Kerberos Server

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Introduction to Kerberos

Kerberos is a protocol developed at MIT for authentication. Clients request a special ticket, the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) from a trusted third party, the Key Distribution center (KDC). Once the client completes authentication with the TGT, it gets a ticket that can be used to authenticate to any server in the realm. Kerberos uses and service are both referred to as principals

Installing Kerberos

There are 2 Kerberos implementation in Gentoo Linux: MIT app-crypt/mit-krb5 and Heimdal app-crypt/heimdal. Only MIT's version will be covered here.

MIT Kerberos has a few USE flags:

USE flags for app-crypt/mit-krb5 MIT Kerberos V

+keyutils Enable for the keyring ccache using keyutils
+pkinit Enable pkinit support for the initial ticket
doc Creates and installs the API and implementation documentation. This is only useful if you want to develop software which depends on kerberos
lmdb Add support for using dev-db/lmdb for lookup tables
nls Add Native Language Support (using gettext - GNU locale utilities)
openldap Enable support for ldap as a database backend
selinux !!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur
test Enable dependencies and/or preparations necessary to run tests (usually controlled by FEATURES=test but can be toggled independently)
xinetd Add support for the xinetd super-server
Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2024-09-01 12:36 More information about USE flags

Most of the desired ones are preselected. If the LDAP backend will be in use, set the openldap flag.

Set any desired use flags in /etc/portage/package.use/mit-krb5:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/mit-krb5
app-crypt/mit-krb5 openldap

Also enable the kerberos USE flag globally:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/00kerberos
*/* kerberos

Update the system

root #emerge --ask --update --verbose --changed-use --deep @world

app-crypt/mit-krb5 should be pulled in. To make sure it doesn't accidentally get uninstalled by the '--depclean' option:

root #emerge --ask --noreplace app-crypt/mit-krb5

Configuring Kerberos server

Warning
Kerberos needs working name resolution and synchronized clocks. Setup DNS and NTP first.

The first thing required for Kerberos is a realm name. This will be the personal or organization domain name in all upper case (e.g. EXAMPLE.COM).

Creating the database

mit-krb5 has 2 backends: A local database file, and an LDAP one. The former is the default and require no special configuration. The latter requires special configuration.

Local backend

Run krb5_util to create the database

root #kdb5_util -r EXAMPLE.COM create -s

LDAP backed

If an LDAP server hasn't been set up yet, follow OpenLDAP Server to provision one. Make sure TLS is enabled. Set the password for olcRootPW (this can be skipped if the slapd and the KDC are on the same host. In that case any examples using the RootDN can be changed by dropping the -D and -W flags, replacing -H ldap://ldap.example.com with -H ldapi:/// and adding -Y EXTERNAL. Don't try to configure Kerberos on the LDAP server yet.

Next, add the Kerberos LDAP schema to the server (If the Kerberos and LDAP servers are different set the openldap USE on app-crypt on the LDAP server and emerge it to get the schema). Again, list most packages, the .schema file rather than .ldif file is provided. So it must be converted first.

FILE kerberos.conf
include /etc/openldap/schema/kerberos.schema
user $slaptest -f kerberos.conf -F myconfig
user $sed -e '/^#/d' -e '/^dn: /s/$/,cn=schema,cn=config/g' -e 's/{[[:digit:]]*}//g' -e '/^structuralObjectClass/d' -e '/^entryUUID/d' -e '/^creatorsName/d' -e '/^createTimestamp/d' -e '/^entryCSN/d' -e '/^modifiersName/d' -e '/^modifyTimestamp/d' < myconfig/cn\=config/cn\=schema/cn\=\{0\}kerberos.ldif > kerberos.ldif
root #ldapadd -H ldapi:/// -Y EXTERNAL -f kerberos.ldif

Create a /var/lib/krb5kdc/krb5.conf file (The DN names are not important but must be consistent):

FILE /var/lib/krb5kdc/krb5.conf
[dbmodules]
        EXAMPLE.COM = {
                db_library = kldap
                ldap_servers = ldaps://ldap.example.com
#       Comment out the line above and uncomment the next line below if the server is running both slapd and the Kerberos servers:
#               ldap_servers = ldapi:///
        }

[dbdefaults]
        ldap_kerberos_container_dn = cn=krbcontainer,dc=example,dc=com
        ldap_kdc_dn = cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com
        ldap_kadmind_dn = cn=adm-service,dc=example,dc=com
        ldap_service_password_file = /var/lib/krb5kdc/service.keyfile
#       Comment out the line above and uncomment the next 2 lines below if the server is running both slapd and the Kerberos servers:
#       ldap_kdc_sasl_mech = EXTERNAL
#       ldap_kadmind_sasl_mech = EXTERNAL

Create an LDIF file with users for KDC And kadmin server themselves (the names of the DNs must match what's in the config file)

FILE provision-kerberos.ldif
dn: cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: add
objectClass: simpleSecurityObject
objectClass: organizationalRole
description: KDC server
userPassword: {CRYPT}x

dn: cn=adm-service,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: add
objectClass: simpleSecurityObject
objectClass: organizationalRole
description: KAdmin server
userPassword: {CRYPT}x
root #ldapmodify -H ldapi:/// -Y EXTERNAL -f provision-kerberos.ldif

Set the passwords for the DNs above (they can be randomly generated using a password generator but the password will be needed in the next step)

root #ldappasswd -ZZ -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com -W -S

Stash the server passwords set above on the KDC. This file contains obfuscated (but plaintext) passwords, so consider this file sensitive.

root #kdb5_ldap_util stashsrvpw -f /var/lib/krb5kdc/service.keyfile cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com
root #kdb5_ldap_util stashsrvpw -f /var/lib/krb5kdc/service.keyfile cn=adm-service,dc=example,dc=com

On the LDAP server, adjust access controls so the KDC and kadmin users have write access to the needed parts of the tree:

root #ldapmodify -H ldapi:/// -Y EXTERNAL
# Assumes the directory is database number 2. Adjust as needed.
dn: olcDatabase={2}mdb,cn=config
changetype: modify
replace: olcAccess
# Assumes the default rules in the Quick Start. The new rules need to come before any restrictions.
olcAccess: to * by dn.base="gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external
 ,cn=auth" manage
olcAccess: to dn.subtree="cn=EXAMPLE.COM,cn=krbcontainer,dc=example,dc=com"
  by dn.exact="cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com" write
  by dn.exact="cn=adm-service,dc=example,dc=com" write
  by * none
olcAccess: to dn.subtree="ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"
  by dn.exact="cn=kdc-service,dc=example,dc=com" write
  by dn.exact="cn=adm-service,dc=example,dc=com" write
  by * break
olcAccess: to attrs=userPassword by self write by anonymous auth by * none
olcAccess: to * by * read

Also setup an equality index on krbPrincipalName:

root #ldapmodify -H ldapi:/// -Y EXTERNAL
# Assumes the directory is database number 2. Adjust as needed.
dn: olcDatabase={2}mdb,cn=config
changetype: modify
add: olcDbIndex
olcDbIndex: krbPrincipalName eq

Configuring the defaults

Note
If the default are changed, only subsequently created tickets get the new values. However, prior principals' tickets will be constrained by these values if the duration in this file is less that what is in the database

The "default defaults" are likely unsuitable. So a site-specific default should be set. Edit /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf and enter the defaults in the [realm] section. For example:

FILE /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf=title=(Excerpt)
[realms]
	EXAMPLE.COM = {
		max_life =  10h 0m 0s
		max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
		default_principal_flags = +forwardable
    }

This set a default ticket life of 10 hours, renewable for 7 days. See kdc.conf(5) for other [realm] parameters.

There's one problem with renewing a ticket: The ticket maximum renewable lifetime is additionally constrained by the maximum renewable ticket lifetime of the krbtgt/REALM ticket. So it must be adjusted too:

root #kadmin.local modprinc -maxrenewlife 7d krbtgt/EXAMPLE.COM

Next, define who is allowed admin access by creating /var/lib/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl

FILE /var/lib/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
*/admin@EXAMPLE.COM *

Other things can be put in this file, but the above is the most typical, See kadm5.acl(5) for the syntax.

Creating policies (optional)

MIT Kerberos support policies. Policies can:

  • Restrict the lifetime of a ticket (either a minimum or maximum)
  • Minimum number of characters in the password
  • Minimum classes of characters in the password
  • Password history length (local only, not applicable to LDAP backend)
  • Maximum consecutive login attempts and lockout time
  • Cooldown time for consecutive login attempts not resulting in a lockout.
  • Allowed key salts

To create a policy to limit some principals to a10 minute lifetime (useful for service):

root #kadmin.local add_policy -maxlife 10m service

To create a policy for password requirements similar to what Windows uses:

root #kadmin.local add_policy -minlength 8 -minclasses 3 -history 24 windows

There is no default policy. If a policy is desired on a principal, it must be explicitly added.

Hardening tickets against offline dictionary attacks

Kerberos never sends cleartext password over the wire, and requires "pre-authentication" before issuing a ticket. Because the ticket is encrypted with a function of the user's password, dictionary attacks are possible if a bad actor gets the encrypted ticket. To defend against this a extension was created: Flexible Authentication Secure Tunneling (FAST). An existing ticket is used to "armor" the request for the "real" ticket. Because the request is encrypted and the key for encrypting principal is random, an offline dictionary attack is not possible.

Note
The server cannot mandate these methods be used to obtain a ticket - it just makes them available. Each client will need be configured to use it

Host principal based

Since all hosts will have a host ticket, and the host ticket has a random key, it can be used by FAST for armoring.

Minimal configuration is needed on the server for this method. Edit /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf and add the following:

FILE /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf(Excerpt)
[libdefaults]
    spake_preauth_groups = edwards25519

The disadvantage of this method is that all user principals need access to the host principals. Since users should never have access to server principals, a trusted agent is needed to do the FAST request

Anonymous PKINIT

Anonymous PKINIT works differently: TLS is used to obtain a anonymous ticket (having a random session key), The session key in that ticket is used to armor the request. A internal PKI is needed for this method, because the certificate that needs to be created has nonstandard attributes. For PKI information see Certificates and Certificates/Become your own CA. Note, however, easy-rsa cannot create this kind of certificate for us on its own, but it can create the necessary dependencies.

First, on the KDC, create a key:

user $openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out kdckey.pem

Then create a CSR:

user $openssl req -new -out kdc.req -key kdckey.pem

Copy the CSR to the device with the CA keys.

Create this file on the CA machine:

FILE kdc.extensions
[kdc_cert]
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
keyUsage=nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,keyAgreement
extendedKeyUsage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.5
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
issuerAltName=issuer:copy
subjectAltName=otherName:1.3.6.1.5.2.2;SEQUENCE:kdc_princ_name

[kdc_princ_name]
realm=EXP:0,GeneralString:${ENV::REALM}
principal_name=EXP:1,SEQUENCE:kdc_principal_seq

[kdc_principal_seq]
name_type=EXP:0,INTEGER:1
name_string=EXP:1,SEQUENCE:kdc_principals

[kdc_principals]
princ1=GeneralString:krbtgt
princ2=GeneralString:${ENV::REALM}

The CA must sign the request specifying the above file for the needed extensions

user $env REALM=EXAMPLE.COM openssl x509 -req -in kdc.req -CAkey cakey.pem -CA cacert.pem -out kdc.pem -days 365 -extfile extensions.kdc -extensions kdc_cert -CAcreateserial

This will produce the file kdc.pem, which must be copied to the KDC. Move kdckey.pem and kdc.pem to /var/lib/krb5kdc

Edit /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf and merge the follwing to what is already there:

FILE /var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.conf(Excerpt)
[realms]
        EXAMPLE.COM = {
                ...
                restrict_anonymous_to_tgt = true
                pkinit_identity = FILE:/var/lib/krb5kdc/kdc.pem,/var/lib/krb5kdc/kdckey.pem
                ...
        }

Create the anonymous user:

root #kadmin.local addprinc -randkey WELLKNOWN/ANONYMOUS

Unlike FAST, this requires a lot more configuration and a PKI. However, clients just need the CA certificate an no private data.

Populating the database

Creating the initial user principal

To create a user principal, kadmin.local to perform the addprinc operation. kadmin.local must be used on the KDC by the local root.

root #kadmin.local addprinc +requires_preauth -allow_svr jschmoe

The user principal jschmoe is created. It cannot act as service and requires preauthentication.

An admin principal should be created too, if the user is to have Kerberos admin privileges:

root #kadmin.local addprint jschmoe/admin -maxlife 4h +requires_preauth -allow_svr -allow_renewable jschmoe/admin

In this example, because the ticket is sensitive, the maxlife is reduced to 4 hours and is non-renewable, in addition to requiring preauthentication and not being allowed to act as a service.

It's also possible to attach a policy:

root #kadmin.local addprint jschmoe/admin -policy kadmins +requires_preauth -allow_svr -allow_renewable jschmoe/admin

(assuming the "kadmins" policy already exists).

Creating service principals

Each host will have at least one principal followng this template host/<fqdn>@<REALM>. Some will have more than one, if the host is running multiple services, like LDAP or web server.

Service principals are create the same way user principals are:

root #kadmin.local addprinc -randkey -maxlife 10m host/kdc.example.com

This creates a host ticket for "kdc.example.com". Because host password do not need to be memorized by humans, random keys are used. The service ticket time is reduced to 10 minutes. Best practices indicate a service ticket should have a shot lifetime, in case access needs to be revoked, as once a session ticket is obtained from the service it remains good until expired, even if access is revoked.

Other services principals are created similarly:

root #kadmin.local addprinc -randkey -maxlife 10m host/ldap.example.com
root #kadmin.local addprinc -randkey -maxlife 10m ldap/ldap.example.com

This creates 2 service principals: One for the host, and one for the LDAP service on ldap.example.com.

Configuring the clients

Creating /etc/krb5.cfg

A /etc/krb5.cfg should be created. If SRV records in DNS are setup for clients to discover Kerberos servers, the file is option, but at the very least the realm's admin_server should be provided, as kadmin clients do not support auto-discovery via DNS.

Example starter /etc/krb5.cfg ( see krb5.conf(5) for details ):

FILE /etc/krb5.conf
[libdefaults]
# The option tells the client to request a forwardable ticket. Default is not to, even the server permits it
	forwardable = true
	default_realm = EXAMPLE.COM

[realms]
	EXAMPLE.COM = {
		kdc = kdc.example.com
		admin_server = kdc.example.com
# If anonymous PKINIT is in use, edit the path of ''pkinit_anchors'' point it to a copy of CA certificate and uncomment the next line
#               pkinit_anchors = FILE:/etc/openldap/ca.crt         
	}

[domain_realm]
	.example.com = EXAMPLE.COM
	example.com = EXAMPLE.COM

Every host will need a copy of this file. If the hosts are homogeneous a copy can be distrubuted to all hosts. Otherwise, hosts that differ will need their own version. One way to distribute is to put whatever variants of the file you need on an internal web server, then download the correct variant from it.

Verify both kinit and kadmin can connect to their respective servers.

Extracting service principal credentials for keytabs

In Kerberos, each service has its own set of credentials. Service principal credentials are stored in a keytab (key table). The default keytab file is /etc/krb5/keytab. It should be only be accessible to root. Many service run under their own ID and cannot access it, in that a copy will need to be created that is accessible to that user (and only that user). If the service does not allow specifying a keytab location, the KRB5_KTNAME environmental variable will need to be set in that service's environment. net-nds/gssproxy is an alternative, however, the GSS_USE_PROXY=1 will need to be set in that service's environment instead. OpenRC has poor support for net-nds/gssproxy, as it not possible to add arbitrary environmental variables via /etc/conf.d/servicename. Systemd has better support: just create a directory called /etc/systemd/system/servicename.service.d and add a .conf file in it with the required Environment= lines.

For convenience, the extraction is generally done the host rather than the KDC. Kerberos admin permissions are require to extract credentials and create a keytab.

To extract credentials, use the kadmin command (if the principal has not been created, create it first)

root #kadmin ktadd host/gentoo-ldap.example.com
Authenticating as principal jschmoe/admin@EXAMPLE.COM with password.
Password for jschmoe/admin@EXAMPLE.COM: 
Entry for principal host/gentoo-ldap.example.com with kvno 3, encryption type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
Entry for principal host/gentoo-ldap.example.com with kvno 3, encryption type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.

Note that the ktadd operation randomized the key in the database before extracting it. This is to prevent a rogue admin from impersonating a service without breaking the existing one. kadmin.local users (only on the KDC) can extract credentials without invaliding them by specifying -norandkey to ktadd

To extract credentials, to another location:

root #kadmin.local ktadd -k /etc/openldap/krb5-ldap.keytab ldap/ldap.example.com
Authenticating as principal jschmoe/admin@EXAMPLE.COM with password.
Password for jschmoe/admin@EXAMPLE.COM: 
Entry for principal ldap/ldap.example.com with kvno 2, encryption type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:/etc/openldap/krb5-ldap.keytab.
Entry for principal ldap/ldap.example.com with kvno 2, encryption type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:/etc/openldap/krb5-ldap.keytab.

The permissions should be already be correct, the ownership will be the user who ran kadmin (usually root), so don't forget to change ownership if needed afterwards:

root #chown ldap: /etc/openldap/krb5-ldap.keytab

Configuring SSSD

sys-auth/sssd is the recomended solution for LDAP+Kerberos (although it be can used for sites using Kerberos alone). It has many features, including the ability to cache credentials, so logins are possible even if the KDC is offline, so as long as the user logged in successfully at least once.

First, configure sssd: (The following assumes LDAP is used for identity purposes)

FILE /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
[sssd]
config_file_version = 2
services = nss, pam
domains = example
  
[domain/example]
id_provider = ldap
auth_provider = krb5
cache_credentials = true
ldap_uri = ldap://ldap.example.com
ldap_search_base = dc=example,dc=com
ldap_sasl_mech = GSSAPI
krb5_server = kdc.example.com
krb5_realm = EXAMPLE.COM
krb5_lifetime = 10h
krb5_renewable_lifetime = 7d
krb5_renew_interval = 5h
# If host principal based FAST or anonymous PKINIT nased FAST is in use, uncomment out the following line
# krb5_use_fast = try
# If host principal based FAST is in use, uncomment out the following line and change "client.example.com" to the hosts FQDN.
# krb5_fast_principal = host/client.example.com
# If anonymous PKINIT base FAST is in use, uncomment out the following line
# krb5_fast_use_anonymous_pkinit true

The values above will vary from the site to site. The parameter krb5_renew_interval should be half of krb5_lifetime. See sssd-krb5(5) for details about other parameters. Note that, if FAST is in use, each client will need their own individual copy of this file, whereas one copy can be distributed for anonymous PKINIT users.

Then configure nss by appending sss to the passwd, shadow and group lines:

FILE /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd:     files sss
shadow:     files sss
group:      files sss

Test nss:

user $getent passwd jschmoe
user $getent shadow jschmoe
user $getent group jschmoe

Each command should produce one line of output, unless there's a local user with the same user/group name, then there should be 2 lines per command. Enable and start the sssd service

OpenRC:

root #rc-config add sssd default
root #rc-service sssd enable

Systemd:

root #systemctl enable --now sssd

Add the following to /etc/portage/package.use/00sssd:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/00sssd
*/* sssd

In particular, sys-auth/pambase has an (experimental!) sssd USE flag which enables SSSD support. Re-emerge the packages with changed USE flags but don't run etc-update or dispatch-conf yet.

root #emerge -auvDU @world
Warning
As with all PAM modifications, make a backup and have at least one logged in root session, before any changes are made - whether by Portage or the user

The configuration done should work "out of the box". The configuration does not include automated home directory creation,, so no non-local logins will be allowed until a home directory is created. To enable automated home directory creation, append the following to /etc/pam.d/system-auth (please read the warning above!):

FILE /etc/pam.d/system-auth(excerpt)
session         optional        pam_mkhomedir.so
Note
Automated home directory creation does not work correctly on SELinux systems. In that case, install app-misc/oddjob (in GURU), enable and start the oddjobd daemon and replace the above line's pam_mkhomedir.so with pam_oddjob_mkhomedir.so

Test the login from another computer (using SSH), another VT (if local), or in a different root window with login and verify it succeeds (if automatic home directory creation is enabled, try it once with the directory created and again with the directory not created).

sssd supports netgroups, sudo, and automounting as well. Add the appropriate lines to /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/sssd/sssd.conf. See sssd.conf(5) for sssd general configuration and sssd-sudo(5) for sudo configuration.

sssd is a Kerberos Credentials Manager (KCM) server. KCM is a smarter, container friendly, and UID namespace aware credential cache. MIT kerberos is a KCM client, so any program built with MIT Kerberos can use the KCM server. It be used with things like Flatpak.

Note
Only systemd users can use KCM. The service is socket activated, and, although there is an initscript to launch, it won't reliably stay alive. This behavior is intentional: upstream considers non-systemd KCM unsupported. See SSSD bug #5574, where a potential workaround is discussed.

To setup KCM, insert the following into /etc/krb5.conf:

FILE /etc/krb5.conf(Excerpt}
[libdefaults]
        default_ccache_name = KCM:

Configuring nss-pam-ldap and pam_krb5

Warning
sys-auth/sssd is a better choice all-around. It suppports credential caching, automatic renewal of tickets, FAST and anonymous PKINIT. nss-pam-ldap ad pam_krb5 do not support any of that. Neither have had a release since 2021.

The following assumes LDAP is used for identity purposes. If LDAP is not being used, simply skip past the nslcd part and go straight to the PAM part

First, emerge sys-auth/nss-pam-ldapd with the kerberos and sasl USE flags:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/nss-pam-ldapd
sys-auth/nss-pam-ldapd kerberos sasl
root #emerge --ask sys-auth/nss-pam-ldapd

Configure nslcd as follows:

FILE /etc/nslcd.conf
uid nslcd
gid nslcd

# Uncomment the next line to troubleshoot nslcd
#log syslog debug

krb5_ccname /etc/nslcd.ccache

sasl_mech gssapi
sasl_authzid dn:uid=host/client.example.com,cn=gssapi,cn=auth

Set the permissions on the file:

root #chmod 600 /etc/nslcd.conf
root #chown nslcd: /etc/nslcd.conf
Warning
nslcd doesn't use a keytab, it is a Kerberos client rather than a Kerberos server, so it needs a credential cache instead. The host keytab can be used to request a ticket. The problem is the ticket will expire after 10 minutes (assuming best practices are being followed). A new ticket needs to be requested using the host service keytab about every 5 minutes. nslcd cannot do this itself, but there is a program that can do it on its behalf: k5start, which is part of app-crypt/kstart. It is left as an exercise for the reader for set that up. As stated above, sys-auth/sssd is a better choice.

Test nss:

user $getent passwd jschmoe
user $getent shadow jschmoe
user $getent group jschmoe

Each command should produce one line of output. Enable and start nslcd:

OpenRC:

root #rc-service add nslcd default
root #rc-service nslcd start

Systemd:

root #systemctl enable --now nslcd

Next, configure PAM to allow Kerberos authorization. Emerge sys-auth/pambase with the pam+_krb5 USE flag should be sufficent for most setups.

Create /etc/portage/package.use/pambase and add the following:

FILE /etc/portage/package.use/pambase
sys-auth/pambase pam_krb5

then re-emerge the world file

root #emerge --ask -uvDU @world
Warning
As with all PAM modifications, make a backup and have at least one logged in root session, before any changes are made - whether by Portage or the user

The configuration done should work "out of the box". The configuration does not include automated home directory creation,, so no non-local logins will be allowed until a home directory is created. To enable automated home directory creation, append the following to /etc/pam.d/system-auth (please read the warning above!):

FILE /etc/pam.d/system-auth(excerpt)
session         optional        pam_mkhomedir.so
Note
Automated home directory creation does not work correctly on SELinux systems. In that case, install app-misc/oddjob (in GURU), enable and start the oddjobd daemon and replace the above line's pam_mkhomedir.so with pam_oddjob_mkhomedir.so

Test the login from another computer (using SSH), another VT (if local), or in a different root window with login and verify it succeeds (if automatic home directory creation is enabled, try it once with the directory created and again with the directory not created).

Troubleshooting

DNS issues

THe kerberos client libraries do both DNS and reverse DNS checks against its hosts. If either is is incorrect, this can cause failures. The best solution is to fix the DNS issue. However, sometimes that's not possible. Some organization do not have complete control over their reverse DNS, other times its infeasible.

The client DNS checks can be relaxed by editing /etc/krb5.conf

FILE /etc/krb5.conf(excerpt)
[libdefaults]
# Disable reverse DNS checks for canonicalizing hostname
        rdns = false
# Hostname canonicalization is only done if not canonicalizing it results in a "principal not found" error
        dns_canonicalize_hostname = fallback
# Disables qualification of shortnames
        qualify_shortname = ""

Not all the above options are needed in a given site, but any options added need to be added to all hosts.

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