Wine

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Wine (Wine Is Not an Emulator) is an application compatibility layer that allows Microsoft Windows software to run on Linux and other POSIX-compliant operating systems. This article deals with installing, configuring, and maintaining a general purpose Wine environment on Gentoo.

Packaging details

As many Wine users know, there are often regressions or an application works better on one version of wine than another. Going forward, packaging in Gentoo will allow simultaneous installation of multiple versions of Wine.

Additionally, to expedite vanilla releases as well as permit multiple configurations for each Wine installation, the major patchsets have been split out into separate packages.

Quick start

For most users, worrying about the various packages and what they do should not be a concern.The split packaging and slotting is a power user feature, and most users will be OK with simply installing virtual/wine, which chooses which wine version for the user.

root #emerge --ask virtual/wine

Wine variants

  • app-emulation/wine-vanilla: upstream Wine with no external patchsets.
    (like if the old packaging forced USE="-staging -d3d9".)
  • app-emulation/wine-staging: Wine with Wine-Staging's patchset.
    (like if the old packaging forced USE="+staging -d3d9".)
  • app-emulation/wine-proton: Wine with Valve Software's patchset.
    (like if the old packaging forced USE="+staging -d3d9".)
    Provided natively by the Steam client, but can be manually emerged if desiredt.
  • app-emulation/wine-d3d9: Wine with Ixit's Gallium Nine patchset.
    (like if the old packaging forced USE="-staging +d3d9".)
    Deprecated and unmaintained, available only via the Wine overlay. Use app-emulation/gallium-nine-standalone instead.
  • app-emulation/wine-any: Wine with any of the patchsets or flags.
    (exactly like the old packaging regarding USE flags.)
    Deprecated and unmaintained, available only via the Wine overlay.
    wine-any exists to allow the user to build any combination that they'd like (like the old packaging). This means the user could use wine-any to use both Wine-Staging and Gallium Nine. Alternatively, the user could use wine-any to try out another configuration from other packages. For example, the user could build wine-vanilla without PulseAudio, and could build wine-any with PulseAudio. The sky is the limit on how a user may choose to use app-emulation/wine-any.

Choosing a variant

virtual/wine manages selection of a variant in such a way as to provide the best experience to the user. Most users don't want to be dealing with external patchsets. External patchsets may introduce bugs that don't exist in the vanilla Wine release and can make using Wine more complicated for the user. External patchsets also can be released up to a week or two after vanilla wine (or each other), meaning that the period for releases can be significantly slower for those using app-emulation/wine-staging.
What if I want to manually choose a variant anyway? Which should I choose?
This really isn't a question that the authors of this document can answer. Typically, the logic works as follows:

Installation

USE flags

USE flags for virtual/wine Virtual for Wine that supports multiple variants and slotting

proton Enable Valve Software's fork of Wine
staging Enable Wine-Staging's Patchset
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2022-10-12 13:43 More information about USE flags

USE flags for app-emulation/wine-vanilla Free implementation of Windows(tm) on Unix, without external patchsets

X Add support for X11
alsa Add support for media-libs/alsa-lib (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)
capi Enable ISDN support using net-libs/libcapi
crossdev-mingw Use sys-devel/crossdev for the toolchain rather than dev-util/mingw64-toolchain (requires manual setting up)
cups Add support for CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)
custom-cflags Build with user-specified CFLAGS (unsupported)
dos Pull in games-emulation/dosbox to run DOS applications
fontconfig Support for configuring and customizing font access via media-libs/fontconfig
gecko Enable mshtml support using app-emulation/wine-gecko
gphoto2 Add digital camera support
gstreamer Add support for media-libs/gstreamer (Streaming media)
kerberos Add kerberos support
llvm-libunwind Use sys-libs/llvm-libunwind instead of sys-libs/libunwind
mingw Build PE files using a MinGW toolchain for better compatibility
mono Enable .NET support using app-emulation/wine-mono
netapi Enable support for configuring remote shares using net-fs/samba
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
odbc Add ODBC Support (Open DataBase Connectivity)
opencl Enable OpenCL support
opengl Add support for OpenGL (3D graphics)
osmesa Enable off-screen rendering (OpenGL in bitmaps) support
pcap Support packet capture software (e.g. wireshark)
perl Install helpers that require perl (winedump/winemaker)
pulseaudio Add sound server support via media-libs/libpulse (may be PulseAudio or PipeWire)
samba Pull in net-fs/samba with winbind for NTLM auth support
scanner Add support for scanner hardware (e.g. build the sane frontend in kdegraphics)
sdl Enable gamepad support using media-libs/libsdl2
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
smartcard Enable smartcard support
ssl Add support for SSL/TLS connections (Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security)
strip Allow symbol stripping to be performed by the ebuild for special files
truetype Add support for FreeType and/or FreeType2 fonts
udev Enable virtual/udev integration (device discovery, power and storage device support, etc)
udisks Enable storage management support (automounting, volume monitoring, etc)
unwind Add support for call stack unwinding and function name resolution
usb Add USB support to applications that have optional USB support (e.g. cups)
v4l Enable support for video4linux (using linux-headers or userspace libv4l libraries)
vulkan Add support for 3D graphics and computing via the Vulkan cross-platform API
wayland Enable dev-libs/wayland backend
wow64 Enable running 32bit applications without 32bit ELF multilib by mapping to 64bit calls (experimental/WIP, USE=abi_x86_32 is recommended for complete support)
xcomposite Enable support for the Xorg composite extension
xinerama Add support for querying multi-monitor screen geometry through the Xinerama API
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2023-09-29 22:50 More information about USE flags

USE flags for app-emulation/wine-staging Free implementation of Windows(tm) on Unix, with Wine-Staging patchset

X Add support for X11
alsa Add support for media-libs/alsa-lib (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)
capi Enable ISDN support using net-libs/libcapi
crossdev-mingw Use sys-devel/crossdev for the toolchain rather than dev-util/mingw64-toolchain (requires manual setting up)
cups Add support for CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)
custom-cflags Build with user-specified CFLAGS (unsupported)
dos Pull in games-emulation/dosbox to run DOS applications
fontconfig Support for configuring and customizing font access via media-libs/fontconfig
gecko Enable mshtml support using app-emulation/wine-gecko
gphoto2 Add digital camera support
gstreamer Add support for media-libs/gstreamer (Streaming media)
kerberos Add kerberos support
llvm-libunwind Use sys-libs/llvm-libunwind instead of sys-libs/libunwind
mingw Build PE files using a MinGW toolchain for better compatibility
mono Enable .NET support using app-emulation/wine-mono
netapi Enable support for configuring remote shares using net-fs/samba
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
opencl Enable OpenCL support
opengl Add support for OpenGL (3D graphics)
osmesa Enable off-screen rendering (OpenGL in bitmaps) support
pcap Support packet capture software (e.g. wireshark)
perl Install helpers that require perl (winedump/winemaker)
pulseaudio Add sound server support via media-libs/libpulse (may be PulseAudio or PipeWire)
samba Pull in net-fs/samba with winbind for NTLM auth support
scanner Add support for scanner hardware (e.g. build the sane frontend in kdegraphics)
sdl Enable gamepad support using media-libs/libsdl2
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
smartcard Enable smartcard support
ssl Add support for SSL/TLS connections (Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security)
strip Allow symbol stripping to be performed by the ebuild for special files
truetype Add support for FreeType and/or FreeType2 fonts
udev Enable virtual/udev integration (device discovery, power and storage device support, etc)
udisks Enable storage management support (automounting, volume monitoring, etc)
unwind Add support for call stack unwinding and function name resolution
usb Add USB support to applications that have optional USB support (e.g. cups)
v4l Enable support for video4linux (using linux-headers or userspace libv4l libraries)
vulkan Add support for 3D graphics and computing via the Vulkan cross-platform API
wayland Enable dev-libs/wayland backend
wow64 Enable running 32bit applications without 32bit ELF multilib by mapping to 64bit calls (experimental/WIP, USE=abi_x86_32 is recommended for complete support)
xcomposite Enable support for the Xorg composite extension
xinerama Add support for querying multi-monitor screen geometry through the Xinerama API
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2023-09-30 11:22 More information about USE flags

USE flags for app-emulation/wine-proton Valve Software's fork of Wine

alsa Add support for media-libs/alsa-lib (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)
crossdev-mingw Use sys-devel/crossdev for the toolchain rather than dev-util/mingw64-toolchain (requires manual setting up)
custom-cflags Build with user-specified CFLAGS (unsupported)
fontconfig Support for configuring and customizing font access via media-libs/fontconfig
gecko Enable mshtml support using app-emulation/wine-gecko
gstreamer Add support for media-libs/gstreamer (Streaming media)
llvm-libunwind Use sys-libs/llvm-libunwind instead of sys-libs/libunwind
mono Enable .NET support using app-emulation/wine-mono
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
osmesa Enable off-screen rendering (OpenGL in bitmaps) support
perl Install helpers that require perl (winedump/winemaker)
pulseaudio Add sound server support via media-libs/libpulse (may be PulseAudio or PipeWire)
sdl Enable gamepad support using media-libs/libsdl2
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
ssl Add support for SSL/TLS connections (Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security)
strip Allow symbol stripping to be performed by the ebuild for special files
udev Enable virtual/udev integration (device discovery, power and storage device support, etc)
udisks Enable storage management support (automounting, volume monitoring, etc)
unwind Add support for call stack unwinding and function name resolution
usb Add USB support to applications that have optional USB support (e.g. cups)
v4l Enable support for video4linux (using linux-headers or userspace libv4l libraries)
xcomposite Enable support for the Xorg composite extension
xinerama Add support for querying multi-monitor screen geometry through the Xinerama API
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2023-08-28 12:13 More information about USE flags

Note
Users may also find information about specific USE flags required to run their applications here.

32-bit vs 64-bit

Invariably, users want to understand why they have to rebuild tons of packages to install Wine because they have to enable abi_x86_32 on a lot of Wine's dependencies... This is unavoidable, and we must highly warn against disabling abi_x86_32 and installing only with abi_x86_64 unless you really know what you are doing. Often, an application will have components that are 32-bit (or even 16-bit) and by installing Wine without 32-bit support, the user is left unable to install or launch an application. It is best to enable 32-bit support on a per-package basis, as indicated by the package manager, rather than globally.

Note that some dependencies of Wine need CONFIG_COMPAT_32BIT_TIME set in the kernel config to work. Failing to do so will generate error messages of the kind: “The futex facility returned an unexpected error code.” during build or at runtime. Affected are for example the packages dev-libs/icu[1] and sys-devel/llvm.

Environment variables

Traditionally, live (9999) ebuilds support setting the repository commit as an environmental variable. This poses some issues with an ebuild that has multiple upstream repositories. To work around this issue, Wine's live ebuilds support three environmental variables for individually configuring the commit that each repository checks out. The WineHQ repository is controlled by WINE_COMMIT, Wine-Staging repository by STAGING_COMMIT, and Ixit's Gallium Nine repository by D3D9_COMMIT. The *_COMMIT variables may contain either a commit hash from that repository or a git tag from that repository.

For example, one could select the WineHQ tag "wine-2.0-rc5" to emerge the 2.0 RC 5:

root #WINE_COMMIT="wine-2.0-rc5" emerge -av '=app-emulation/wine-vanilla-9999'

One could additionally pin Wine-Staging to the same release by finding the appropriate tag, "v2.0-rc5" and augmenting the previous as follows:

root #WINE_COMMIT="wine-2.0-rc5" STAGING_COMMIT="v2.0-rc5" emerge -av '=app-emulation/wine-staging-9999'

Other environmental variables, which affect Wine at runtime, are discussed below.

Emerge

Enable the USE flags of your choosing on the virtual and then on the variant selected (automatically by the virtual or manually by yourself) and emerge the package:

root #emerge --ask virtual/wine

or

root #emerge --ask app-emulation/wine-${VARIANT}

Only versions classified as "stable" by upstream will be stabilized in Gentoo, and only as the app-emulation/wine-vanilla variant, as external patchsets are not considered stable. Some users may opt to add Wine variants to their package.accept_keywords file to allow for installation of development versions of Wine.

Configuration

Runtime environment variables

The environment variables of the shell that wine is started from are made accessible to the Windows/DOS processes. Some very useful Wine-specific variables include, but are not limited to, WINEPREFIX, WINEARCH, and WINEDEBUG.

See the man wine and man wineserver manual entries for more detailed information concerning Wine's environment variables.

WINEPREFIX

Important
The prefix directory (by default $HOME/.wine) is generated when Wine is executed in any way (by for example, running winecfg). This also means that, if executed as the root user (see WineHQ FAQ - Should I Run Wine as Root), a Wine prefix will (by default) be generated at /root/.wine.

To create a Wine prefix in a custom location (instead of ~/.wine) without affecting the default:

user $WINEPREFIX="$HOME/.wine-someprefix" wineboot

The above would create a Wine prefix at /home/<user>/.wine-someprefix.

Note
Once a prefix has been created, the 'bitness' (arch) can not be changed. As such, the WINEARCH should be defined the when the prefix is created if the user wants to override the default. WINEARCH is meaningless beyond prefix instantiation.

WINEARCH

To create a 32-bit installation instead of the default (when built) 64-bit:

user $WINEARCH="win32" WINEPREFIX="$HOME/.wine-someprefix" wineboot

The Wine executable used could be anything that runs Wine, such as winecfg, which often makes sense while creating a clean, new prefix.

WINEARCH requires that Wine be built with the corresponding abi_x86 flags.

WINEDEBUG

Essential in finding out why an application is misbehaving when the basic terminal output or messages boxes are not enough. See https://wiki.winehq.org/Debug_Channels for examples.

Configuration tools

The following tools include graphical and command line interfaces for managing Wine prefixes:

Automatically start wine on Windows executables

With the appropriate kernel support and a bit of system configuration, it is possible to automatically start wine when executing.

Kernel support for miscellaneous binary format is necessary as a prerequisite. See the Kernel section of the Embedded Handbook article.

systemd

The following file should be created so that systemd can register the correct service handler for Windows executables.

FILE /etc/binfmt.d/wine.conf
:DOSWin:M::MZ::/usr/bin/wine:

After /etc/binfmt.d/wine.conf was created, restart systemd-binfmt.

root #systemctl restart systemd-binfmt

Upstream FAQs

Some upstream FAQ entries that users might find useful:

Troubleshooting

When a user encounters a problem with an application, they should try the latest development version to see if the unwanted behavior still exists. If Wine has been built with options such as -fomit-frame-pointer or --hash-style=both, the Wine developers will likely be unable to help with the issue, and reports including output from such builds should not be reported to the Wine Bugzilla.

The custom-cflags USE flag should be enabled for debugging builds.

For more directions on reporting bugs, see Bugzilla and Bugs at wiki.winehq.

Bad floating windows behaviour without compositor

Some Wine applications won't work correctly on Xorg without compositor. This includes such issues as rendering glitches or unable to dock floating windows in programs like Adobe Photoshop. One window environments without compositor, try Picom is recommended:

root #emerge --ask x11-misc/picom

Execute compositor to check if issues are resolved instantly:

user $picom --daemon

Support

Users may find additional support in the #gentoo-wine (webchat) channel on Libera.Chat.

See also

  • Wine application USE flags — used to specify to USE flag configurations required to support specific Windows applications.
  • Game emulators – Contains lists of game emulators available through Gentoo.
  • Steam (With Proton) - The Steam package now provides Proton, providing compatibility support for Windows games.
  • Lutris — an open source gaming platform for Linux.
  • DOSEMU — an application compability layer for MS-DOS geared more towards running MS-DOS applications than running games.

External resources

  1. ↑ Can't emerge dev-libs/icu[abi_x86_32], futex error? [SOLVED], Gentoo Forums. Retrieved on October 17th, 2020.
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