Handbook:Parts/Installation/Disks/ko

블록 장치
Let's take a good look at disk-oriented aspects of Gentoo Linux and Linux in general, including Linux filesystems, partitions, and block devices. Once the ins and outs of disks and filesystems are understood, partitions and filesystems can be established for the Gentoo Linux installation.

To begin, let's look at block devices. The most famous block device is probably the one that represents the first drive in a Linux system, namely. SCSI and Serial ATA drives are both labeled ; even IDE drives are labeled with the newer libata framework in the kernel. When using the old device framework, then the first IDE drive is.

The block devices above represent an abstract interface to the disk. User programs can use these block devices to interact with your disk without worrying about whether the drives are IDE, SCSI, or something else. The program can simply address the storage on the disk as a bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible 512-byte blocks.

도입부
이제 파티션을 만들었고, 파일 시스템을 제 위치에 얹어놓을 차례입니다. 다음 절에서는 리눅스에서 지원하는 다양한 파일 시스템을 설명합니다. 어떤 파일 시스템을 사용할 지 이미 알고 있는 독자라면 파티션에 파일 시스템 반영하기로 계속 진행할 수 있습니다. 그렇지 않으면 계속 읽어 내려가면서 쓸 수 있는 파일시스템이 어떤 종류가 있는지 알아보십시오.

파일 시스템
다양한 파일 시스템이 있습니다. 일부는 아키텍처에서 안정적입니다 - 중요한 파티션을 위해서라면 좀 더 시험적인 파티션을 선택하기 전에 파일 시스템과 지원 상태에 대한 내용을 좀 더 읽어보시는 것이 좋겠습니다.


 * btrfs
 * A next generation filesystem that provides many advanced features such as snapshotting, self-healing through checksums, transparent compression, subvolumes and integrated RAID. A few distributions have begun to ship it as an out-of-the-box option, but it is not production ready. Reports of filesystem corruption are common. Its developers urge people to run the latest kernel version for safety because the older ones have known problems. This has been the case for years and it is too early to tell if things have changed. Fixes for corruption issues are rarely backported to older kernels. Proceed with caution when using this filesystem!


 * ext2
 * This is the tried and true Linux filesystem but doesn't have metadata journaling, which means that routine ext2 filesystem checks at startup time can be quite time-consuming. There is now quite a selection of newer-generation journaled filesystems that can be checked for consistency very quickly and are thus generally preferred over their non-journaled counterparts. Journaled filesystems prevent long delays when the system is booted and the filesystem happens to be in an inconsistent state.


 * ext3
 * The journaled version of the ext2 filesystem, providing metadata journaling for fast recovery in addition to other enhanced journaling modes like full data and ordered data journaling. It uses an HTree index that enables high performance in almost all situations. In short, ext3 is a very good and reliable filesystem.


 * ext4
 * Initially created as a fork of ext3, ext4 brings new features, performance improvements, and removal of size limits with moderate changes to the on-disk format. It can span volumes up to 1 EB and with maximum file size of 16TB. Instead of the classic ext2/3 bitmap block allocation ext4 uses extents, which improve large file performance and reduce fragmentation. Ext4 also provides more sophisticated block allocation algorithms (delayed allocation and multiblock allocation) giving the filesystem driver more ways to optimize the layout of data on the disk. Ext4 is the recommended all-purpose all-platform filesystem.


 * f2fs
 * The Flash-Friendly File System was originally created by Samsung for the use with NAND flash memory. As of Q2, 2016, this filesystem is still considered immature, but it is a decent choice when installing Gentoo to microSD cards, USB drives, or other flash-based storage devices.


 * JFS
 * IBM's high-performance journaling filesystem. JFS is a light, fast and reliable B+tree-based filesystem with good performance in various conditions.


 * ReiserFS
 * A B+tree-based journaled filesystem that has good overall performance, especially when dealing with many tiny files at the cost of more CPU cycles. ReiserFS appears to be less maintained than other filesystems.


 * XFS
 * A filesystem with metadata journaling which comes with a robust feature-set and is optimized for scalability. XFS seems to be less forgiving to various hardware problems.


 * vfat
 * Also known as FAT32, is supported by Linux but does not support any permission settings. It is mostly used for interoperability with other operating systems (mainly Microsoft Windows) but is also a necessity for some system firmware (like UEFI).


 * NTFS
 * This "New Technology" filesystem is the flagship filesystem of Microsoft Windows. Similar to vfat above it does not store permission settings or extended attributes necessary for BSD or Linux to function properly, therefore it cannot be used as a root filesystem. It should only be used for interoperability with Microsoft Windows systems (note the emphasis on only).

When using ext2, ext3, or ext4 on a small partition (less than 8GB), then the file system must be created with the proper options to reserve enough inodes. The  application uses the "bytes-per-inode" setting to calculate how many inodes a file system should have. On smaller partitions, it is advised to increase the calculated number of inodes.

ext2에서는, 다음 명령을 사용하시면 됩니다:

ext3과 ext4에서는,  옵션을 추가하여 저널링을 활성화하십시오:

각 16kB 영역을 하나의 4kB 영역으로 줄이는 "아이노드 당 바이트"로 주어진 파일 시스템의 아이노드 갯수를 네 배로 뻥튀기(?)합니다. 비율값을 부여하여 속성을 조절할 수 있습니다:

파티션에 파일 시스템 반영하기
To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are user space utilities available for each possible filesystem. Click the filesystem's name in the table below for additional information on each filesystem:

예를 들어, 예제 파티션 구조에서 ext4에서의 루트 파티션을 지니고 있다면, 다음 명령을 사용할 수 있습니다:

이제 새로 만든 파티션(또는 논리 파티션)에 파일 시스템을 만들겠습니다.

스왑 파티션 활성화
은 스왑 파티션을 초기화하는 명령입니다:

스왑 파티션을 활성화하려면, 명령을 사용하십시오:

위에 언급한 명령으로 스왑을 만들고 활성화하십시오.

마운트
이제 파티션을 초기화했고 파일 시스템을 넣었으므로 파티션을 마운트할 차례입니다. 명령을 사용하지만 만들어놓은 모든 파티션에 대해 마운트 디렉터리를 만들 필요는 없다는 사실을 잊지 마십시오. 예제를 통해 우리는 루트 파티션을 마운트하겠습니다:

지침을 따르고 나면 proc 파일 시스템(커널 가상 인터페이스)와 다른 커널 의사 파일 시스템을 마운트합니다. 그러나 우선 젠투 설치 파일을 설치하겠습니다.