Manuel:Parties/Installation/Noyau
Ne pas essayer de suivre les instructions directement depuis les pages Handbook:Parts ou leurs sous-pages. Les pages Handbook:Parts sont un métamanuel utilisé pour transclure du texte dans d'autres manuels. Consulter un manuel spécifique à une architecture parmi ceux référencés dans la liste des manuels pour des instructions d'installation complètes.
Facultatif : Installation de micrologiciels
Microcode
Linux Firmware
Certains pilotes nécessite l'installation de micrologiciels supplémentaires sur le système pour fonctionner. C'est souvent le cas pour les interfaces réseau, notamment les interfaces réseau sans fil. Aussi, les cartes vidéos récentes, de vendeurs tels que AMD, NVidia, et Intel, nécessitent souvent des micrologiciels supplémentaires lors de l'utilisation du pilote libre. La plupart des micrologiciels se trouvent dans le paquet sys-kernel/linux-firmware :
Il est recommandé d'avoir le paquet sys-kernel/linux-firmware installé avant le premier redémarrage afin d'être sûr d'avoir tous les microcodes disponibles si nécessaire:
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Installer certains microcodes nécessite souvent d'accepter la licence associée. Si nécessaires, visitez la section gestion des licence du manuel pour de l'aide à propos des licences.
It is important to note that kernel symbols that are built as modules (M) will load their associated firmware files from the filesystem when they are loaded by the kernel. It is not necessary to include the device's firmware files into the kernel's binary image for symbols loaded as modules.
Architecture specific firmware
Placeholder for architecture-specific firmware information
Microcode
In addition to discrete graphics hardware and network interfaces, CPUs also can require firmware updates. Typically this kind of firmware is referred to as microcode. Newer revisions of microcode are sometimes necessary to patch instability, security concerns, or other miscellaneous bugs in CPU hardware.
Microcode updates for AMD CPUs are distributed within the aforementioned sys-kernel/linux-firmware package. Microcode for Intel CPUs can be found within the sys-firmware/intel-microcode package, which will need to be installed separately. See the Microcode article for more information on how to apply microcode updates.
Configuration et compilation du noyau
Il est maintenant temps de configurer et de compiler les sources du noyau. Pour l'installation d'un système, trois approches pour la gestion du kernel vont être présentées, mais une approche différente pourra être utilisée une fois l'installation terminée.
Ranked from least involved to most involved:
- Le noyau est configuré et compilé manuellement.
- Un outil appelé genkernel est utilisé afin de configurer, compiler et installer automatiquement le noyau Linux.
Le cœur de toute distribution est le noyau Linux. C'est la couche située entre les programmes de l'utilisateur et le matériel du système. Même si le guide d'installation propose à ses utilisateurs plusieurs sources du noyau possibles, une liste complète des sources, avec description, est disponible sur la page Noyau - Vue d'ensemble.
Kernel installation tasks such as, copying the kernel image to /boot or the EFI System Partition, generating an initramfs and/or Unified Kernel Image, updating bootloader configuration, can be automated with installkernel. Users may wish to configure and install sys-kernel/installkernel before proceeding. See the Kernel installation section below for more more information.
Distribution kernels
Distribution Kernels are ebuilds that cover the complete process of unpacking, configuring, compiling, and installing the kernel. The primary advantage of this method is that the kernels are updated to new versions by the package manager as part of @world upgrade. This requires no more involvement than running an emerge command. Distribution kernels default to a configuration supporting the majority of hardware, however two mechanisms are offered for customization: savedconfig and config snippets. See the project page for more details on configuration.
Optional: Signed kernel modules
The kernel modules in the prebuilt distribution kernel (sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin) are already signed. To sign the modules of kernels built from source enable the modules-sign USE flag, and optionally specify which key to use for signing in /etc/portage/make.conf:
USE="modules-sign"
# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512.
If MODULES_SIGN_KEY is not specified the kernel build system will generate a key, it will be stored in /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/certs. It is recommended to manually generate a key to ensure that it will be the same for each kernel release. A key may be generated with:
root #
openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -x509 -outform PEM -out kernel_key.pem -keyout kernel_key.pem
The MODULES_SIGN_KEY and MODULES_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
OpenSSL will ask some questions about the user generating the key, it is recommended to fill in these questions as detailed as possible.
Store the key in a safe location, at the very least the key should be readable only by the root user. Verify this with:
root #
ls -l kernel_key.pem
-r-------- 1 root root 3164 Jan 4 10:38 kernel_key.pem
If this outputs anything other then the above, correct the permissions with:
root #
chown root:root kernel_key.pem
root #
chmod 400 kernel_key.pem
Optional: Signing the kernel image (Secure Boot)
The kernel image in the prebuilt distribution kernel (sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin) is already signed for use with Secure Boot. To sign the kernel image of kernels built from source enable the secureboot USE flag, and optionally specify which key to use for signing in /etc/portage/make.conf. Note that signing the kernel image for use with secureboot requires that the kernel modules are also signed, the same key may be used to sign both the kernel image and the kernel modules:
USE="modules-sign secureboot"
# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512.
# Optionally, to boot with secureboot enabled, may be the same or different signing key.
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
The SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
For this example the same key that was generated to sign the modules is used to sign the kernel image. It is also possible to generate and use a second separate key for signing the kernel image. The same OpenSSL command as in the previous section may be used again.
See the above section for instructions on generating a new key, the steps may be repeated if a separate key should be used to sign the kernel image.
To successfully boot with Secure Boot enabled, the used bootloader must also be signed and the certificate must be accepted by the UEFI firmware or Shim. This will be explained later in the handbook.
Installing a distribution kernel
To build a kernel with Gentoo patches from source, type:
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel
System administrators who want to avoid compiling the kernel sources locally can instead use precompiled kernel images:
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin
Distribution Kernels, such as sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel and sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin, by default, expect to be installed alongside an initramfs. Before running emerge to install the kernel users should ensure that sys-kernel/installkernel has been configured to utilize an initramfs generator (for example Dracut) as described in the installkernel section.
Upgrading and cleaning up
Once the kernel is installed, the package manager will automatically update it to newer versions. The previous versions will be kept until the package manager is requested to clean up stale packages. To reclaim disk space, stale packages can be trimmed by periodically running emerge with the --depclean
option:
root #
emerge --depclean
Alternatively, to specifically clean up old kernel versions:
root #
emerge --prune sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin
By design, emerge only removes the kernel build directory. It does not actually remove the kernel modules, nor the installed kernel image. To completely clean-up old kernels, the app-admin/eclean-kernel tool may be used.
Post-install/upgrade tasks
An upgrade of a distribution kernel is capable of triggering an automatic rebuild for external kernel modules installed by other packages (for example: sys-fs/zfs-kmod or x11-drivers/nvidia-drivers). This automated behaviour is enabled by enabling the dist-kernel USE flag. When required, this same flag will also trigger re-generation of the initramfs.
It is highly recommended to enable this flag globally via /etc/portage/make.conf when using a distribution kernel:
USE="dist-kernel"
Manually rebuilding the initramfs or Unified Kernel Image
If required, manually trigger such rebuilds by, after a kernel upgrade, executing:
root #
emerge --ask @module-rebuild
If any kernel modules (e.g. ZFS) are needed at early boot, rebuild the initramfs afterward via:
root #
emerge --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel
root #
emerge --config sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin
Installer les sources
This section is only relevant when using the following genkernel (hybrid) or manual kernel management approach.
The use of sys-kernel/installkernel is not strictly required, but highly recommended. When this package is installed, the kernel installation process will be delegated to installkernel. This allows for installing several different kernel versions side-by-side as well as managing and automating several tasks relating to kernel installation described later in the handbook. Install it now with:
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/installkernel
When installing and compiling the kernel for amd64-based systems, Gentoo recommends the sys-kernel/gentoo-sources package.
Choisissez les sources du kernel appropriées et installez les en utilisant emerge :
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-sources
Cela installera les sources du noyau Linux dans le répertoire /usr/src/, dans lequel un lien symbolique appelé linux pointera vers les sources du noyau installées :
It is conventional for a /usr/src/linux symlink to be maintained, such that it refers to whichever sources correspond with the currently running kernel. However, this symbolic link will not be created by default. An easy way to create the symbolic link is to utilize eselect's kernel module.
For further information regarding the purpose of the symlink, and how to manage it, please refer to Kernel/Upgrade.
First, list all installed kernels:
root #
eselect kernel list
Available kernel symlink targets: [1] linux-6.6.21-gentoo
In order to create a symbolic link called linux, use:
root #
eselect kernel set 1
root #
ls -l /usr/src/linux
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Oct 13 11:04 /usr/src/linux -> linux-6.6.21-gentoo
Configuration manuelle
Introduction
In case it was missed, this section requires the kernel sources to be installed. Be sure to obtain the relevant kernel sources, then return here for the rest of section.
Configurer manuellement un noyau est souvent considéré comme l'une des procédures des plus difficiles qu'un administrateur de systèmes Linux ait à réaliser. Rien n'est moins vrai - après avoir configuré quelques noyaux, plus personne ne se souviens que c'était difficile.
Cependant, une chose est vraie : c'est vital de connaître le système quand un noyau est configuré manuellement. La plupart des informations nécessaires peuvent être recueillies en installant le paquet sys-apps/pciutils qui contient la commande lspci :
root #
emerge --ask sys-apps/pciutils
À l'intérieur d'un chroot, il est possible d'ignorer sans risque toutes les mises en garde (du genrepcilib: cannot open /sys/bus/pci/devices) que lspci pourrait afficher.
Un autre source d'information est d'exécuter la commande lsmod pour voir quels modules du noyau sont utilisés par le média d'installation afin de savoir quoi activer plus tard.
Il est maintenant temps d'accéder au répertoire source du noyau et d'exécuter make menuconfig. Cela lancera un menu de configuration.
root #
cd /usr/src/linux
root #
make menuconfig
La configuration du noyau Linux comporte beaucoup, beaucoup de sections. Voici une liste des options qui doivent être activées (sinon Gentoo ne fonctionnera pas, ou incorrectement, sans modifications supplémentaires). Il existe également un Guide de configuration du noyau de Gentoo sur le wiki pouvant apporter plus d'informations.
Activation des options indispensables
When using sys-kernel/gentoo-sources, it is strongly recommend the Gentoo-specific configuration options be enabled. These ensure that a minimum of kernel features required for proper functioning is available:
Gentoo Linux --->
Generic Driver Options --->
[*] Gentoo Linux support
[*] Linux dynamic and persistent device naming (userspace devfs) support
[*] Select options required by Portage features
Support for init systems, system and service managers --->
[*] OpenRC, runit and other script based systems and managers
[*] systemd
Naturally the choice in the last two lines depends on the selected init system (OpenRC vs. systemd). It does not hurt to have support for both init systems enabled.
When using sys-kernel/vanilla-sources, the additional selections for init systems will be unavailable. Enabling support is possible, but goes beyond the scope of the handbook.
Activer le support pour les composants systèmes typiques
Bien s'assurer que tous les pilotes indispensables au démarrage du système (comme le contrôleur SCSI, etc.) soient compilés dans le noyau et non en tant que module, sinon le système de pourra pas démarrer correctement.
Ensuite, sélectionner le type exact du processeur. Il est également recommandé d'active les fonctionnalités MCE (si disponibles) afin que les utilisateurs puissent être notifiés de tout problème matériel. Sur certaines architectures (telles que x86_64), ces erreurs se sont pas affichées dans dmesg, mais dans /dev/mcelog. Cela nécessite le paquet app-admin/mcelog.
Aussi, sélectionner Maintain a devtmpfs file system to mount at /dev afin que le fichiers critiques des périphériques soient disponible au début du processus de démarrage. (CONFIG_DEVTMPFS and CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT) :
Device Drivers --->
Generic Driver Options --->
[*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev
[*] Automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs
Vérifier que le support pour les disques SCSI soit activé (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD):
Device Drivers --->
SCSI device support --->
<*> SCSI disk support
Device Drivers --->
<*> Serial ATA and Parallel ATA drivers (libata) --->
[*] ATA ACPI Support
[*] SATA Port Multiplier support
<*> AHCI SATA support (ahci)
[*] ATA BMDMA support
[*] ATA SFF support (for legacy IDE and PATA)
<*> Intel ESB, ICH, PIIX3, PIIX4 PATA/SATA support (ata_piix)
Vérifiez que le support basique des NVMe a bien été activé :
Device Drivers --->
<*> NVM Express block device
Device Drivers --->
NVME Support --->
<*> NVM Express block device
It does not hurt to enable the following additional NVMe support:
[*] NVMe multipath support
[*] NVMe hardware monitoring
<M> NVM Express over Fabrics FC host driver
<M> NVM Express over Fabrics TCP host driver
<M> NVMe Target support
[*] NVMe Target Passthrough support
<M> NVMe loopback device support
<M> NVMe over Fabrics FC target driver
< > NVMe over Fabrics FC Transport Loopback Test driver (NEW)
<M> NVMe over Fabrics TCP target support
Maintenant, aller dans File Systems et sélectionner la prise en charge des systèmes de fichiers qui seront utilisés. Attention, ne pas compiler le système de fichier utilisé par le système de fichier racine an tant que module, sinon Gentoo sera incapable de monter la partition. Aussi, sélectionner Virtual memory et /proc file system. Sélectionner également une ou plusieurs des options suivantes selon le système (CONFIG_EXT2_FS, CONFIG_EXT3_FS, CONFIG_EXT4_FS, CONFIG_MSDOS_FS, CONFIG_VFAT_FS, CONFIG_PROC_FS, and CONFIG_TMPFS) :
File systems --->
<*> Second extended fs support
<*> The Extended 3 (ext3) filesystem
<*> The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
<*> Reiserfs support
<*> JFS filesystem support
<*> XFS filesystem support
<*> Btrfs filesystem support
DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems --->
<*> MSDOS fs support
<*> VFAT (Windows-95) fs support
Pseudo Filesystems --->
[*] /proc file system support
[*] Tmpfs virtual memory file system support (former shm fs)
Si PPPoE, ou un modem analogique, est utilisé pour se connecter à Internet, activer les options suivantes(CONFIG_PPP, CONFIG_PPP_ASYNC, and CONFIG_PPP_SYNC_TTY) :
Device Drivers --->
Network device support --->
<*> PPP (point-to-point protocol) support
<*> PPP support for async serial ports
<*> PPP support for sync tty ports
Les deux options de compression ne poseront pas de problème mais elle ne sont définitivement pas indispensables, pas plus que l'option de PPP sur Ethernet qui ne sera probablement utilisée que si configurée pour faire du mode PPPoE via le noyau.
Ne pas oublier d'inclure dans le noyau le support pour les cartes réseau (Ethernet ou sans fil).
La plupart des système possèdent également plusieurs cœurs à leur disposition, il est donc important d'activer l'option Symmetric multi-processing support (CONFIG_SMP) :
Processor type and features --->
[*] Symmetric multi-processing support
Dans les systèmes multi-cœur, chaque cœur compte comme un processeur.
Si des périphériques d'entrée USB (comme un clavier ou une souris), ou d'autres périphériques USB seront utilisés, ne pas oublier d'en activer le support (CONFIG_HID_GENERIC and CONFIG_USB_HID, CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT, CONFIG_USB_XHCI_HCD, CONFIG_USB_EHCI_HCD, CONFIG_USB_OHCI_HCD) :
Device Drivers --->
HID support --->
-*- HID bus support
<*> Generic HID driver
[*] Battery level reporting for HID devices
USB HID support --->
<*> USB HID transport layer
[*] USB support --->
<*> xHCI HCD (USB 3.0) support
<*> EHCI HCD (USB 2.0) support
<*> OHCI HCD (USB 1.1) support
Optionnel : Modules kernel signés
Pour automatiquement signer les modules kernels, activez l'option CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL :
[*] Enable loadable module support
-*- Module signature verification
[*] Automatically sign all modules
Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->
Vous pouvez changer l'algorithme de hash si vous le désirez.
Pour s'assurer que tous les modules signés le sont avec une signature valide, activez également l'option CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE :
[*] Enable loadable module support
-*- Module signature verification
[*] Require modules to be validly signed
[*] Automatically sign all modules
Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->
To use a custom key, specify the location of this key in CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY, if unspecified the kernel build system will generate a key. It is recommended to generate one manually instead. This can be done with:
root #
openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -x509 -outform PEM -out kernel_key.pem -keyout kernel_key.pem
OpenSSL will ask some questions about the user generating the key, it is recommended to fill in these questions as detailed as possible.
Store the key in a safe location, at the very least the key should be readable only by the root user. Verify this with:
root #
ls -l kernel_key.pem
-r-------- 1 root root 3164 Jan 4 10:38 kernel_key.pem
If this outputs anything other then the above, correct the permissions with:
root #
chown root:root kernel_key.pem
root #
chmod 400 kernel_key.pem
-*- Cryptographic API --->
Certificates for signature checking --->
(/path/to/kernel_key.pem) File name or PKCS#11 URI of module signing key
To also sign external kernel modules installed by other packages via linux-mod-r1.eclass
, enable the modules-sign USE flag globally:
USE="modules-sign"
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, when using custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512
The MODULES_SIGN_KEY and MODULES_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
Optionnel: Signez l'image kernel (Secure Boot) ====
When signing the kernel image (for use on systems with Secure Boot enabled) it is recommended to set the following kernel config options:
General setup --->
Kexec and crash features --->
[*] Enable kexec system call
[*] Enable kexec file based system call
[*] Verify kernel signature during kexec_file_load() syscall
[*] Require a valid signature in kexec_file_load() syscall
[*] Enable ""image"" signature verification support
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[*] Enable loadable module support
-*- Module signature verification
[*] Require modules to be validly signed
[*] Automatically sign all modules
Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with? (Sign modules with SHA-512) --->
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Security options --->
[*] Integrity subsystem
[*] Basic module for enforcing kernel lockdown
[*] Enable lockdown LSM early in init
Kernel default lockdown mode (Integrity) --->
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[*] Digital signature verification using multiple keyrings
[*] Enable asymmetric keys support
-*- Require all keys on the integrity keyrings be signed
[*] Provide keyring for platform/firmware trusted keys
[*] Provide a keyring to which Machine Owner Keys may be added
[ ] Enforce Machine Keyring CA Restrictions
Where ""image"" is a placeholder for the architecture specific image name. These options, from the top to the bottom: enforces that the kernel image in a kexec call must be signed (kexec allows replacing the kernel in-place), enforces that kernel modules are signed, enables lockdown integrity mode (prevents modifying the kernel at runtime), and enables various keychains.
On arches that do not natively support decompressing the kernel (e.g. arm64 and riscv), the kernel must be built with its own decompressor (zboot):
Device Drivers --->
Firmware Drivers --->
EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) Support --->
[*] Enable the generic EFI decompressor
After compilation of the kernel, as explained in the next section, the kernel image must be signed. First install app-crypt/sbsigntools and then sign the kernel image:
root #
emerge --ask app-crypt/sbsigntools
root #
sbsign /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/path/to/kernel-image --cert /path/to/kernel_key.pem --key /path/to/kernel_key.pem --out /usr/src/linux-x.y.z/path/to/kernel-image
For this example the same key that was generated to sign the modules is used to sign the kernel image. It is also possible to generate and use a second sperate key for signing the kernel image. The same OpenSSL command as in the previous section may be used again.
Then proceed with the installation.
To automatically sign EFI executables installed by other packages, enable the secureboot USE flag globally:
USE="modules-sign secureboot"
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, to use custom signing keys.
MODULES_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
MODULES_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem" # Only required if the MODULES_SIGN_KEY does not also contain the certificate.
MODULES_SIGN_HASH="sha512" # Defaults to sha512
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
# Optionally, to boot with secureboot enabled, may be the same or different signing key.
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
The SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT may be different files. For this example the pem file generated by OpenSSL includes both the key and the accompanying certificate, and thus both variables are set to the same value.
When generating an Unified Kernel Image with systemd's
ukify
the kernel image will be signed automatically before inclusion in the unified kernel image and it is not necessary to sign it manually.Architecture specific kernel configurations
Placeholder for architecture-specific kernel build information
Compiling and installing
Placeholder for instructions for building and installing the kernel sources
Alternative : Utiliser genkernel
In case it was missed, this section requires the kernel sources to be installed. Be sure to obtain the relevant kernel sources, then return here for the rest of section.
Genkernel should only be considered by users that have a required need that only Genkernel can meet, otherwise it is recommended to use the Distribution kernel or manually compile your own as it will make maintaining a Gentoo system a lot more simple. An example of why genkernel is more difficult to manage is the lack of integration with sys-kernel/installkernel. This means a user will not get the same level of automation as provided by the other methods, such as Unified Kernel Images will need to be created manually when using Genkernel.
Genkernel provides a generic kernel configuration file and will compile the kernel and initramfs, then install the resulting binaries to the appropriate locations. This results in minimal and generic hardware support for the system's first boot, and allows for additional update control and customization of the kernel's configuration in the future.
Be informed: while using genkernel to maintain the kernel provides system administrators with more update control over the system's kernel, initramfs, and other options, it will require a time and effort commitment to perform future kernel updates as new sources are released. Those looking for a hands-off approach to kernel maintenance should use a distribution kernel.
For additional clarity, it is a misconception to believe genkernel automatically generates a custom kernel configuration for the hardware on which it is run; it uses a predetermined kernel configuration that supports most generic hardware and automatically handles the make commands necessary to assemble and install the kernel, the associate modules, and the initramfs file.
Binary redistributable software license group
If the linux-firmware package has been previously installed, then skip onward to the to the installation section.
As a prerequisite, due to the firwmare
USE flag being enabled by default for the sys-kernel/genkernel package, the package manager will also attempt to pull in the sys-kernel/linux-firmware package. The binary redistributable software licenses are required to be accepted before the linux-firmware will install.
This license group can be accepted system-wide for any package by adding the @BINARY-REDISTRIBUTABLE
as an ACCEPT_LICENSE value in the /etc/portage/make.conf file. It can be exclusively accepted for the linux-firmware package by adding a specific inclusion via a /etc/portage/package.license/linux-firmware file.
If necessary, review the methods of accepting software licenses available in the Installing the base system chapter of the handbook, then make some changes for acceptable software licenses.
If in analysis paralysis, the following will do the trick:
root #
mkdir /etc/portage/package.license
sys-kernel/linux-firmware @BINARY-REDISTRIBUTABLE
Installation
Il est maintenant temps de voir comment utiliser genkernel. D'abord, installer sys-kernel/genkernel :
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/genkernel
Génération
Compilez les sources du noyau en exécutant genkernel all. Attention, vu que genkernel compile un noyau qui supporte presque tout type de matériel pour différentes architectures d'ordinateur, la compilation peut être longue.
SI la partition boot n'utilise pas le système de fichiers ext2 ou ext3, il peut être nécessaire de configurer le noyau en utilisant genkernel --menuconfig all et d'ajouter le support pour un système de fichiers spécifique dans le noyau (et non en tant que module). Les utilisateurs de LVM2 voudront probablement aussi ajouter l'argument
--lvm
.Les utilisateurs de LVM2 doivent ajouter
--lvm
comme argument à la commande genkernel ci-dessous.root #
genkernel --mountboot --install all
Une fois que gernkernel est terminé, un noyau, en ensemble complet de modules et une image initramfs seront créés. Le noyau et l'image initramfs seront utilisés plus tard lors de la configuration d'un système d'amorçage, il est donc bon de noter les noms du noyau et de l'image initramfs. L'image initramfs sera lancée immédiatement après le démarrage pour effectuer une détection automatique du matériel (comme pour le média d'installation) avant le démarrage réel du système.
root #
ls /boot/vmlinu* /boot/initramfs*
root #
ls /lib/modules
Installation du Kernel
Installkernel
Installkernel may be used to automate, the kernel installation, initramfs generation, unified kernel image generation and/or bootloader configuration among other things. sys-kernel/installkernel implements two paths of achieving this: the traditional installkernel originating from Debian and systemd's kernel-install. Which one to choose depends, among other things, on the system's bootloader. By default systemd's kernel-install is used on systemd profiles, while the traditional installkernel is the default for other profiles.
If unsure, follow the 'Traditional layout' subsection below.
systemd-boot
When using systemd-boot (formerly gummiboot) as the bootloader, systemd's kernel-install must be used. Therefore ensure the systemd and the systemd-boot USE flags are enabled on sys-kernel/installkernel, and then install the relevant package for systemd-boot.
Sur les systèmes OpenRC :
sys-apps/systemd-utils boot kernel-install
sys-kernel/installkernel systemd systemd-boot
root #
emerge --ask sys-apps/systemd-utils
Sur les systèmes systemd :
sys-apps/systemd boot
sys-kernel/installkernel systemd-boot
root #
emerge --ask sys-apps/systemd
GRUB
Users of GRUB can use either systemd's kernel-install or the traditional Debian installkernel. The systemd USE flag switches between these implementations. To automatically run grub-mkconfig when installing the kernel, enable the grub USE flag.
sys-kernel/installkernel grub
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/installkernel
Traditional layout, other bootloaders (e.g. lilo, etc.)
The traditional /boot layout (for e.g. LILO, etc.) is used by default if the grub, systemd-boot and uki USE flags are not enabled. No further action is required.
Créer un initramfs
In certain cases it is necessary to build an initramfs - an initial ram-based file system. The most common reason is when important file system locations (like /usr/ or /var/) are on separate partitions. With an initramfs, these partitions can be mounted using the tools available inside the initramfs. The default configuration of the Project:Distribution Kernel requires an initramfs.
Without an initramfs, there is a risk that the system will not boot properly as the tools that are responsible for mounting the file systems require information that resides on unmounted file systems. An initramfs will pull in the necessary files into an archive which is used right after the kernel boots, but before the control is handed over to the init tool. Scripts on the initramfs will then make sure that the partitions are properly mounted before the system continues booting.
If using genkernel, it should be used for both building the kernel and the initramfs. When using genkernel only for generating an initramfs, it is crucial to pass
--kernel-config=/path/to/kernel.config
to genkernel or the generated initramfs may not work with a manually built kernel. Note that manually built kernels go beyond the scope of support for the handbook. See the kernel configuration article for more information.Installkernel can automatically generate an initramfs when installing the kernel if the dracut USE flag is enabled:
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut
Alternatively, dracut may be called manually to generate an initramfs. Install sys-kernel/dracut first, then have it generate an initramfs:
root #
emerge --ask sys-kernel/dracut
root #
dracut --kver=6.6.21-gentoo
The initramfs will be stored in /boot/. The resulting file can be found by simply listing the files starting with initramfs:
root #
ls /boot/initramfs*
Optionnel : Créer une image Kernel unifiée
An Unified Kernel Image (UKI) combines, among other things, the kernel, the initramfs and the kernel command line into a single executable. Since the kernel command line is embedded into the unified kernel image it should be specified before generating the unified kernel image (see below). Note that any kernel command line arguments supplied by the bootloader or firmware at boot are ignored when booting with secure boot enabled.
An unified kernel image requires a stub loader, currently the only one available is systemd-stub. To enable it:
Pour les systèmes systemd :
sys-apps/systemd boot
Pour les systèmes OpenRC :
sys-apps/systemd-utils boot kernel-install
Installkernel can automatically generate an unified kernel image using either dracut or ukify, by enabling the respective flag. The uki USE flag should be enabled as well to install the generated unified kernel image to the $ESP/EFI/Linux directory on the EFI system partition (ESP).
Pour dracut :
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut uki
uefi="yes"
kernel_cmdline="some-kernel-command-line-arguments"
Pour ukify:
sys-apps/systemd ukify # Pour les systèmes systemd
sys-apps/systemd-utils ukify # Pour les systèmes OpenRC
sys-kernel/installkernel dracut ukify uki
some-kernel-command-line-arguments
Note that while dracut can generate both an initramfs and an unified kernel image, ukify can only generate the latter and therefore the initramfs must be generated separately with dracut.
Image Kernel Générique Unifiée
The prebuilt sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin can optionally install a prebuilt generic unified kernel image containing a generic initramfs that is able to boot most systemd based systems. It can be installed by enabling the generic-uki USE flag, and configuring installkernel to not generate a custom initramfs or unified kernel image:
sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin generic-uki
sys-kernel/installkernel -dracut -ukify uki
Secure Boot
The generic Unified Kernel Image optionally distributed by sys-kernel/gentoo-kernel-bin is already pre-signed. How to sign a locally generated unified kernel image depends on whether dracut or ukify is used. Note that the location of the key and certificate should be the same as the SECUREBOOT_SIGN_KEY and SECUREBOOT_SIGN_CERT as specified in /etc/portage/make.conf.
Pour dracut :
uefi="yes"
kernel_cmdline="some-kernel-command-line-arguments"
uefi_secureboot_key="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
uefi_secureboot_cert="/path/to/kernel_key.pem"
Pour ukify:
[UKI]
SecureBootPrivateKey=/path/to/kernel_key.pem
SecureBootCertificate=/path/to/kernel_key.pem
Recompiler les modules kernel externes
External kernel modules installed by other packages via linux-mod-r1.eclass
must be rebuilt for each new kernel version. When the distribution kernels are used this may be automated by enabling the dist-kernel flag globally.
*/* dist-kernel
Les modules du kernel externes peuvent aussi être recompilés manuellement avec :
root #
emerge --ask @module-rebuild
Les modules du noyau
Lister les modules Kernels disponibles
Il est facultatif de lister manuellement les modules matériels. udev chargera normalement tous les modules pour les matériels détectés comme étant connectés dans la plupart des cas. Cependant, il n'est pas préjudiciable que les modules automatiquement chargés soient listés. Les modules ne peuvent pas être chargés deux fois: ils sont soit chargés, soit déchargés. Quelquefois, un matériel exotique nécessite de l'aide pour charger ses pilotes.
Les modules qui doivent être chargés automatiquement à chaque démarrage sont définis dans les fichiers /etc/modules-load.d/*.conf, un module par ligne. Cependant, lorsque des options supplémentaires doivent être ajoutées, elles doivent être ajoutés dans les fichiers /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf.
Pour voir tous les modules disponibles pour une version de kernel spécifiques, exécuter la commande find suivante. N'oubliez pas de remplacer "<version noyau>" par la version du noyau venant que vous souhaitez utiliser :
root #
find /lib/modules/<version noyau>/ -type f -iname '*.o' -or -iname '*.ko' | less
Forcer le chargement des modules kernel particuliers
Pour forcer le chargement du module 3c59x.ko (correspondant au pilote pour une carte réseau de la famille 3Com), éditez le fichier /etc/modules-load.d/network.conf et ajoutez-y le nom du module.
root #
mkdir -p /etc/modules-load.d
root #
nano -w /etc/modules-load.d/network.conf
Notez que le suffixe .ko des modules est insignifiant pour le mécanisme de chargement et n'apparaît pas dans le fichier de configuration
3c59x
Continuer l'installation avec Configuer le système.