-editors/geditGNOME に入っていないソフトウェア
Also working flawlessly in Cinnamon:
- PDF readers app-text/mupdf (light) and app-text/qpdfview (powerfull)
- light text editor app-editors/leafpad
- mp3 and video readers media-video/mpv (light) and media-video/vlc (powerfull)
Compile app-text/qpdfview and media-video/vlc with qt5 USE flags to get a GUI.
トラブルシューティング
If problems occur, try to get access to the live error messages. These can be displayed on a separate (virtual) terminal or in a log file. If the messages cannot be found, try starting Cinnamon from the command line rather than through a display manager. Alternatively have a look at /var/log/Xorg.0.log.
When the error or warning messages are not sufficient to troubleshoot Cinnamon, start it with the --debug parameter to get more detailed Xorg messages:
~/.xinitrcCinnamon のデバッグモードでの起動exec cinnamon-session --debug
If Cinnamon cannot launch, deleting (or renaming) .cinnamon in the home directory is not enough: other Cinnamon or Gnome items must be deleted (or renamed) too before X restarts. These can be found in the .cache, .config and .local XDG directories. .gnome2 can be deleted (or renamed) entirely.