AIDE
AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) はホストベースの侵入検知システムです。AIDE はファイルや他リソースをスキャンし、データベース内にこれらファイルの情報について保存します。保存する情報はハッシュ値、ファイルサイズ、所有者、編集日時、作成日時等のような主だったファイルの属性値です。データベースを最初に作ったら、AIDE はそれからシステムを再スキャンして、前回の保存した値と今回のスキャン結果を比較します。もし値が前回と異なった場合は変更があったと報告します。AIDE の背景にある考え方は、スナップショット同士を比較して、改ざんファイルを見つけることです。
インストール
USE フラグ
USE フラグを次のように設定すると app-forensics/aide のインストールは簡単です。
USE flags for app-forensics/aide AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) is a file integrity checker
acl
|
Add support for Access Control Lists |
audit
|
Enable support for Linux audit subsystem using sys-process/audit |
curl
|
Use curl for http,https and ftp backends |
e2fs
|
Enable support for checking file attributes on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems |
mhash
|
Add support for the mhash library |
selinux
|
!!internal use only!! Security Enhanced Linux support, this must be set by the selinux profile or breakage will occur |
xattr
|
Add support for extended attributes (filesystem-stored metadata) |
特定のパッケージ固有の USE フラグは /etc/portage/package.use というファイルか、 /etc/portage/package.use と呼ばれるディレクトリの中にあるテキストファイルで設定する必要があります。例えば /etc/portage/package/use ファイル の場合:
/etc/portage/package.useAIDE の zlib サポートを有効化するapp-forensics/aide zlib
Emerge
USEフラグを設定した後、ソフトウェアをインストールします。
root #emerge --ask app-forensics/aide設定
概要
app-forensics/aide の設定ファイルは第一印象ほどとっつきにくくはありません。デフォルトのファイルは /etc/aide/aide.conf に保存されていますが、システム管理者は必要に応じて、簡単に設定ファイルを複数作ることが出来ます。幾つかの変数に加え、設定ファイルにはスキャンするファイル情報 (ただのハッシュ値とか、iノード情報等々) とスキャンするファイルの短い表記が含まれています。
データベースの変数を見てください:
aide.conf変数database=file:/var/lib/aide/aide.db
database_out=file:/var/lib/aide/aide.db.new
The first line in the example above (database) defines where the location of database that contains the known values. The second line (database_out) defines where to store new databases when another is generated. It is generally recommended against having these variables point to the same database (having the same paths for each variable). If one database is to overwrite another, the best method is to manually copy over the generated database from one location to the other. For example, to overwrite the first database with the second, this command could be used:
root #cp /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new /var/lib/aide/aide.dbFor now, leave the database variables as they are; they will be covered in more detail later in the article.
Next, consider the variables which are short-hand notations for what information to record in the database.
aide.confAIDE configuration using shorthand notationBinlib = p+i+n+u+g+s+b+m+c+md5+sha1
Logs = p+i+n+u+g+S
...
It should be obvious that
md5 and sha1 mean that MD5 and SHA-1 checksums are taken (respectively).The letters are described in the default aide.conf file, but for convenience the following table provides an overview of the most common options:
| Short | Description |
|---|---|
p
|
Permissions |
i
|
inode number |
n
|
Number of (hard)links |
u
|
User information |
g
|
Group information |
s
|
Size |
S
|
Size (only report when the size is suddenly smaller - growing is allowed) |
b
|
Block count |
m
|
Modification time |
Next is an overview of which directories to scan, and what to scan for. In three line example to follow, AIDE is instructed to scan the /bin and /sbin directories via the measures identified in the Binlib short-hand notation variable. The /var/log file will display the scan measures defined in the Logs variable defined above.
aide.conf対象をスキャンする/bin Binlib
/sbin Binlib
/var/log Logs
...
AIDE supports regular expressions and users are allowed to "remove" matches. For instance, to scan /var/log but not /var/log/portage then make an exclusion set by using the ! (exclamation point) before the excluded path(s):
aide.conf他のスキャン対象/var/log Logs
!/var/log/portage
詳細オプション
The configuration file is based on regular expressions, macros and rules for files and directories. Users experienced with the tripwire solution will have no difficulties dealing with AIDE's configuration file. The following macros are available:
| Macro | Description | Syntax |
|---|---|---|
ifdef |
If defined | @@ifdef "name"
|
ifndef |
If not defined | @@ifndef "name"
|
define |
Define a variable | @@define "name" "value"
|
undef |
Undefine a variable | @@undef "name"
|
ifhost |
if "hostname" | @@ifhost "hostname"
|
ifnhost |
if not "hostname" | @@ifnhost "hostname"
|
endif |
Endif must be used after any of the above macros except define and undef | @@endif
|
These macros become very handy when dealing with multiple Gentoo boxes, while using the same configuration on all. Not all machines run the same services or even have the same users.
Next we have a set of flags which identify the permissions, file properties, checksums, cryptographic hashes, ... to validate on files and directories.
| Flag | Description |
|---|---|
p |
permissions |
i |
inode |
n |
number of links |
u |
user |
g |
group |
s |
size |
b |
block count |
m |
mtime |
a |
atime |
c |
ctime |
S |
check for growing size |
md5 |
md5 checksum |
sha1 |
sha1 checksum |
rmd160 |
rmd160 checksum |
tiger |
tiger checksum |
R |
p+i+n+u+g+s+m+c+md5
|
L |
p+i+n+u+g
|
E |
Empty group |
> |
Growing logfile p+u+g+i+n+S
|
If AIDE is compiled with mhash support, then the following flags can be used as well:
| フラグ | 説明 |
|---|---|
haval |
haval チェックサム |
gost |
gost チェックサム |
crc32 |
crc32 チェックサム |
初期化と定期スキャン
For a basic AIDE setup, a database must be initialized. This is performed using the --init option. To make sure AIDE uses the configuration settings defined in the sections before, be sure to pass the --config option pointed to the correct configuration file:
root #aide --init --config=/etc/aide/aide.confAIDE, version 0.14.2 ### AIDE database at /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new initialized.
Once initialized, any pre-existing database files can be copied over:
root #cd /var/lib/aide; cp aide.db.new aide.dbWith a new database available, the entries can be scanned again (now or at a later date) using the --check option. This will create another database containing any modifications that have made to the file system since the first database has been created. Be sure to use the --config option pointed to the same configuration file that the first database was created with:
root #aide --check --config=/etc/aide/aide.confAIDE, version 0.14.2 ### All files match AIDE database. Looks okay!
If file modification(s) occurred, a notification will be sent out, if no initial database exists at all a warning will be presented such as:
root #aide --init --config=/etc/aide/aide.confCouldn't open file /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new for writing
This is not a real error and is simply aide stating it cannot find a database so it must create one, this may take several minutes.
root #aide --check --config=/etc/aide/aide.confAIDE found differences between database and filesystem!! Start timestamp: 2013-04-11 15:31:02 Summary: Total number of files: 318 Added files: 0 Removed files: 0 Changed files: 2 --------------------------------------------------- Changed files: --------------------------------------------------- changed: /etc/pam.d changed: /etc/pam.d/run_init --------------------------------------------------- Detailed information about changes: --------------------------------------------------- Directory: /etc/pam.d Mtime : 2013-04-09 22:11:18 , 2013-04-11 15:31:01 Ctime : 2013-04-09 22:11:18 , 2013-04-11 15:31:01 File: /etc/pam.d/run_init Size : 205 , 208 Mtime : 2013-04-09 22:11:18 , 2013-04-11 15:31:00 Ctime : 2013-04-09 22:11:18 , 2013-04-11 15:31:01 Inode : 394203 , 394053 MD5 : Mm0KPzpPt63eqGClTJ/KaQ== , eLUrP2BsIq25f3AZX+dlBA== SHA1 : NrQtsUeOsXS4RHUq+ejYBne5V6E= , 5A6ef6VJCcMiqEjKQ7e9xkBNZB8=
ベストプラクティス
スキャン対象の明確化
The default AIDE configuration is useful, but it needs to be fine-tuned to suit the users' needs. It is important to know which files to scan and why.
For instance, to scan for all authentication-related files but not for other files, use a configuration like so:
aide.confauthentication-related scan targets# SELinux policy and settings
/etc/selinux ConfFiles
# Authentication databases
/etc/passwd ConfFiles
/etc/shadow ConfFiles
/etc/nsswitch.conf ConfFiles
# Authentication configuration
/etc/pam.d ConfFiles
/etc/securetty ConfFiles
/etc/security ConfFiles
# PAM libraries
/lib(64)?/security Binlib
データベースをオフラインと読み取り専用に
A second important aspect is that the result database should be stored offline when not needed and should be used in read-only mode when the database is needed. This gives some protection against a malicious user that might have compromised the machine to modify the results database. For instance, provide the result database on a read-only NFS mount (for servers) or read-only medium (when physical access to the machine is possible) such as a CD/DVD or a read-only USB drive.
After storing the database on a read-only location, update the aide.conf file to have database point to this new location.
オフラインスキャン
If applicable, try using offline scanning methods for the system. In case of virtual platforms, it might be possible to take a snapshot of the system, mount this snapshot (read-only) and then run the aide scan on the mounted file system.
root #losetup /dev/loop0 /srv/virt/gentoo.img
root #vgscan
root #vgchange -ay
root #mount -o ro /dev/volgrpX/volumeY /mnt/image
root #chroot /mnt/image
root #aide --check --config=/path/to/aide.conf
root #exit
root #umount /mnt/image
root #vgchange -an /dev/volgrpX
root #losetup -d /dev/loop0The above approach uses chroot. This is only needed when the initial file system has been scanned from the live system and the administrator wants to perform an offline validation. If the initial scan was done offline, then the aide.conf file will point to the mount point already and the database will use these paths immediately, so then there is no need for chrooting.
関連項目
- 完全性/コンセプトでは、システムの完全性に関する概念について説明します。