Fontconfig
The fontconfig library is intended to provide uniform font selection and configuration amongst all GUI applications though it's common for various desktop environments to provide their own font overrides and configuration, still fontconfig is the underlying library even then.
Contents |
Configuration
Generic
fontconfig uses XML files in /etc/fonts/ directory to generate its internal configuration. By default it parses /etc/fonts/fonts.conf (users should not edit this file!) which sets some sane defaults and usually contains code to also parse /etc/fonts/conf.d/ content. In addition there is /etc/fonts/conf.avail/ directory that contains various possible configuration files that each cover some aspect of fontconfig. It's customary to symlink necessary files to /etc/fonts/conf.d/. These files are executed in order they are named, for this reason their names start with a two digit number with the first (tens) indicating class, that is, what the file affects.
Gentoo specific way
Gentoo ships an eselect module (eselect fontconfig) that does exactly what was described in generic way - it manages symlinks of files in /etc/fonts/conf.avail/ by adding or removing them from the /etc/fonts/conf.d/ directory. For obvious reasons changing system wide configuration requires appropriate permissions.
Listing available files
root # eselect fontconfig list
Available fontconfig .conf files (* is enabled):
[1] 10-autohint.conf *
[2] 10-no-sub-pixel.conf
[3] 10-sub-pixel-bgr.conf
[4] 10-sub-pixel-rgb.conf
[5] 10-sub-pixel-vbgr.conf
[6] 10-sub-pixel-vrgb.conf
[7] 10-unhinted.conf
[8] 11-lcdfilter-default.conf
[9] 11-lcdfilter-legacy.conf
...
Enabling a file
Files can be enabled either by filename or by the number in brackets. These two do the same thing:
root # eselect fontconfig enable 10-sub-pixel-rgb.conf
root # eselect fontconfig enable 4Disabling a file
Files can be disabled likewise:
root # eselect fontconfig disable 10-sub-pixel-rgb.conf
root # eselect fontconfig disable 4Custom system wide configuration
Enable 51-local.conf and create /etc/fonts/local.conf (this is an XML file, you have been warned).
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
<alias>
<family>sans-serif</family>
<prefer>
<family>Ubuntu</family>
<family>TakaoPGothic</family>
<family>Droid Sans</family>
</prefer>
<default><family>DejaVu Sans</family></default>
</alias>
</fontconfig>
Per-user configuration
Enable 50-user.conf (possibly enabled by default). And use ~/.fonts.conf (same format as local.conf)
Anti-aliasing, hinting and sub-pixel rendering
Anti-aliasing is enabled by default and makes fonts less blocky. Hinting is an attempt to cope with the low pixel count per unit of area of current displays.Correct hinting makes characters more crisp but since font metrics aren't changed (and arguably should not change) affects how overall the rendered text looks like. Sub-pixel rendering uses the fact that LCD matrix has three primaries to effectively triple the resolution of text but can make characters appear not entirely black. To combat that lcdfilter is to be used with sub-pixel rendering (available for newer fontconfig) but it can blur the characters too much. In the end this entirely depends on person how they like their text.
Forcing hinting
The default fontconfig behaviour regarding hinting is unknown [personal note: what is this madness, how can one of the key components of Linux graphical stack be unknown?!] but it can be made deterministically sub-optimal by making a system wide default.
- First enable /etc/fonts/local.conf
- Edit the file to include full hinting by default
<match target="font">
<edit mode="assign" name="hintstyle">
<const>hintfull</const>
</edit>
</match>
Using sub-pixel rendering
It's important to determine the sub-pixel layout of the LCD matrix. It's usually RGB (10-sub-pixel-rgb.conf) but the only way to be sure is to either consult display specification or use this sub-pixel layout test to determine it. Once determined, enable the appropriate 10-sub-pixel-<matrix type>.conf file.
root # eselect fontconfig enable 10-sub-pixel-rgb.confIt's strongly advised that lcdfilter, if available, is used with sub-pixel rendering. It comes in different varieties but the default (11-lcdfilter-default.conf) should be appropriate for all common fonts.
root # eselect fontconfig enable 11-lcdfilter-default.confRegarding autohinter
Autohinter attempts to do automatic hinting disregarding any existing hinting information. Until recently it was the default because TrueType2 was covered by patents but now that they have expired there's very little reason to use it. From technical point of view it does better than broken or no hinting information but it will be strongly sub-optimal for fonts with good hinting information. Generally system fonts are of the second kind so autohinter should not be used.
Picking fonts
Choosing the right font can be trickier than deciding on the right hinting type.For one reason or another fonts will not be perfect but it's certainly doable to make that same fonts look better than, say, Windows 7 default font configuration. The following information is biased but it can't be helped.
| Font family | Good | Bad |
|---|---|---|
| DejaVu (media-fonts/dejavu) | Many styles, covers a lot of code points | Exceptionally wide - even condensed is wider than same height monospace (not to mention average sans-serif font), overall second to Verdana (an MS font) in width. |
| Droid (media-fonts/droid) | Covers a lot of code points and scripts | Very dry, wide yet thin glyphs is probably the most memorable aspect of Droid font family. Clearly designed with handheld devices and their small screens in mind. |
| Gentium Plus (media-fonts/sil-gentium) | Fairly distinctive, might appeal to people who like narrow fonts | Only serif, as with other SIL fonts hinting is questionable. |
| Liberation (media-fonts/liberation-fonts) | MS TrueType core font metric compatible, overall look pretty decent | Few fonts seem to have hinting trouble. |
| Ubuntu (media-fonts/ubuntu-font-family) | A distinctive font with style which might not appeal to everyone, overall looks good as well as covering a fair bit of code points. | Only default sans-serif is truly polished, narrow and monospaced versions are unfinished. No known serif font that would accompany it well. |
| URW (media-fonts/urw-fonts) | Metric compatible with popular Adobe fonts (among others?) | Seem to require slight hinting. |
| MS TrueType core fonts (media-fonts/corefonts) | Includes most fonts used in documents or on web (as of 01.07.2012 Gentoo only has an old version without Tahoma) | MS does not distribute them nowadays so the available fonts are from many years ago and might not reflect the current state of them. Obviously lacks fonts introduced later. Seem to require full hinting. |
| Unifont (media-fonts/unifont) | Covers a lot of code points. | In addition to being ugly as sin it also fails basic requirements to be considered a typeface - is it sans-serif, is it serif? Please never use this. |
External resources
- Arch Linux Wiki on this topic - an in-depth article on Linux font configuration and font selection
- Official fontconfig documentation for users
- Wikipedia article on font hinting
