Manual de Gentoo: X86/Instalación/Arranque
Aunque se instala para una CPU de 32 bits, casi todas las placas base de x86 (desde alrededor de 2006-2007 hasta el presente) que se produjeron con soporte para UEFI tienen 64-bit Firmware UEFI. Algunos usuarios pueden notar "64" en el nombre de los ajustes de configuración y archivos en las siguientes secciones a continuación. Esto es "esperado" en casi todos los casos.
Hay algunas excepciones muy pequeñas a esta regla de firmware UEFI de 64 bits, a saber, algunas de los primeros Apple Mac y algunas tabletas Dell con tecnología Intel Atom [1] eran compatibles con el firmware UEFI de 32 bits. La gran mayoría de lectores nunca encontrarán firmware UEFI de 32 bits en la naturaleza. Por esta razón, el firmware UEFI de 32 bits no se trata en el manual x86.
Selecting a boot loader
With the Linux kernel configured, system tools installed and configuration files edited, it is time to install the last important piece of a Linux installation: the boot loader.
The boot loader is responsible for firing up the Linux kernel upon boot - without it, the system would not know how to proceed when the power button has been pressed.
For x86, we document how to configure either GRUB or LILO for DOS/Legacy BIOS based systems, and GRUB, systemd-boot or EFI Stub for UEFI systems.
In this section of the Handbook a delineation has been made between emerging the boot loader's package and installing a boot loader to a system disk. Here the term emerge will be used to ask Portage to make the software package available to the system. The term install will signify the boot loader copying files or physically modifying appropriate sections of the system's disk drive in order to render the boot loader activated and ready to operate on the next power cycle.
Default: GRUB
By default, the majority of Gentoo systems now rely upon GRUB (found in the sys-boot/grub package), which is the direct successor to GRUB Legacy. With no additional configuration, GRUB gladly supports older BIOS ("pc") systems. With a small amount of configuration, necessary before build time, GRUB can support more than a half a dozen additional platforms. For more information, consult the Prerequisites section of the GRUB article.
Emerge
When using an older BIOS system supporting only MBR partition tables, no additional configuration is needed in order to emerge GRUB:
root #emerge --ask --verbose sys-boot/grubA note for UEFI users: running the above command will output the enabled GRUB_PLATFORMS values before emerging. When using UEFI capable systems, users will need to ensure GRUB_PLATFORMS="efi-64" is enabled (as it is the case by default). If that is not the case for the setup, GRUB_PLATFORMS="efi-64" will need to be added to the /etc/portage/make.conf file before emerging GRUB so that the package will be built with EFI functionality:
root #echo 'GRUB_PLATFORMS="efi-64"' >> /etc/portage/make.confroot #emerge --ask sys-boot/grubIf GRUB was somehow emerged without enabling GRUB_PLATFORMS="efi-64", the line (as shown above) can be added to make.conf and then dependencies for the world package set can be re-calculated by passing the --update --newuse options to emerge:
root #emerge --ask --update --newuse --verbose sys-boot/grubThe GRUB software has now been merged onto the system, but it has not yet been installed as a secondary bootloader.
Install
Next, install the necessary GRUB files to the /boot/grub/ directory via the grub-install command. Presuming the first disk (the one where the system boots from) is /dev/sda, one of the following commands will do:
DOS/Legacy BIOS systems
For DOS/Legacy BIOS systems:
root #grub-install /dev/sdaUEFI systems
Make sure the EFI system partition has been mounted before running grub-install. It is possible for grub-install to install the GRUB EFI file (grubx64.efi) into the wrong directory without providing any indication the wrong directory was used.
For UEFI systems:
root #grub-install --efi-directory=/efiInstalling for x86_64-efi platform. Installation finished. No error reported.
Upon successful installation, the output should match the output of the previous command. If the output does not match exactly, then proceed to Debugging GRUB, otherwise jump to the Configure step.
Optional: Secure Boot
To successfully boot with secure boot enabled the signing certificate must either be accepted by the UEFI firmware, or shim must be used as a pre-loader. Shim is pre-signed with the third-party Microsoft Certificate, accepted by default by most UEFI motherboards.
How to configure the UEFI firmware to accept custom keys depends on the firmware vendor, which is beyond the scope of the handbook. Below is shown how to setup shim instead. Here it is assumed that the user has already followed the instructions in the previous sections to generate a signing key and to configure portage to use it. If this is not the case please return first to the Kernel installation section.
The package sys-boot/grub installs a prebuilt and signed stand-alone EFI executable if the secureboot USE flag is enabled. Install the required packages and copy the stand-alone grub, Shim, and the MokManager to the same directory on the EFI System Partition. For example:
root #emerge sys-boot/grub sys-boot/shim sys-boot/mokutil sys-boot/efibootmgrroot #cp /usr/share/shim/BOOTX64.EFI /efi/EFI/Gentoo/shimx64.efi
root #cp /usr/share/shim/mmx64.efi /efi/EFI/Gentoo/mmx64.efi
root #cp /usr/lib/grub/grub-x86_64.efi.signed /efi/EFI/Gentoo/grubx64.efi
Next register the signing key in shims MOKlist, this requires keys in the DER format, whereas sbsign and the kernel build system expect keys in the PEM format. In the previous sections of the handbook an example was shown to generate such a signing PEM key, this key must now be converted to the DER format:
root #openssl x509 -in /path/to/kernel_key.pem -inform PEM -out /path/to/kernel_key.der -outform DERThe path used here must be the path to the pem file containing the certificate belonging to the generated key. In this example both key and certificate are in the same pem file.
Then the converted certificate can be imported into Shims MOKlist, this command will ask to set some password for the import request:
root #mokutil --import /path/to/kernel_key.derWhen the currently booted kernel already trusts the certificate being imported, the message "Already in kernel trusted keyring." will be returned here. If this happens, re-run the above command with the argument --ignore-keyring added.
Next, register Shim with the UEFI firmware. In the following command, boot-disk and boot-partition-id must be replaced with the disk and partition identifier of the EFI system partition:
root #efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/boot-disk --part boot-partition-id --loader '\EFI\Gentoo\shimx64.efi' --label 'GRUB via Shim' --unicodeNote that this prebuilt and signed stand-alone version of grub reads the grub.cfg from a different location then usual. Instead of the default /boot/grub/grub.cfg the config file should be in the same directory that the grub EFI executable is in, e.g. /efi/EFI/Gentoo/grub.cfg. When sys-kernel/installkernel is used to install the kernel and update the grub configuration then the GRUB_CFG environment variable may be used to override the usual location of the grub config file.
For example:
root #grub-mkconfig -o /efi/EFI/Gentoo/grub.cfgOr, via installkernel:
/etc/env.d/99grubGRUB_CFG=/efi/EFI/Gentoo/grub.cfg
root #env-updateThe import process will not be completed until the system is rebooted. After completing all steps in the handbook, restart the system and Shim will load, it will find the import request registered by mokutil. The MokManager application will start and ask for the password that was set when creating the import request. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the import of the certificate, then reboot the system into the UEFI menu and enable the Secure Boot setting.
Debugging GRUB
When debugging GRUB, there are a couple of quick fixes that may result in a bootable installation without having to reboot to a new live image environment.
In the event that "EFI variables are not supported on this system" is displayed somewhere in the output, it is likely the live image was not booted in EFI mode and is presently in Legacy BIOS boot mode. The solution is to try the removable GRUB step mentioned below. This will overwrite the executable EFI file located at /EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI. Upon rebooting in EFI mode, the motherboard firmware may execute this default boot entry and execute GRUB.
If grub-install returns an error that says "Could not prepare Boot variable: Read-only file system", and the live environment was correctly booted in UEFI mode, then it should be possible to remount the efivars special mount as read-write and then re-run the aforementioned grub-install command:
root #mount -o remount,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec --types efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivarsThis is caused by certain non-official Gentoo environments not mounting the special EFI filesystem by default. If the previous command does not run, then reboot using an official Gentoo live image environment in EFI mode.
Some motherboard manufacturers with poor UEFI implementations seem to only support the /EFI/BOOT directory location for the .EFI file in the EFI System Partition (ESP). The GRUB installer can create the .EFI file in this location automatically by appending the --removable option to the install command. Ensure the ESP has been mounted before running the following command; presuming it is mounted at /efi (as defined earlier), run:
root #grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/efi --removableThis creates the 'default' directory defined by the UEFI specification, and then creates a file with the default name: bootx64.efi.
Configure
Next, generate the GRUB configuration based on the user configuration specified in the /etc/default/grub file and /etc/grub.d scripts. In most cases, no configuration is needed by users as GRUB will automatically detect which kernel to boot (the highest one available in /boot/) and what the root file system is. It is also possible to append kernel parameters in /etc/default/grub using the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX variable.
To generate the final GRUB configuration, run the grub-mkconfig command:
root #grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfgGenerating grub.cfg ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.6.21-gentoo Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86-6.6.21-gentoo done
The output of the command must mention that at least one Linux image is found, as those are needed to boot the system. If an initramfs is used or genkernel was used to build the kernel, the correct initrd image should be detected as well. If this is not the case, go to /boot/ and check the contents using the ls command. If the files are indeed missing, go back to the kernel configuration and installation instructions.
The os-prober utility can be used in conjunction with GRUB to detect other operating systems from attached drives. Windows 7, 8.1, 10, and other distributions of Linux are detectable. Those desiring dual boot systems should emerge the sys-boot/os-prober package then re-run the grub-mkconfig command (as seen above). If detection problems are encountered be sure to read the GRUB article in its entirety before asking the Gentoo community for support.
Alternative 1: LILO
Emerge
LILO, the LInuxLOader, is the tried and true workhorse of Linux boot loaders. However, it lacks features when compared to GRUB. LILO is still used because, on some systems, GRUB does not work and LILO does. Of course, it is also used because some people know LILO and want to stick with it. Either way, Gentoo supports both bootloaders.
Installing LILO is a breeze; just use emerge.
root #emerge --ask sys-boot/liloConfigure
To configure LILO, first create /etc/lilo.conf:
root #nano -w /etc/lilo.confIn the configuration file, sections are used to refer to the bootable kernel. Make sure that the kernel files (with kernel version) and initramfs files are known, as they need to be referred to in this configuration file.
If the root filesystem is JFS, add an
append="ro" line after each boot item since JFS needs to replay its log before it allows read-write mounting./etc/lilo.confExample LILO configurationboot=/dev/sda # Install LILO in the MBR
prompt # Give the user the chance to select another section
timeout=50 # Wait 5 (five) seconds before booting the default section
default=gentoo # When the timeout has passed, boot the "gentoo" section
compact # This drastically reduces load time and keeps the map file smaller; may fail on some systems
image=/boot/vmlinuz-6.6.21-gentoo
label=gentoo # Name we give to this section
read-only # Start with a read-only root. Do not alter!
root=/dev/sda3 # Location of the root filesystem
image=/boot/vmlinuz-6.6.21-gentoo
label=gentoo.rescue # Name we give to this section
read-only # Start with a read-only root. Do not alter!
root=/dev/sda3 # Location of the root filesystem
append="init=/bin/bb" # Launch the Gentoo static rescue shell
# The next two lines are for dual booting with a Windows system.
# In this example, Windows is hosted on /dev/sda6.
other=/dev/sda6
label=windows
If a different partitioning scheme and/or kernel image is used, adjust accordingly.
If an initramfs is necessary, then change the configuration by referring to this initramfs file and telling the initramfs where the root device is located:
/etc/lilo.confAdding initramfs information to a boot entryimage=/boot/vmlinuz-6.6.21-gentoo
label=gentoo
read-only
append="root=/dev/sda3"
initrd=/boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86-6.6.21-gentoo
If additional options need to be passed to the kernel, use an append statement. For instance, to add the video statement to enable framebuffer:
/etc/lilo.confAdding video parameter to the boot optionsimage=/boot/vmlinuz-6.6.21-gentoo
label=gentoo
read-only
root=/dev/sda3
append="video=uvesafb:mtrr,ywrap,1024x768-32@85"
Users that used genkernel should know that their kernels use the same boot options as is used for the installation CD. For instance, if SCSI device support needs to be enabled, add doscsi as kernel option.
Now save the file and exit.
Install
To finish up, run the /sbin/lilo executable so LILO can apply the /etc/lilo.conf settings to the system (i.e. install itself on the disk). Keep in mind that /sbin/lilo must be executed each time a new kernel is installed or a change has been made to the lilo.conf file in order for the system to boot if the filename of the kernel has changed.
root #/sbin/liloAlternative 2: EFI Stub
Computer systems with UEFI-based firmware technically do not need secondary bootloaders (e.g. GRUB) in order to boot kernels. Secondary bootloaders exist to extend the functionality of UEFI firmware during the boot process. Using GRUB (see the prior section) is typically easier and more robust because it offers a more flexible approach for quickly modifying kernel parameters at boot time.
System administrators who desire to take a minimalist, although more rigid, approach to booting the system can avoid secondary bootloaders and boot the Linux kernel as an EFI stub.
The sys-boot/efibootmgr application is a tool to used interact with UEFI firmware - the system's primary bootloader. Normally this looks like adding or removing boot entries to the firmware's list of bootable entries. It can also update firmware settings so that the Linux kernels that were previously added as bootable entries can be executed with additional options. These interactions are performed through special data structures called EFI variables (hence the need for kernel support of EFI vars).
Ensure the EFI stub kernel article has been reviewed before continuing. The kernel must have specific options enabled to be directly bootable by the UEFI firmware. It may be necessary to recompile the kernel in order to build-in this support.
It is also a good idea to take a look at the efibootmgr article for additional information.
To reiterate, efibootmgr is not a requirement to boot an UEFI system; it is merely necessary to add an entry for an EFI-stub kernel into the UEFI firmware. When built appropriately with EFI stub support, the Linux kernel itself can be booted directly. Additional kernel command-line options can be built-in to the Linux kernel (there is a kernel configuration option called CONFIG_CMDLINE. Similarly, support for initramfs can be 'built-in' to the kernel as well.
To boot the kernel directly from the firmware, the kernel image must be present on the EFI System Partition. This may be accomplished by enabling the efistub USE flag on sys-kernel/installkernel. Given that EFI Stub booting is not guaranteed to work on every UEFI system, the USE flag is stable masked, testing keywords must be accepted for installkernel to use this feature.
/etc/portage/package.accept_keywords/installkernelsys-kernel/installkernel
sys-boot/uefi-mkconfig
app-emulation/virt-firmware
/etc/portage/package.use/installkernelsys-kernel/installkernel efistub
Then reinstall installkernel, create the /efi directory and reinstall the kernel:
root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/installkernelroot #mkdir -p /efiFor distribution kernels:
root #emerge --ask --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel{,-bin}For manually managed kernels:
root #make installAlternatively, when installkernel is not used, the kernel may be copied manually to the EFI System Partition, calling it bootx64.efi:
root #mkdir -p /efi
root #cp /boot/vmlinuz-* /efi/bootx64.efi
Install the efibootmgr package:
root #emerge --ask sys-boot/efibootmgrCreate boot entry called "Gentoo" for the freshly compiled EFI stub kernel within the UEFI firmware:
root #efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/sda --part 1 --label "gentoo" --loader "\bootx64.efi"The use of a backslash (\) as directory path separator is mandatory when using UEFI definitions.
If an initial RAM file system (initramfs) is used, copy it to the EFI System Partition as well, then add the proper boot option to it:
root #efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/sda --part 1 --label "gentoo" --loader "\bootx64.efi" --unicode "initrd=\initramfs.img"Additional kernel command line options may be parsed by the firmware to the kernel by specifying them along with the initrd=... option as shown above.
With these changes done, when the system reboots, a boot entry called "gentoo" will be available.
Unified Kernel Image
If installkernel was configured to build and install unified kernel images. The unified kernel image should already be installed to the EFI/Linux directory on the EFI system partition, if this is not the case ensure the directory exists and then run the kernel installation again as described earlier in the handbook.
To add a direct boot entry for the installed unified kernel image:
root #efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/sda --part 1 --label "gentoo" --loader "\EFI\Linux\gentoo-x.y.z.efi"Alternative 3: Syslinux
Syslinux is yet another bootloader alternative for the x86 architecture. It supports MBR and, as of version 6.00, it supports EFI boot. PXE (network) boot and lesser-known options are also supported. Although Syslinux is a popular bootloader for many it is unsupported by the Handbook. Readers can find information on emerging and then installing this bootloader in the Syslinux article.
Alternative 4: systemd-boot
Another option is systemd-boot, which works on both OpenRC and systemd machines. It is a thin chainloader and works well with secure boot.
To install systemd-boot, enable the boot USE flag and re-install sys-apps/systemd (for systemd systems) or sys-apps/systemd-utils (for OpenRC systems):
/etc/portage/package.use/systemd-bootsys-apps/systemd boot
sys-apps/systemd-utils boot
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/systemdOr
root #emerge --ask sys-apps/systemd-utilsThen, install the systemd-boot loader to the EFI System Partition:
root #bootctl installMake sure the EFI system partition has been mounted before running bootctl install.
When using this bootloader, before rebooting, verify that a new bootable entry exists using:
root #bootctl listThe kernel command line for new systemd-boot entries is read from /etc/kernel/cmdline or /usr/lib/kernel/cmdline. If neither file is present, then the kernel command line of the currently booted kernel is re-used (/proc/cmdline). On new installs it might therefore happen that the kernel command line of the live CD is accidentally used to boot the new kernel. The kernel command line for registered entries can be checked with:
root #bootctl listIf no new entry exists, ensure the sys-kernel/installkernel package has been installed with the systemd and systemd-boot USE flags enabled, and re-run the kernel installation.
For the distribution kernels:
root #emerge --ask --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernelFor a manually configured and compiled kernel:
root #make installWhen installing kernels for systemd-boot, no root= kernel command line argument is added by default. On systemd systems that are using an initramfs users may rely instead on systemd-gpt-auto-generator to automatically find the root partition at boot. Otherwise users should manually specify the location of the root partition by setting root= in /etc/kernel/cmdline as well as any other kernel command line arguments that should be used. And then reinstalling the kernel as described above.
Optional: Secure Boot
When the secureboot USE flag is enabled, the systemd-boot EFI executable will be signed by portage automatically. Furthermore, bootctl install will automatically install the signed version.
To successfully boot with secure boot enabled the used certificate must either be accepted by the UEFI firmware, or shim must be used as a pre-loader. Shim is pre-signed with the third-party Microsoft Certificate, accepted by default by most UEFI motherboards.
How to configure the UEFI firmware to accept custom keys depends on the firmware vendor, which is beyond the scope of the handbook. Below is shown how to setup shim instead. Here it is assumed that the user has already followed the instructions in the previous sections to generate a signing key and to configure portage to use it. If this is not the case please return first to the Kernel installation section.
root #emerge --ask sys-boot/shim sys-boot/mokutil sys-boot/efibootmgrroot #bootctl install --no-variablesroot #cp /usr/share/shim/BOOTX64.EFI /efi/EFI/systemd/shimx64.efiroot #cp /usr/share/shim/mmx64.efi /efi/EFI/systemd/mmx64.efiShims MOKlist requires keys in the DER format, whereas sbsign and the kernel build system expect keys in the PEM format. In the previous sections of the handbook an example was shown to generate such a signing PEM key, this key must now be converted to the DER format:
root #openssl x509 -in /path/to/kernel_key.pem -inform PEM -out /path/to/kernel_key.der -outform DERThe path used here must be the path to the pem file containing the certificate belonging to the generated key. In this example both key and certificate are in the same pem file.
Then the converted certificate can be imported into Shims MOKlist:
root #mokutil --import /path/to/kernel_key.derWhen the currently booted kernel already trusts the certificate being imported, the message "Already in kernel trusted keyring." will be returned here. If this happens, re-run the above command with the argument --ignore-keyring added.
And finally we register Shim with the UEFI firmware. In the following command, boot-disk and boot-partition-id must be replaced with the disk and partition identifier of the EFI system partition:
root #efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/boot-disk --part boot-partition-id --loader '\EFI\systemd\shimx64.efi' --label 'Systemd-boot via Shim' --unicode '\EFI\systemd\systemd-bootx64.efi'The import process will not be completed until the system is rebooted. After completing all steps in the handbook, restart the system and Shim will load, it will find the import request registered by mokutil. The MokManager application will start and ask for the password that was set when creating the import request. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the import of the certificate, then reboot the system into the UEFI menu and enable the Secure Boot setting.
Reiniciar el sistema
Salga del entorno chroot y desmonte todas las particiones que continúen montadas. Luego escriba la orden mágica da inicio a la auténtica prueba final: reboot.
(chroot) livecd #exitlivecd~#cd
livecd~#umount -l /mnt/gentoo/dev{/shm,/pts,}
livecd~#umount -R /mnt/gentoo
livecd~#reboot¡No olvide retirar la imagen live, de lo contrario puede ser arrancada de nuevo en lugar del sistema Gentoo recién instalado!
Una vez reiniciado en el nuevo entorno Gentoo, es aconsejable finalizar con Finalizando la instalación de Gentoo.