Wi-Fi

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This article describes the setup of a Wi-Fi (wireless) network device.

Wi-Fi during installation

If a Wi-Fi connection is needed while installing Gentoo, note that the Gentoo minimal install CD has a limited number of drivers available, and provides only wpa_cli (and not wpa_gui) for configuring for WPA/WPA2/Enterprise connections.

If the minimal install CD does not contain the required drivers or the graphical frontend to wpa_supplicant is preferred, choose a different live CD such as the System Rescue CD. Be aware that some special steps may be required when using a non-Gentoo live CD.

Hardware detection

First detect the Wi-Fi controllers. lspci or lsusb are command-line tools that can be used for this task.

If a Linux (LiveCD/USB) is booted that makes a Wi-Fi connection:

root #lspci -k

The driver will be identified on one of the lines starting with Kernel driver in use:.

If the booted system does not make a Wi-Fi connection, then obtain a full list of hardware identifiers from the current system. This list can be used to identify the proper driver later:

root #lspci -n

Copy the list of PCIID's that the command produces.

For USB devices, a similar approach can be taken. First obtain the list of detected USB devices on the system:

user $lsusb

This command produces the PCI ID, manufacturer, make, model, and/or chipset of every USB device attached to the system. Of these, the chipset may be the most useful information. Searching the web for linuxwireless.org <chipset> is often the shortest way to find a USB NIC driver and firmware name.

Alternatively, lshw can be used to obtain the necessary information:

root #lshw | grep -i driver | perl -pe 's/^.*driver=(\S+).*$/$1/g;' | sort -u

This command produces a list of all drivers, regardless of the device being PCI or USB based.

Kernel

With the drivers identified, it is time to configure the Linux kernel.

IEEE 802.11

Activate at least cfg80211 (CONFIG_CFG80211) and mac80211 (CONFIG_MAC80211).

KERNEL linux-4.19 example
[*] Networking support  --->
    [*] Wireless  --->
        <M>   cfg80211 - wireless configuration API
        [ ]     nl80211 testmode command
        [ ]     enable developer warnings
        [ ]     cfg80211 certification onus
        [*]     enable powersave by default
        [ ]     cfg80211 DebugFS entries
        [ ]     support CRDA
        [ ]     cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility
        <M>   Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking Stack (mac80211)
        [*]   Minstrel
        [*]     Minstrel 802.11n support
        [ ]       Minstrel 802.11ac support
              Default rate control algorithm (Minstrel)  --->
        [ ]   Enable mac80211 mesh networking (pre-802.11s) support
        -*-   Enable LED triggers
        [ ]   Export mac80211 internals in DebugFS
        [ ]   Trace all mac80211 debug messages
        [ ]   Select mac80211 debugging features  ----

Minstrel and its 802.11n support is a rate control algorithm. Some wireless drivers might require it enabled.

Important
In case the wireless configuration API (CONFIG_CFG80211) is built into the kernel (<*>) instead as a module (<M>), the driver won't be able to load regulatory.db from /lib/firmware resulting in broken regulatory domain support. Please set CONFIG_CFG80211=m or add regulatory.db and regulatory.db.p7s (from net-wireless/wireless-regdb) to CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE.

WEXT

The "cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility" option aka WEXT will support old wireless-tools and iwconfig.

KERNEL 
[*] Networking support  --->
    [*] Wireless  --->
        [*]     cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility

Device drivers

Next the right set of corresponding kernel options need to be enabled, based on the drivers and hardware detected previously. The recommendation is to build drivers as modules. Also be sure to enable AES cipher support in the kernel if the wireless network uses WPA or WPA2 encryption.

KERNEL 
Device Drivers  --->
    [*] Network device support  --->
        [*] Wireless LAN  --->
 
            Select the driver for your Wifi network device, e.g.:
            <M> Broadcom 43xx wireless support (mac80211 stack) (b43)
            [M]    Support for 802.11n (N-PHY) devices
            [M]    Support for low-power (LP-PHY) devices
            [M]    Support for HT-PHY (high throughput) devices
            <M> Intel Wireless WiFi Next Gen AGN - Wireless-N/Advanced-N/Ultimate-N (iwlwifi)
            <M>    Intel Wireless WiFi DVM Firmware support                             
            <M>    Intel Wireless WiFi MVM Firmware support
            <M> Intel Wireless WiFi 4965AGN (iwl4965)
            <M> Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG/BG Network Connection (iwl3945)
            <M> Ralink driver support  --->
                <M>   Ralink rt27xx/rt28xx/rt30xx (USB) support (rt2800usb)
 
-*- Cryptographic API --->
    Accelerated Cryptographic Algorithms for CPU (x86)  --->
       <*> Ciphers: AES, modes: ECB, CBC, CTS, CTR, XTR, XTS, GCM (AES-NI)
Important
In case the driver is built into the kernel (<*>) instead of as a module (<M>), then the firmware needs to be built into the kernel as well.
Do not forget to rebuild the kernel after changing its configuration.

LED support

To enable LED triggers for different packet receive/transmit events, compile the kernel with the following options:

KERNEL 
Device Drivers  --->
    [*] LED Support  --->
        <*>   LED Class Support
 
[*] Networking support  --->
    [*] Wireless  --->
        [*] Enable LED triggers

Firmware

In addition to the kernel driver, some chipsets (especially modern ones) also require firmware. If required, locate it on the following list and install it:

root #emerge --ask sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Wi-Fi device Driver Firmware Note
Atheros AR9271 & AR7010 ath9k_htc sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Broadcom 43xx wireless support b43 / b43legacy sys-firmware/b43-firmware Aircrack-ng ready, most probably the best choice when a bcm43xx device is supported
Broadcom PCIe and SDIO/USB devices brcmsmac / brcmfmac sys-kernel/linux-firmware Lacks powersaving, LED support and other features
Broadcom 43xx wireless support wl net-wireless/broadcom-sta Proprietary, no AP or Monitor modes, Comparison of bcm43xx drivers
Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG ipw2200 sys-firmware/ipw2200-firmware
Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG/BG iwlegacy sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Intel Wireless WiFi 4965AGN iwl4965 sys-kernel/linux-firmware
All other Intel Wireless devices iwlwifi sys-kernel/linux-firmware See the iwlwifi article for detailed instructions.
Qualcomm Atheros QCA6174 ath10k_pci ath10k-firmware See Qualcomm Atheros QCA6174
Ralink/MediaTek USB devices e.g. rt2800usb sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Realtek RTL8191SE & RTL8192SE rtl8192se sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Realtek 8723AU/8723BU/8191EU/8192EU/8188EU/8188RU rtl8xxxu sys-kernel/linux-firmware May need the CONFIG_RTL8XXXU_UNTESTED kernel option to find all devices. Only those verified by kernel developers are enabled by default.

If the driver requires firmware but does not appear on the list, it will be necessary to download it manually and place it in /lib/firmware.

Network device names

Warning
This section is obsolete. See Udev#Optional: Disable_or_override_predictable_network_interface_naming for updated instructions.

Network device names such as eth0 or wlan0 as provided by the kernel are normally changed on system boot (see dmesg) by the /lib/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules udev rule.

To keep the classic naming this rule can be overwritten with an equally named empty file in the /etc/udev/rules.d directory:

root #touch /etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules

Wireless supplicant

If the wireless network is set up with WPA or WPA2, then a wireless supplicant like wpa_supplicant or iwd needs to be used. For more information on configuring wireless networking in Gentoo Linux, please read the Wireless networking chapter in the Gentoo Handbook.


Testing

After a reboot with the new kernel or after loading the modules, the device can be checked for availability by using following methods:

/sys file system

Get the device name by listing the /sys/class/net directory contents using ls -al or the tree command (provided by the app-text/tree package):

user $tree /sys/class/net
/sys/class/net/
├── enp2s14 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:02:0e.0/net/enp2s14
├── lo -> ../../devices/virtual/net/lo
├── sit0 -> ../../devices/virtual/net/sit0
└── wlp8s0 -> ../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1c.0/0000:08:00.0/net/wlp8s0

ip command

To obtain the device name and verify that the wireless card is detected, execute the following ip command:

user $ip addr
3: wlan0:   ...

ifconfig command

The ifconfig command is provided through the sys-apps/net-tools package. Use ifconfig -a to list all detected network cards, even those that are not enabled/active yet:

user $ifconfig -a
wlan0     ...

A network card can be activated as follows:

root #ifconfig -v wlan0 up
SIOCSIFFLAGS: Operation not possible due to RF-kill
WARNING: at least one error occurred. (-1)

In this example, enabling the wireless card failed as a radio frequency kill state is set (usually to keep power consumption at bay and not connect by accident to a wireless network).

iw command

If the wireless network card driver supports the nl80211 stack, then the iw command as offered by the net-wireless/iw package can show the detected wireless cards:

root #iw dev
   phy#0
	Interface wlan0
		ifindex 4
		type managed

dmesg

Check the output of dmesg.

user $dmesg | grep -i -E 'xx:xx.x|wlan|iwl|80211'

Be sure to replace

Troubleshooting

Note
When facing connectivity problems, enabling verbose/debug output from the relevant wifi software, combined with a list of 802.11 Association Status codes and 802.11 Deauth Reason codes, might provide relevant information.

Finding missing firmware

At system boot, the kernel will attempt to probe firmware as appropriate for each card. This can be discovered by searching dmesg or journalctl's (systemd) output from the current boot.

user $journalctl -b 0 --dmesg | grep -i firmware
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: Spectre V2 : Enabling Restricted Speculation for firmware calls
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: ACPI: [Firmware Bug]: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: sgx: [Firmware Bug]: Unable to map EPC section to online node. Fallback to the NUMA node 0.
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: i915 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Finished loading DMC firmware i915/kbl_dmc_ver1_04.bin (v1.4)
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: ACPI: video: [Firmware Bug]: ACPI(PEGP) defines _DOD but not _DOS
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: iwlwifi 0000:00:14.3: loaded firmware version 46.6b541b68.0 9000-pu-b0-jf-b0-46.ucode op_mode iwlmvm
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: psmouse serio1: elantech: assuming hardware version 4 (with firmware version 0x5f2001)
Oct 05 14:51:09 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Firmware revision 0.1 build 6 week 12 2021
Oct 06 17:26:26 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Minimum firmware build 1 week 10 2014
Oct 06 17:26:26 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Found device firmware: intel/ibt-17-16-1.sfi
Oct 06 17:26:28 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Waiting for firmware download to complete
Oct 06 17:26:28 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Firmware loaded in 1484394 usecs
Oct 06 17:26:28 maffbook kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Firmware revision 0.1 build 6 week 12 2021

Wi-Fi adapter cannot find and connect to a 5 GHz network

Some networks with WPA or WPA2 may still use the legacy TKIP protocol instead of AES to connect. Try installing net-wireless/wpa_supplicant with the tkip USE flag and reboot your system.

Forum threads

See also

External resources

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