GnuPG

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GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard), also known as GPG, is a free implementation of the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880). GPG supports both symmetric and public-key cryptography, and typically operates using both.

GPG can be used for digital signing, authentication, and encryption of data. It is often used to encrypt and sign email messages, but can also be used with files or plaintext.

GPG supports hardware security devices with an OpenPGP module, such as the YubiKey.

app-crypt/gnupg includes gpg-agent which can be used as an ssh-agent.

安装

USE 标记

USE flags for app-crypt/gnupg The GNU Privacy Guard, a GPL OpenPGP implementation

+smartcard Build scdaemon software. Enables usage of OpenPGP cards. For other type of smartcards, try app-crypt/gnupg-pkcs11-scd. Bring in dev-libs/libusb as a dependency; enable scdaemon.
+tofu Enable support for Trust on First use trust model; requires dev-db/sqlite.
bzip2 Enable bzip2 compression support
doc Add extra documentation (API, Javadoc, etc). It is recommended to enable per package instead of globally
ldap Add LDAP support (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
readline Enable support for libreadline, a GNU line-editing library that almost everyone wants
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
ssl Add support for SSL/TLS connections (Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security)
test Enable dependencies and/or preparations necessary to run tests (usually controlled by FEATURES=test but can be toggled independently)
tools Install extra tools (including gpgsplit and gpg-zip).
tpm Enable TPM support via app-crypt/tpm2-tss and build tpm2d.
usb Build direct CCID access for scdaemon; requires dev-libs/libusb.
user-socket try a socket directory which is not removed by init manager at session end
verify-sig Verify upstream signatures on distfiles
wks-server Install the wks-server
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2025-03-28 21:05 More information about USE flags

安装

root #emerge --ask app-crypt/gnupg

其他软件

最基本的，你需要emerge gnupg。现在很多应用程序都在某种程度上支持gpg，所以在你的USE变量里加上“crypt”应该是个不错的主意。如果你想使用支持gnupg的邮件客户端，你可以选择使用pine（emerge pinepgp）、mutt（emerge mutt）、Mozilla Thunderbird（emerge thunderbird）、evolution（一个类似于微软Outlook的GNOME软件），或者KDE自己的Kmail。

Mail clients

  • PinePGP (mail-client/pinepgp).
  • Mutt (mail-client/mutt) - a small but very powerful text-based mail client.
  • Claws Mail - a powerful mail program which supports threading, GPG with GPGME, and automation.
  • Evolution (mail-client/evolution) - a GNOME Microsoft Outlook work alike.
  • KMail (kde-apps/kmail) - KDE's mail client.
    • Installing KGPG (kde-apps/kgpg) might be of interest when using the KDE desktop environment. This small program allows for the generation of key pairs, importing keys from ASCII files, signing imported keys, exporting keys, among a few other nifty features.

Other

Configuration

GPG requires very little or no configuration to actually be used, most configuration tends to be centered around how the gpg-agent and pinetry behave. It is entirely optional, but recommended to adjust the gpg configuration at ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf to increase security.

GPG Security

The following options are part of GLEP 63, some are already defaults:

  • utf8-strings - by default, GPG assumes arguments are encoded in the same character set as display-charset, setting this option makes GPG interpret arguments at utf8.
  • fixed-list-mode - default since GnuPG2.0.10 - Do not merge the user ID and primary key when using --with-colon output mode.
  • keyid-format - shows the key ID in the specified format, options with 0x in front add that to the key ID to notate that it is hexadecimal.
  • personal-digest-preferences - Adjusts digest algorithm selection order, can be utilized to prefer stronger hash types when signing messages.
  • default-preference-list - Sets the preference list, used by setpref in the edit menu, can be utilized to prefer stronger methods.
  • verify-options - show-uid-validity is enabled by default, this option is used to adjust which types of validation are shown when keys are verified.
  • list-option - show-uid-validity is enabled by default, used to adjust which types of validation are shown when keys or signatures are listed.
  • cert-digest-algo - The digest algorithm that will be used when signing a key.
  • s2k-cipher-algo - The cipher algorithm which will be used by default for symmetric encryption.
  • s2k-digest-algo - The digest algorithm which will be used to mangle passphrases used for symmetric encryption.


文件 ~/.gnupg/gpg.confReference GLEP63 configuration
# Assume that command line arguments are given as UTF8 strings.
utf8-strings
 
# when outputting certificates, view user IDs distinctly from keys:
fixed-list-mode
 
# long keyids are more collision-resistant than short keyids (it's trivial to make a key
# with any desired short keyid)
# NOTE: this breaks kmail gnupg support!
keyid-format 0xlong
 
# when multiple digests are supported by all recipients, choose the strongest one:
personal-digest-preferences SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224
 
# preferences chosen for new keys should prioritize stronger algorithms:
default-preference-list SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 AES256 AES192 AES CAST5 BZIP2 ZLIB ZIP Uncompressed
 
# You should always know at a glance which User IDs GPG thinks are legitimately bound to
# the keys in the keyring:
verify-options show-uid-validity
list-options show-uid-validity
 
# include an unambiguous indicator of which key made a signature:
# (see http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.mail.notmuch.general/3721/focus=7234)
# (and http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/openpgp/current/msg00405.html)
sig-notation issuer-fpr@notations.openpgp.fifthhorseman.net=%g
 
# when making an OpenPGP certification, use a stronger digest than the default SHA1:
cert-digest-algo SHA512
s2k-cipher-algo AES256
s2k-digest-algo SHA512

Pinentry

app-crypt/pinentry is a helper application that gpg-agent uses to request the passphrase in a graphical window. It comes in many flavors, including: gtk3, qt5, tty, and curses.

附注
Building pinentry-curses is recommended, as it is typically used as a fallback pinentry.

If app-crypt/pinentry was installed with more than frontend, it is possible to choose between them with the eselect pinentry command:

root #eselect pinentry list
Available pinentry binary implementations:
  [1]   pinentry-gnome3
  [2]   pinentry-qt5 *
  [3]   pinentry-curses
  [4]   pinentry-tty
root #eselect pinentry set pinentry-qt5
附注
eselect pinentry changes the symlink of /usr/bin/pinentry to the selected pinentry helper.
附注
If GPG gives an error like:
user $gpg -o /dev/null -s /etc/hostname
gpg: signing failed: pinentry error
gpg: signing failed: pinentry error
then it can be fixed either by using one of pinentry-tty or pinentry-curses, or by launching with dbus-launch.
user $dbus-launch gpg -o /dev/null -s /etc/hostname

Key management

生成密钥并且将密钥加入公钥环

重要
Gentoo Developers should follow Gentoo Infrastructure's key generation instructions.

gpg --full-generate-key can be used to generate a basic keypair, but using gpg --expert --full-generate-key offers many useful options, such as separate sign/certify certificates.

附注
The first time the gpg command is executed, the directory ~/.gnupg will be created along with ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
Primary key

The GPG key creation process can be started with:

user $gpg --expert --full-generate-key
代码 Begin key generation
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.40; Copyright (C) 2022 g10 Code GmbH
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
 
Please select what kind of key you want:
   (1) RSA and RSA (default)
   (2) DSA and Elgamal
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
   (7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
   (8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
   (9) ECC and ECC
  (10) ECC (sign only)
  (11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
  (13) Existing key
  (14) Existing key from card
Your selection? 11

(11) ECC (set your own capabilities) is selected, so this first generated key will only have the certify function. Additional subkeys may be created for encryption, sign, and/or authentication capabilities.

By default, the first key should have the sign and certify options set, remove the sign option with s:

代码 Remove the sign function.
Possible actions for a ECDSA/EdDSA key: Sign Certify Authenticate 
Current allowed actions: Sign Certify 
 
   (S) Toggle the sign capability
   (A) Toggle the authenticate capability
   (Q) Finished
 
Your selection? s
代码 Finish editing the primary key
Possible actions for a ECDSA/EdDSA key: Sign Certify Authenticate 
Current allowed actions: Certify 
 
   (S) Toggle the sign capability
   (A) Toggle the authenticate capability
   (Q) Finished
 
Your selection? q

After selecting q, (1) Curve 25519, or whatever key type is preferred can be selected.

代码 Set key type
Please select which elliptic curve you want:
   (1) Curve 25519
   (3) NIST P-256
   (4) NIST P-384
   (5) NIST P-521
   (6) Brainpool P-256
   (7) Brainpool P-384
   (8) Brainpool P-512
   (9) secp256k1
Your selection? 1

Once the primary key type is selected, there's an option to set the expiration date for the primary key. It is important to understand that the meaning of setting the expiration date for the primary key is different from the meaning of setting it for a subkey. In the case of a subkey, setting an expiration date can help with security because if its private key is leaked, the public key will eventually expire, minimizing the possible attack period. But this assumes that the subkey was kept separate from the primary key and the primary key was not compromised. However, as time passes and new attack vectors emerge, old unrevoked expired keys will be renewed and used by attackers. In the case of a primary key, the expiration date does not help with security because if the private key is leaked and its password is compromised, an attacker can renew the expired public key. The GNU Privacy Handbook recommends setting a primary key expiration date only in case the key and revocation certificate are lost (but not compromised). [1] Therefore, expiration cannot be a substitute for key revocation. An expiration date 3-1 years in the future is reasonable for moderate-high security.

重要
If keys are lost or potentially compromised, the revocation certificate must be shared as expired keys can be renewed.
附注
Setting the expiry to 0 makes the key never expire. [2]
提示
It is possible to make the key expire on a specific date. This method should be preferred because it allows to keep an eye on expiration renewals. This method also allows to set a single expiration date for all subkeys, even those that will be created in the future.
代码 Set the expiry
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
         0 = key does not expire
      <n>  = key expires in n days
      <n>w = key expires in n weeks
      <n>m = key expires in n months
      <n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 2026-01-01

Now that the key parameters have been defined, identification information must be provided.

附注
It is possible to use names shorter than 5 characters with GPG by using --allowfreeform-uid, but this may cause issues when matching recipient names, requiring the fingerprint to be used instead of the key owner name.

Finally, a passphrase must be added to the key. This passphrase is important, because it is used to protect the private key.

代码 GPG primary key creation output
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: directory '/root/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d' created
gpg: revocation certificate stored as '/root/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479.rev'
public and secret key created and signed.
 
pub   ed25519 2023-04-25 [SC]
      D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479
uid                      Larry (wiki example key) <larry@gentoo.org>
重要
Take note of where the revocation certificate is located, this can be used to revoke keys in the event of unauthorized key/passphrase access.
附注
At this point, only the primary [C]ertify (key signing key) key has been created, typically [S]igning and [E]ncryption keys are created.
Add a signing key

To view and edit the created key, gpg --expert --edit-key D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479 can be used. gpg --expert --edit-key Larry should also work, as long as Larry exists as a user in the detected keyrings.

user $gpg --expert --edit-key D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.40; Copyright (C) 2022 g10 Code GmbH
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
 
Secret key is available.
 
sec  ed25519/F980BCF1FADC7479
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: C  
     trust: ultimate      validity: ultimate
[ultimate] (1). Larry (wiki example key) <larry@gentoo.org>
代码 Add a signing key
gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
   (5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
   (6) RSA (encrypt only)
   (7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
   (8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
  (10) ECC (sign only)
  (11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
  (12) ECC (encrypt only)
  (13) Existing key
  (14) Existing key from card
Your selection? 10
代码 Select key type (Curve25519)
Please select which elliptic curve you want:
   (1) Curve 25519
   (3) NIST P-256
   (4) NIST P-384
   (5) NIST P-521
   (6) Brainpool P-256
   (7) Brainpool P-384
   (8) Brainpool P-512
   (9) secp256k1
Your selection? 1
重要
Keys must be saved with the save command in gpg, quitting will not save generated keys.
Add an encryption key
user $gpg --expert --edit-key D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.40; Copyright (C) 2022 g10 Code GmbH
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
 
Secret key is available.
 
sec  ed25519/F980BCF1FADC7479
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: C  
     trust: ultimate      validity: ultimate
[ultimate] (1). Larry (wiki example key) <larry@gentoo.org>
代码 Add an encryption key
gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
   (5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
   (6) RSA (encrypt only)
   (7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
   (8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
  (10) ECC (sign only)
  (11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
  (12) ECC (encrypt only)
  (13) Existing key
  (14) Existing key from card
Your selection? 12
代码 Select key type (Curve25519)
Please select which elliptic curve you want:
   (1) Curve 25519
   (3) NIST P-256
   (4) NIST P-384
   (5) NIST P-521
   (6) Brainpool P-256
   (7) Brainpool P-384
   (8) Brainpool P-512
   (9) secp256k1
Your selection? 1

Like with the creation of the sign and certify key, an expiration date must be set, and GPG will prompt for the key password before adding the key.

重要
Keys must be saved with the save command in gpg, quitting will not save generated keys.
Add an authentication key

An Authentication key must be created to use GPG keys for SSH.

The authentication key can be created with:

代码 Create the authentication key
gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
   (3) DSA (sign only)
   (4) RSA (sign only)
   (5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
   (6) RSA (encrypt only)
   (7) DSA (set your own capabilities)
   (8) RSA (set your own capabilities)
  (10) ECC (sign only)
  (11) ECC (set your own capabilities)
  (12) ECC (encrypt only)
  (13) Existing key
  (14) Existing key from card
Your selection? 11
                  
Possible actions for a ECDSA/EdDSA key: Sign Authenticate 
Current allowed actions: Sign 
 
   (S) Toggle the sign capability
   (A) Toggle the authenticate capability
   (Q) Finished
 
Your selection? s
                 
Possible actions for a ECDSA/EdDSA key: Sign Authenticate 
Current allowed actions: 
 
   (S) Toggle the sign capability
   (A) Toggle the authenticate capability
   (Q) Finished
 
Your selection? a
                 
Possible actions for a ECDSA/EdDSA key: Sign Authenticate 
Current allowed actions: Authenticate 
 
   (S) Toggle the sign capability
   (A) Toggle the authenticate capability
   (Q) Finished
 
Your selection? q
Please select which elliptic curve you want:
   (1) Curve 25519
   (3) NIST P-256
   (4) NIST P-384
   (5) NIST P-521
   (6) Brainpool P-256
   (7) Brainpool P-384
   (8) Brainpool P-512
   (9) secp256k1
Your selection? 1
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
         0 = key does not expire
      <n>  = key expires in n days
      <n>w = key expires in n weeks
      <n>m = key expires in n months
      <n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 2026-01-01
Is this correct? (y/N) y
Really create? (y/N) y
重要
Keys must be saved with the save command in gpg, quitting will not save generated keys.

Removing the secret primary key for safety

In this section, it is assumed that the primary key will only be used for certification and the rest of the operations (signing, authentication) are assumed to be performed using subkeys. Only in this case is it justified to extract the secret primary key and store it separately on another device (e.g. a flash drive). The primary key will only be required to create\renew keys or sign the keys of others. If the device is compromised in the future, only the subkeys will be compromised. This means that all keys that have been certified with the primary key will still be valid, and the damage will be limited to the scope of the subkeys, which will probably expire before the attacker can determine the password (best case scenario).

Extract the secret primary key (should be stored on another device):

user $gpg --output secret.gpg --armor --export-secret-key D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479

Extract the secret subkeys:

user $gpg --output subkeys.gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479

Remove all secret keys:

user $gpg --delete-secret-keys D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479

Import the extracted secret subkeys:

user $gpg --import subkeys.gpg

Ensure that only secret subkeys are present:

user $gpg --list-secret-keys
sec#  ed25519 2024-08-25 [C] [expires: 2026-01-01]
      D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479
uid           [ unknown] Larry
ssb   ed25519 2024-08-25 [S] [expires: 2026-01-01]
ssb   ed25519 2024-08-25 [A] [expires: 2026-01-01]

In the above output the secret primary key must be labeled as sec#.

Exporting keys

Listing keys

Loaded public keys can be displayed with gpg -k:

user $gpg -k
/root/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
------------------------
pub   ed25519 2023-04-25 [SC]
      1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
uid           [ultimate] Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
sub   cv25519 2023-04-25 [E]
sub   ed25519 2023-04-25 [A]

Private keys can be listed by using gpg -K instead of gpg -k:

user $gpg -K
/root/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
------------------------
sec   ed25519 2023-04-25 [SC]
      1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
uid           [ultimate] Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
ssb   cv25519 2023-04-25 [E]
ssb   ed25519 2023-04-25 [A]
Public keys

Public keys can be exported using --export, to export keys in armored form to stdout:

user $gpg --armor --export Larry
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
 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=UXWK
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Or to a file:

user $gpg --output larry.pub --export 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
提示
In this case, Larry or 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6 can be used as parameter for --export, since both the keygrip and user names are valid ways to reference keys in GPG.
附注
If --armor is omitted, binary data will be written to stdout. The --armor adds a GPG header and footer to the data and encodes it using Base64, so it can be easily copied or even printed.
Private Keys

Private keys can be exported with: gpg --output {key}.secret.gpg --export-secret-keys {key} and gpg --output {key}.secret-sub.gpg --export-secret-subkeys {key} can be used, where {key} is the uid or fingerprint associated with the key.

Importing keys

A key can be imported from a file using: gpg --import keyfile.asc, or from stdin using gpg --import where the key can be pasted, and loaded by sending an EOF using Ctrl+D.

Gentoo release keys

Gentoo's GPG keys can be imported by running:

user $wget -O - https://qa-reports.gentoo.org/output/service-keys.gpg | gpg --import

or

user $gpg --import /usr/share/openpgp-keys/gentoo-release.asc
Loading a key from stdin
user $gpg --import
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
 
mDMEZEfmDhYJKwYBBAHaRw8BAQdAdor/95lVxt0cDnAh9am37X8svi7khQKWXoqP
ROBroWi0KExhcnJ5ICh3aWtpIHRlc3Qga2V5KSA8bGFycnlAZ2VudG9vLm9yZz6I
kAQTFggAOBYhBBCA4nPMnAv5s6Io6qVi35A9C7f2BQJkR+YOAhsDBQsJCAcCBhUK
CQgLAgQWAgMBAh4BAheAAAoJEKVi35A9C7f2PeEA/3jNAQwngMq4k89wCFBKoKwZ
fmY+SCjdR6ZE7qi7OsOrAP45o6Yb/MGwpeMO+Zjo4TRAghLBwyLjlfXmidbRozje
B7g4BGRH5iASCisGAQQBl1UBBQEBB0B0vG919/1fH7wWqgaRryoqwQZJY2/Ga+eY
Wo0tCWd3UwMBCAeIeAQYFggAIBYhBBCA4nPMnAv5s6Io6qVi35A9C7f2BQJkR+Yg
AhsMAAoJEKVi35A9C7f2kZoBALcK7qEzwqs3gRF0BDJk8sejA0y4qnR1iZHQsoGp
MKzJAQDWcR6MSjfkmfMhRKBp+BO0FjtXW5JqK78WHf9+9PWQDrgzBGRH5ioWCSsG
AQQB2kcPAQEHQO3KCdy134zfo1ii8dxSKFQ3xOhO7X0AJONjNt4358YiiHgEGBYI
ACAWIQQQgOJzzJwL+bOiKOqlYt+QPQu39gUCZEfmKgIbIAAKCRClYt+QPQu39n4G
AQCrH85V3y2vH8Cwz+Tnp0lUYil2yZGX87v2aXTOLbfIEgEAn1PAUEhCweoKqlKr
FVRpfQN4KfmgT8EMTjXfjUQZog8=
=KXyX
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
gpg: key A562DF903D0BB7F6: "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" not changed
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:              unchanged: 1

If a private key is being loaded, pinentry may prompt for the key passwords:

user $gpg --import larry.secret*
gpg: key A562DF903D0BB7F6: "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" not changed
gpg: To migrate 'secring.gpg', with each smartcard, run: gpg --card-status
gpg: key A562DF903D0BB7F6: secret key imported
gpg: key A562DF903D0BB7F6: "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" not changed
gpg: key A562DF903D0BB7F6: secret key imported
gpg: Total number processed: 2
gpg:              unchanged: 2
gpg:       secret keys read: 2
gpg:   secret keys imported: 2
gpg:  secret keys unchanged: 1
警告
Be careful when verifying keys. This is one of the weak points of public key cryptography.

When importing key backups, it may make sense to mark the keys as ultimately trusted:

user $gpg --edit-key Larry
Secret key is available.
gpg> trust
sec  ed25519/A562DF903D0BB7F6
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: SC  
     trust: undefined     validity: unknown
ssb  cv25519/70373C88C49E535A
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: E   
ssb  ed25519/9019FBB6586D8EE1
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: A   
[ unknown] (1). Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
 
Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys
(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
 
1 = I don't know or won't say
  2 = I do NOT trust
  3 = I trust marginally
  4 = I trust fully
  5 = I trust ultimately
  m = back to the main menu
 
Your decision? 5
Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y
                                                             
sec  ed25519/A562DF903D0BB7F6
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: SC  
     trust: ultimate      validity: unknown
ssb  cv25519/70373C88C49E535A
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: E   
ssb  ed25519/9019FBB6586D8EE1
     created: 2023-04-25  expires: never       usage: A   
[ unknown] (1). Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct
unless you restart the program.

Signing keys

An imported key can be signed (certified) once it's verified.

Certifying a key implies it is trusted by the signer. The signed key can be sent back to the owner, and and the key could be redistributed, so anyone who trusts the key that was used to sign that key can implicitly trust the signed key.

Here, the repomirror key is being signed by Larry:

user $gpg --edit-key repomirrorci@gentoo.org
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.40; Copyright (C) 2022 g10 Code GmbH
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
 
pub  rsa4096/A13D0EF1914E7A72
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: C   
     trust: unknown       validity: unknown
sub  rsa2048/7C2AC09CD98F2EDF
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: S   
[ unknown] (1). Gentoo repository mirrors (automated git signing key) <repomirrorci@gentoo.org>
 
gpg> trust      
pub  rsa4096/A13D0EF1914E7A72
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: C   
     trust: unknown       validity: unknown
sub  rsa2048/7C2AC09CD98F2EDF
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: S   
[ unknown] (1). Gentoo repository mirrors (automated git signing key) <repomirrorci@gentoo.org>
 
Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys
(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
 
  1 = I don't know or won't say
  2 = I do NOT trust
  3 = I trust marginally
  4 = I trust fully
  5 = I trust ultimately
  m = back to the main menu
 
Your decision? 4
                
pub  rsa4096/A13D0EF1914E7A72
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: C   
     trust: full          validity: unknown
sub  rsa2048/7C2AC09CD98F2EDF
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: S   
[ unknown] (1). Gentoo repository mirrors (automated git signing key) <repomirrorci@gentoo.org>
Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct
unless you restart the program.
 
gpg> sign
         
pub  rsa4096/A13D0EF1914E7A72
     created: 2018-05-28  expires: 2024-07-01  usage: C   
     trust: full          validity: unknown
 Primary key fingerprint: EF95 38C9 E8E6 4311 A52C  DEDF A13D 0EF1 914E 7A72
 
Gentoo repository mirrors (automated git signing key) <repomirrorci@gentoo.org>
 
This key is due to expire on 2024-07-01.
Are you sure that you want to sign this key with your
key "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" (A562DF903D0BB7F6)
 
Really sign? (y/N) y
                    
gpg> save

If Larry sent this signed key to someone, and someone else sent it to someone who knew and trusted Larry, they would have reason to trust the key, even if it was distributed using an insecure method.

When a key is marked as not trusted, signatures can also be used to designate that a certain user does not trust the key.

与密钥服务器交换密钥

Configuring a default key server

To make gpg use keys.openpgp.org as the default key server, the following configuration can be used:

文件 ~/.gnupg/gpg.confMake GPG use keys.openpgp.org as the default keyserver
keyserver keys.openpgp.org
附注
This configuration is equivalent to adding --keyserver keys.openpgp.org to every relevant gpg command.

向密钥服务器发送密钥

重要
Gentoo Developers should follow Gentoo infrastructure's key sending instructions.

Once keys are generated, they can be shared with a keyserver. This makes it easier for others to import the key.

To send the keys to the openpgp keyserver:

user $gpg --keyserver keys.openpgp.org --send-key D2A5C10E2F7BAC36DDBC0AFCF980BCF1FADC7479
gpg: sending key 0xF980BCF1FADC7479 to hkp://keys.openpgp.org
附注
Other keys which have been certified may also be sent to a keyserver, this is announces that one key holder trusts (or distrusts) another key.

从密钥服务器取得密钥

To obtain Larry's uploaded keys, the --search-keys parameter can be used with identifying information such as the email address:

user $gpg --keyserver keys.openpgp.org --search-keys larry@gentoo.org
gpg: data source: http://keys.openpgp.org:12345
(1)	larry <larry@gentoo.org>
	 256 bit EDDSA key 0xF980BCF1FADC7479, created: 2023-04-22
Keys 1-1 of 1 for "larry@gentoo.org".  Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 1
gpg: /home/larry/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 0xF980BCF1FADC7479: public key "larry <larry@gentoo.org>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
重要
When importing keys from a keyserver, be sure to check the key, as multiple keys may match a search.
Refreshing existing keys

Existing PGP keys should be refreshed on a regular interval (twice a month is common). To refresh keys, define a key server with which to connect:

user $gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.gentoo.org --refresh-keys

This command can be added to a cron job or systemd timer.

GPG Agent

app-crypt/gnupg is packaged with gpg-agent which can be used to cache passphrases and manage unlocked key access.

附注
xfce-base/xfce4-meta will try to automatically run gpg-agent and ssh-agent. This can make identity management more confusing.
附注
gpg-agent can be configured on a per-user basis with ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
提示
Options are documented in man gpg-agent under OPTIONS, simply omit the leading dashes.
文件 ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.confConfigure gpg-agent to use /usr/bin/pinentry with a ttl of 30 minutes
pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry
no-grab
default-cache-ttl 1800
文件 ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.confConfigure gpg-agent with ssh-agent support
enable-ssh-support

GPG must be configured to use gpg-agent, this can be accomplished with:

文件 ~/.gnupg/gpg.confConfiguring GnuPG to use a GPG agent
use-agent
重要
If the use-agent option is not configured, GPG may not prompt for smartcard pinentry.

Configuration changes can be reloaded with:

user $gpg-connect-agent reloadagent /bye

Using gpg-agent for SSH

To use gpg-agent's SSH socket as for SSH, the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable must be changed to point to the socket created by gpg-agent, this can be accomplished with:

文件 ~/.bashrcExport SSH_AUTH_SOCK to the gpg-agent socket
unset SSH_AGENT_PID
if [ "${gnupg_SSH_AUTH_SOCK_by:-0}" -ne $$ ]; then
    export SSH_AUTH_SOCK="$(gpgconf --list-dirs agent-ssh-socket)"
fi

Keygrips can be obtained by running:

user $gpg --list-secret-keys --with-keygrip
/home/larry/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
-----------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2023-04-21 [SC]
      1C1D353237DC641FE85FD636EF388174179C0E55
      Keygrip = D6DC8A04F02651E47835F0148939ABC1A1000389
uid           [ultimate] larry (test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
sub   rsa4096 2023-04-21 [E]
      Keygrip = F2B7E9F47E394C21FA5E2A5510047E0A28F45D62
sub   rsa4096 2023-04-21 [A]
      Keygrip = 0CA0F1710A5837577FB10177355BE575A425D76D

Where the [A] key is the Authentication key, which is used for ssh login.

Prior v2.3.7

gpg-agent only uses auth keys for SSH whose keygrip is present in ~/.gnupg/sshcontrol.

To allow gpg-agent to use the specified GPG key for SSH auth:

文件 ~/.gnupg/sshcontrol
0CA0F1710A5837577FB10177355BE575A425D76D

From v2.3.7

gpg-agent deprecates use of ~/.gnupg/sshcontrol file instead recommends setting Use-for-ssh attribute in auth key files which should be used for SSH.

Setting Use-for-ssh attribute can be done in two ways. One with editor and other using gpg-connect-agent:

user $echo "Use-for-ssh: true" >> ~/.gnupg/private-keys-v1.d/0CA0F1710A5837577FB10177355BE575A425D76D.key
user $gpg-connect-agent 'KEYATTR 0CA0F1710A5837577FB10177355BE575A425D76D Use-for-ssh: true' /bye

It is possible to use different values than "true" which behaves differently. For more details see the --enable-ssh-support section of gpg-agent(1) .

附注
There was a bug which prevented use of above gpg-connect-agent command which has been fixed now.

Forwarding GPG Agent over SSH

警告
This is potentially dangerous, forwarding the GPG agent socket should only be done in trusted environments.
重要
The remote host must have the corresponding public keys. Keys can be transferred manually, or the remote keyring can be replaced with the local one using:
user $scp ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx remotehost:.gnupg/pubring.kbx

First, the remote server's SSH daemon must be configured to allow remote forwards to override local files with:

文件 /etc/ssh/sshd_config
StreamLocalBindUnlink yes

Then, the path for the GPG agent sockets must be obtained on both systems with:

user $gpgconf --list-dirs
sysconfdir:/etc/gnupg
bindir:/usr/bin
libexecdir:/usr/libexec
libdir:/usr/lib64/gnupg
datadir:/usr/share/gnupg
localedir:/usr/share/locale
socketdir:/run/user/1000/gnupg
dirmngr-socket:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.dirmngr
agent-ssh-socket:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh
agent-extra-socket:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra
agent-browser-socket:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser
agent-socket:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent
homedir:/home/larry/.gnupg
附注
The local system's S.gpg-agent.extra socket will be forwarded to the remote system's S.gpg-agent socket.

SSH can be configured to automatically forward the GPG agent socket with:

文件 ~/.ssh/configAutomatically forward the GPG agent socket over SSH
host remoteHost
    HostName 1.2.3.4
    RemoteForward /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent:/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra

Changing pinentry for SSH logins

If gpg-agent is used over SSH, a graphical pinentry password prompt will not come up in the login shell. This causes all operations that require a password to fail. The following snippet can be added to ~/.bash_profile, this tells gpg-agent to use a curses prompt in the current shell. The snippet does not affect the pinentry settings when using local shells.

文件 ~/.bash_profileUse curses pinentry for SSH logins
export GPG_TTY=$(tty)
if [[ -n "$SSH_CONNECTION" ]] ;then
    export PINENTRY_USER_DATA="USE_CURSES=1"
fi

Automatically starting the GPG agent

Generic

A generic method to autostart the GPG agent is to add gpgconf --launch gpg-agent to a shell's rc file.

文件 ~/.bashrcAutostart gpg-agent on shell init
gpgconf --launch gpg-agent

KDE

KDE manages the GPG agent using the following files:

  1. /etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/env/10-agent-startup.sh - System agent startup configuration
  2. /etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/env/10-agent-shutdown.sh - System agent shutdown configuration
  3. ~/.config/plasma-workspace/env/gpg-agent.sh - User startup configuration
  4. ~/.config/plasma-workspace/shutdown/gpg-agent.sh - User shutdown configuration


The system configuration should contain a template for the GPG agent, it can be activated by uncommenting the following. To enable it for a single user, the configuration must be added to the user configuration.

文件 /etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/env/10-agent-startup.shMake Plasma automatically start the GPG agent
if [ -x /usr/bin/gpg-agent ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/gpgconf ]; then
        gpgconf --launch gpg-agent >/dev/null 2>&1
        if [ $? = 2 ]; then
            eval "$(/usr/bin/gpg-agent --enable-ssh-support --daemon)"
        fi
    fi
fi
文件 /etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/shutdown/10-agent-shutdown.shMake Plasma shut down the GPG agent
if [ -n "${GPG_AGENT_INFO}" ]; then
    kill $(echo ${GPG_AGENT_INFO} | cut -d':' -f 2) >/dev/null 2>&1
fi

Usage

Some parameters that apply to several GPG commands are:

  • --armor - Adds PGP headers and footers to the data encoded as base64, useful when outputting to stdout
  • --local-user or -u - Specifies the key to use for signing
  • --output or -o - The output file, stdout is used otherwise
附注
The order of the parameters is important, generally --armor should be used as the first argument.

Signing

Signing verifies that someone with the private key associated with a known public key signed the data. If you trust that the key holder securely stores their key, you can be reasonably certain they sent a message signed with it. It can be used alongside encryption to ensure that a message can only be read by the intended recipients, and can be verified as coming from the correct source.

Data can be signed with --sign or -s:

user $gpg --armor --sign --local-user larry
pgp signed
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
owGbwMvMwCG2NOn+BFvu7d8YTwsmMaR4LjMpSC9QKM5Mz0tN4epoZ2EQ42DQF1Nk
EWh4VHxmDvfPzYs0XsG0sDIB1VsKyuQkFhVVOqSn5pXk5+vlF6UzcHEKwNQ8mc/w
P1f2StrZVbZqfdX7fKY8XPLrVZ3/vnKmh5r7C+epci2amMnIMHX3/W/CQoW+PDsu
+B1wPaHWWPiWj+ueWvQVp8IZ1fNq+AE=
=MWu8
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
重要
This alone does not encrypt the data.

Clear signing

Plaintext data can be signed, to verify the sender or publisher of the data. Unlike --sign, --clear-sign will keep the message in plaintext, putting the signature below it:

user $gpg --clear-sign --local-user Larry
clear signed data!
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA256
 
clear signed data!
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
 
iIcEARYIAC8WIQQQgOJzzJwL+bOiKOqlYt+QPQu39gUCZEmlbhEcbGFycnlAZ2Vu
dG9vLm9yZwAKCRClYt+QPQu39oxbAQDk5mEpEUXv+d9Wk7zOIzHzTMfgomzQvqPf
XEzq3mjiMAEAm7QpY28vI6xBAJlCebveJ37U5iqhmQKCmDGDRjiMdA4=
=VAr8
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
附注
--clear-sign implies the data should be armored.

Detached signature

GPG can be used to sign data, keeping the signature separate from the data itself. The signature file can be distributed with the data. This is accomplished by using --detach-sig. The following command will output a file named sign-me.sig which contains a signature for the file sign-me:

user $gpg --armor --detach-sig --local-user Larry --output sign-me.sig sign-me

Symmetric Encryption

GPG's Symmetric encryption can be used to cipher data to be accessible by anyone who possesses the cipher key.

Available cipher algorithms can be viewed with gpg --version under Cipher::

user $gpg --version
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.40
libgcrypt 1.10.1
Copyright (C) 2022 g10 Code GmbH
License GNU GPL-3.0-or-later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Home: /root/.gnupg
Supported algorithms:
Pubkey: RSA, ELG, DSA, ECDH, ECDSA, EDDSA
Cipher: IDEA, 3DES, CAST5, BLOWFISH, AES, AES192, AES256, TWOFISH,
        CAMELLIA128, CAMELLIA192, CAMELLIA256
Hash: SHA1, RIPEMD160, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, SHA224
Compression: Uncompressed, ZIP, ZLIB, BZIP2

A cipher type can be selected with --cipher-algo, and symmetric encryption can be used with --symmetric or -c:

user $gpg --armor --symmetric --cipher-algo AES256
aes256 ciphered data
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
jA0ECQMCKBC2RERjZ1b/0koBrujXapFyEqaNhnLYAdfQz8xNM9IQtTwcahJau6Ri
DLDSlQJk2UBafpmF0TaiPRyaoGQD8BovK/vRZ9Nw72tTOV0cT7a9eZ1R3w==
=4hhX
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----

Signed

Anyone who decrypts symmetrically encrypted data will not be able to verify the authenticity of it without a signature or external (non-GPG) methods being used. To sign this symmetrically encrypted data, use:

user $gpg --armor --local-user Larry --sign --symmetric --cipher-algo AES256
gpg: AES256 encryption will be used
aes256 ciphered and signed data 
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
jA0ECQMCwNNr5efDiqr/0sAkAZo1EjWD3rsGERIdttMtxT4jaXGzUMKYNXMFhpbE
zcmSg6WfvFDFjwp3mbOLPF16WjwXS3tzNVeYPdKeqFNY6/K2FpkCIFFjNIYhnE1d
MnjaLeavNw2hxi5rtAhiyuPB5uRqjNFqvOgqon26WV7ZMTrbgR5AsJtE+U0+Ag/8
Yy/gUmNKxMIb4Y4E534oM9Kw2ik0ANnYOBRM4XmH935PBZa/Z/rMQkGLe1vN0GBs
wDnC/XuSkqK4lWg46AvcyyrXvv7pnNiRd6HpTIBp9DGrllk3+OQNvueJW18QDzkU
7L/lV3gq
=2XP9
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----

Asymmetric (Public Key) Encryption

GPG is generally used to perform asymmetric cryptography.

To send a message to a recipient, first view available public keys with gpg -k:

user $gpg -k
/root/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
------------------------
pub   ed25519 2023-04-25 [SC]
      1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
uid           [ultimate] Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>
sub   cv25519 2023-04-25 [E]
sub   ed25519 2023-04-25 [A]
 
pub   rsa4096 2018-05-28 [C] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      EF9538C9E8E64311A52CDEDFA13D0EF1914E7A72
uid           [  full  ] Gentoo repository mirrors (automated git signing key) <repomirrorci@gentoo.org>
sub   rsa2048 2018-05-28 [S] [expires: 2024-07-01]
 
pub   rsa4096 2011-11-25 [C] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      DCD05B71EAB94199527F44ACDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo ebuild repository signing key (Automated Signing Key) <infrastructure@gentoo.org>
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)
sub   rsa4096 2011-11-25 [S] [expires: 2024-07-01]
 
pub   dsa1024 2004-07-20 [SC] [expires: 2024-01-01]
      D99EAC7379A850BCE47DA5F29E6438C817072058
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Linux Release Engineering (Gentoo Linux Release Signing Key) <releng@gentoo.org>
sub   elg2048 2004-07-20 [E] [expires: 2024-01-01]
 
pub   rsa2048 2019-04-01 [C] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      ABD00913019D6354BA1D9A132839FE0D796198B1
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Authority Key L1 <openpgp-auth+l1@gentoo.org>
 
pub   rsa2048 2019-04-01 [C] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      2C13823B8237310FA213034930D132FF0FF50EEB
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Authority Key L2 for Developers <openpgp-auth+l2-dev@gentoo.org>
 
pub   rsa2048 2019-04-01 [C] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      18F703D702B1B9591373148C55D3238EC050396E
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Authority Key L2 for Services <openpgp-auth+l2-srv@gentoo.org>
 
pub   rsa4096 2009-08-25 [SC] [expires: 2024-07-01]
      13EBBDBEDE7A12775DFDB1BABB572E0E2D182910
uid           [ unknown] Gentoo Linux Release Engineering (Automated Weekly Release Key) <releng@gentoo.org>
sub   rsa2048 2019-02-23 [S] [expires: 2024-07-01]
 
pub   rsa4096 2022-07-08 [C] [expires: 2024-07-07]
      BA9A03F6BE9C0CA405C17BFE079BA8929AF1275A
uid           [ unknown] GLSAMaker <glsamaker@gentoo.org>
sub   rsa4096 2022-07-08 [S] [expires: 2024-07-07]
sub   rsa4096 2022-07-08 [E] [expires: 2024-07-07]

To encrypt a message to Larry, use --encrypt or -e with Larry as the recipient:

user $gpg --armor --recipient Larry --encrypt
message for larry
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
hF4DcDc8iMSeU1oSAQdA41y+LHzG8QyGl5U9gfVB/nywTqcDv2GdvLp/PIXT21Iw
GRj48Z13SNkkTckl9igbM62u6CFqxyd4OiM8Vl9QCpUfMgIxVRrY4AP4HldBQhyM
0k0Bbsccx5iesRLQA9DjbVDf3AU1sJ+Y3f2LBx3RsU7umIm6fhH87iY6ktgzUWhj
1LgJtSN/FBfVFFLh6IaqaN4e1NFrtnLqo9kqplfUQQ==
=E5ym
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----

Signed

This message can also be signed, so the recipient can verify the sender:

user $gpg --armor --local-user Larry --sign --recipient Larry --encrypt
signed message to larry from larry :)
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
hF4DcDc8iMSeU1oSAQdAVq/Jzu/ckb41+52QQJ74JU0EG6xySBmH/Bgztotv8Rsw
msrObF+goxNUhmvDmrIhJsovddW0L2s672wcfyxEJurq6hhq5FwZIqNSaj7nTQe/
0sAqAcILx2edUsx087TOSfoPgxSOIsq/K9G6w6WtYmtYsAInsmrwiDM+vh0x0ZN+
vvCtgNa6XV3KNEGSFaD0g5X5aJJTUhMleTQdR7IZ6+wT7R0tYvdbtHP7amHiUdrm
ZXhLPYxjFvh1odYkEL64ESo6AjvPB+7NzgrrXXhrLG2ahypWeVsCJmxmutdfOO36
eXFVXvUYx5RvspCUBR5tA7A0Yj3yaMjIZQ6pMYeYPnB0bjlYa3DNb4uAlkjuNC7h
zUxbq6WfUcHzH6wVvsRhTGiRXw3IwDPelo7IfyDitxMQeRMh13A9XRg3kIPY
=vY0g
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----

Signature verification

Verifying the signature of signed data is very important, if this is not done, the sender of the data is not validated. Verification is generally done using the --verify flag:

user $gpg --verify
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA256
 
clear signed data!
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
 
iIcEARYIAC8WIQQQgOJzzJwL+bOiKOqlYt+QPQu39gUCZEmlbhEcbGFycnlAZ2Vu
dG9vLm9yZwAKCRClYt+QPQu39oxbAQDk5mEpEUXv+d9Wk7zOIzHzTMfgomzQvqPf
XEzq3mjiMAEAm7QpY28vI6xBAJlCebveJ37U5iqhmQKCmDGDRjiMdA4=
=VAr8
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
gpg: Signature made Wed Apr 26 22:27:58 2023 UTC
gpg:                using EDDSA key 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
gpg:                issuer "larry@gentoo.org"
gpg: Good signature from "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" [ultimate]

Detached signature

Using the detached signing example, the file sign-me can be verified by running:

user $gpg --verify sign-me.sig sign-me
gpg: Signature made Wed Apr 26 23:25:43 2023 UTC
gpg:                using EDDSA key 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
gpg:                issuer "larry@gentoo.org"
gpg: Good signature from "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" [ultimate]

Decryption

The method for decrypting asymmetric or symmetric data is the same in GPG, the --decrypt or -d flag is used:

Using the examples above:

user $gpg --decrypt
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
jA0ECQMCKBC2RERjZ1b/0koBrujXapFyEqaNhnLYAdfQz8xNM9IQtTwcahJau6Ri
DLDSlQJk2UBafpmF0TaiPRyaoGQD8BovK/vRZ9Nw72tTOV0cT7a9eZ1R3w==
=4hhX
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
gpg: AES256.CFB encrypted data
gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase
aes256 ciphered data
user $gpg --decrypt
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
jA0ECQMCwNNr5efDiqr/0sAkAZo1EjWD3rsGERIdttMtxT4jaXGzUMKYNXMFhpbE
zcmSg6WfvFDFjwp3mbOLPF16WjwXS3tzNVeYPdKeqFNY6/K2FpkCIFFjNIYhnE1d
MnjaLeavNw2hxi5rtAhiyuPB5uRqjNFqvOgqon26WV7ZMTrbgR5AsJtE+U0+Ag/8
Yy/gUmNKxMIb4Y4E534oM9Kw2ik0ANnYOBRM4XmH935PBZa/Z/rMQkGLe1vN0GBs
wDnC/XuSkqK4lWg46AvcyyrXvv7pnNiRd6HpTIBp9DGrllk3+OQNvueJW18QDzkU
7L/lV3gq
=2XP9
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
gpg: AES256.CFB encrypted data
gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase
aes256 ciphered and signed data
gpg: Signature made Wed Apr 26 22:39:14 2023 UTC
gpg:                using EDDSA key 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
gpg:                issuer "larry@gentoo.org"
gpg: Good signature from "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" [ultimate]
user $gpg -d
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
 
hF4DcDc8iMSeU1oSAQdAVq/Jzu/ckb41+52QQJ74JU0EG6xySBmH/Bgztotv8Rsw
msrObF+goxNUhmvDmrIhJsovddW0L2s672wcfyxEJurq6hhq5FwZIqNSaj7nTQe/
0sAqAcILx2edUsx087TOSfoPgxSOIsq/K9G6w6WtYmtYsAInsmrwiDM+vh0x0ZN+
vvCtgNa6XV3KNEGSFaD0g5X5aJJTUhMleTQdR7IZ6+wT7R0tYvdbtHP7amHiUdrm
ZXhLPYxjFvh1odYkEL64ESo6AjvPB+7NzgrrXXhrLG2ahypWeVsCJmxmutdfOO36
eXFVXvUYx5RvspCUBR5tA7A0Yj3yaMjIZQ6pMYeYPnB0bjlYa3DNb4uAlkjuNC7h
zUxbq6WfUcHzH6wVvsRhTGiRXw3IwDPelo7IfyDitxMQeRMh13A9XRg3kIPY
=vY0g
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
gpg: encrypted with 255-bit ECDH key, ID 70373C88C49E535A, created 2023-04-25
      "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>"
signed message to larry from larry :)
gpg: Signature made Wed Apr 26 22:46:11 2023 UTC
gpg:                using EDDSA key 1080E273CC9C0BF9B3A228EAA562DF903D0BB7F6
gpg:                issuer "larry@gentoo.org"
gpg: Good signature from "Larry (wiki test key) <larry@gentoo.org>" [ultimate]

GnuPG interfaces

附注
S/MIME is more commonly used/supported than GPG for emails, but there is not harm in using GPG (other than it not integrating with Microsoft services)

Seahorse

Seahorse (app-crypt/seahorse) aims to be a GnuPG GUI interface for the GNOME desktop. The software has been evolving fast, but it still lacks many important features that can be found in Kgpg or the command line version.

External resources

References

  1. ↑ https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN526
  2. ↑ https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4880#section-5.2.3.6

This page is based on a document formerly found on our main website gentoo.org.
The following people contributed to the original document: Gustavo Felisberto, John P. Davis,
They are listed here because wiki history does not allow for any external attribution. If you edit the wiki article, please do not add yourself here; your contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page.

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