OpenAFS/ru

В этой статье показывается, как установить клиент и сервер OpenAFS на Gentoo Linux.

О данном документе
Этот документ проведёт вас по всем необходимым этапам установки сервера OpenAFS на Gentoo Linux. Часть материалов этого документа взята из AFS FAQ и IBM's Quick Beginnings guide on AFS. Не стоит переизобретать колесо. :)

Что такое AFS?
AFS — распределённая файловая система, работающая на взаимодействующих друг с другом хостах (клиентах и серверах) для обеспечения эффективного доступа к ресурсам ФС через локальные и глобальные сети. Клиенты кэшируют часто используемые объекты (файлы), чтобы ускорить доступ к ним.

AFS была создана на основе разработанной в центре информационных технологий университета Карнеги-Меллона (CMU) распределённой файловой системы, называвшейся Andrew File System. Andrew — название исследовательского проекта в CMU — было дано в честь основателя университета. Когда AFS стала продвигать новообразованная компания Transarc, от имени Andrew было решено отказаться с целью показать, что AFS прошла стадию исследовательского проекта, имеет поддержку и готова для промышленного использования. Однако на определённом числе уже существующих ячеек уже был жёстко закреплен каталог /afs. В то время изменение корневого каталога ФС было нетривиальной задачей. Так что, чтобы уберечь ранние площадки на AFS от необходимости переименования, название и корневой каталог сохранили.

Что такое ячейка AFS?
Ячейка AFS — это группа административно объединённых серверов, предоставляющая единую, связанную файловую систему. Ячейка обычно представлена набором хостов под одним доменным именем (например, gentoo.org). Пользователь подключается к клиентской рабочей станции AFS, которая от его имени запрашивает информацию и файлы у серверов ячейки. Пользователи не знают, на каком сервере находится запрашиваемый файл. Можно даже переместить сервер в другое помещение незаметно для них, так как любой том данных можно дублировать и сменить незаметным для пользователей образом. Файлы всегда доступны. Это как NFS на стероидах :)

Какая выгода от использования AFS?
Главная сила AFS: возможности кэширования (на клиентской стороне, обычно от 100 МБ до 1 ГБ), функции безопасности (на основе Kerberos 5, списки контроля доступа), простота адресации (у вас только одна файловая система), масштабируемость (возможность добавления серверов в ячейку), протокол обмена информацией.

Где можно получить больше информации?
Посмотрите AFS FAQ.

Главная страница проекта OpenAFS: www.openafs.org.

AFS была создана компанией Transarc, которой теперь владеет IBM. В апреле 2005 года AFS убрали из каталога продуктов IBM.

Как отлавливать проблемы?
У OpenAFS прекрасные средства журналирования. Однако по умолчанию события попадают непосредственно в его собственные журналы, минуя системные средства журналирования. Чтобы регистрировать события при помощи системных средств, установите для всех команд  параметр.

Введение
Данный раздел поможет вам обновить существующую установку OpenAFS до версии 1.4.0 или более новой (до версии 1.2.x с 1.2.13. Этот вариант не будет рассматриваться отдельно, так как большинству пользователей нужна версия 1.4 для поддержки ядра linux версии 2.6, поддержки файлов большого размера и (или) исправления ошибок).

If you're dealing with a clean install of a 1.4 version of OpenAFS, then you can safely skip this chapter. However, if you're upgrading from a previous version, we strongly urge you to follow the guidelines in the next sections. The transition script in the ebuild is designed to assist you in quickly upgrading and restarting. Please note that it will (for safety reasons) not delete configuration files and startup scripts in old places, not automatically change your boot configuration to use the new scripts, etc. If you need further convincing, using an old OpenAFS kernel module together with the updated system binaries, may very well cause your kernel to freak out. So, let's read on for a clean and easy transition, shall we?

Различия с предыдущими версиями
Traditionally, OpenAFS has used the same path-conventions that IBM TransArc labs had used, before the code was forked. Understandably, old AFS setups continue using these legacy path conventions. More recent setups conform with FHS by using standard locations (as seen in many Linux distributions). The following table is a compilation of the configure-script and the README accompanying the OpenAFS distribution tarballs:

There are some other oddities, like binaries being put in in Transarc mode, but this list is not intended to be comprehensive. It is rather meant to serve as a reference to those troubleshooting config file transition.

Also as a result of the path changes, the default disk cache location has been changed from to. Please note, however, that the directory in this path,, is not created by the ebuild. You will need to create it yourself.

Furthermore, the init-script has been split into a client and a server part. You used to have, but now you'll end up with both  and. Consequently, the configuration file has been split into  and. Also, options in to turn either client or server on or off have been obsoleted.

Another change to the init script is that it doesn't check your disk cache setup anymore. The old code required that a separate ext2 partition be mounted at. There were some problems with that:


 * Though it's a very logical setup, your cache doesn't need to be on a separate partition. As long as you make sure that the amount of space specified in really is available for disk cache usage, you're safe. So there is no real problem with having the cache on your root partition.
 * Some people use soft-links to point to the real disk cache location. The init script didn't like this, because then this cache location didn't turn up in.
 * Many prefer ext3 over ext2 nowadays. Both filesystems are valid for usage as a disk cache. Any other filesystem is unsupported (like: don't try reiserfs, you'll get a huge warning, expect failure afterwards).

Переход к новым путям
First of all, emerging a newer OpenAFS version should not overwrite any old configuration files. The script is designed to not change any files already present on the system. So even if you have a totally messed up configuration with a mix of old and new locations, the script should not cause further problems. Also, if a running OpenAFS server is detected, the installation will abort, preventing possible database corruption.

One caveat though -- there have been ebuilds floating around the internet that partially disable the protection that Gentoo puts on. These ebuilds have never been distributed by Gentoo. You might want to check the  variable in the output of the following command:

Though nothing in this ebuild would touch the files in, upgrading will cause the removal of your older OpenAFS installation. Files in  that belong to the older installation will be removed as well.

It should be clear to the experienced user that in the case he has tweaked his system by manually adding soft links (e.g. to  ), the new installation may run fine while still using the old configuration files. In this case, there has been no real transition, and cleaning up the old installation will result in a broken OpenAFS config.

Now that you know what doesn't happen, you may want to know what does:


 * is copied to
 * is copied to
 * is copied to
 * is copied to, while replacing occurrences of  with  ,  with  and  (without the / as previously) with
 * is copied to
 * The configuration file is copied to , as all known old options were destined for client usage only.

The upgrade itself
So you haven't got an OpenAFS server setup? Or maybe you do, the previous sections have informed you about what is going to happen, and you're still ready for it?

Давайте тогда это сделаем!

Если ваш сервер запущен, остановите его.

А затем само обновление.

Перезапуск OpenAFS
Если у вас был запущен сервер OpenAFS, вам не нужно было его выключать. Сейчас пришло время это сделать.

Если вы хотите свести простой к минимуму, вы можете перезапустить ваш сервер OpenAFS прямо сейчас.

Вы можете проверить, работает ли он должным образом с помощью следующей команды:

Перед запуском клиента OpenAFS, потратьте некоторое время на изучение настроек кэша. Они определяются файлом. Чтобы перезапустить клиента OpenAFS, введите следующее:

Очистка после обновления
Before cleaning up, please make really sure that everything runs smoothly and that you have restarted after the upgrade (otherwise, you may still be running your old installation).

The following directories may be safely removed from the system:



The following files are also unnecessary:



In case you've previously used ebuilds =openafs-1.2.13 or =openafs-1.3.85, you may also have some other unnecessary files:



Init Script changes
Now most people would have their systems configured to automatically start the OpenAFS client and server on startup. Those who don't can safely skip this section. If you had your system configured to start them automatically, you will need to re-enable this, because the names of the init scripts have changed.

If you had  or  , you should remove  and  from the default runlevel, instead of.

Решение проблем: что если автоматическое обновление не выполнится
Не паникуйте. Вы не потеряли какие-либо данные или файлы настроек. Поэтому давайте проанализируем ситуацию. В любом случае напишите об ошибке на bugs.gentoo.org, желательно с наибольшим возможным количеством информации.

Если у вас проблемы с запуском клиента, то это должно помочь вам продиагностировать проблему:


 * Run  . The client normally sends error messages there.
 * Check . It should be of the form: /afs:{path to disk cache}:{number of blocks for disk cache}. Normally, your disk cache will be located at.
 * Check the output of  . You will want to see a line beginning with the word openafs.
 * will tell you whether afsd is running or not
 * should reveal whether has been mounted.

If you're having problems starting the server, then these hints may be useful:


 * tells you whether the overseer is running or not. If you have more than one overseer running, then something has gone wrong. In that case, you should try a graceful OpenAFS server shutdown with , check the result with   , kill all remaining overseer processes and then finally check whether any server processes are still running (   to get a list of them). Afterwards, do   to reset the status of the server and   to try launching it again.
 * If you're using OpenAFS' own logging system (which is the default setting), check out . If you're using the syslog service, go check out its logs for any useful information.

Получение документации по AFS
You can get the original IBM AFS Documentation. It is very well written and you really want read it if it is up to you to administer a AFS Server.

You also have the option of using the documentation delivered with OpenAFS. It is installed when you have the USE flag  enabled while emerging OpenAFS. It can be found in. At the time of writing, this documentation was a work in progress. It may however document newer features in OpenAFS that aren't described in the original IBM AFS Documentation.

Сборка клиента
После успешной компиляции вы готовы продолжать.

Простая установка глобального клиента
Если вы не являетесь частью определенной ячейки OpenAFS, к которой хотите получить доступ, а просто хотите просматривать глобальные ресурсы OpenAFS, то вы можете просто установить OpenAFS, вообще не трогать ее настройки, а просто запустить.

Получение доступа к конкретной ячейке OpenAFS
If you need to access a specific cell, say your university's or company's own cell, then some adjustments to your configuration have to be made.

Firstly, you need to update with the database servers for your cell. This information is normally provided by your administrator.

Secondly, in order to be able to log onto the OpenAFS cell, you need to specify its name in.

CellServDB tells your client which server(s) it needs to contact for a specific cell. ThisCell should be quite obvious. Normally you use a name which is unique for your organisation. Your (official) domain might be a good choice.

For a quick start, you can now start and use   to authenticate yourself and start using your access to the cell. For automatic logons to you cell, you want to consult the appropriate section below.

Adjusting the cache
You can house your cache on an existing filesystem (if it's ext2/3), or you may want to have a separate partition for that. The default location of the cache is, but you can change that by editing. A standard size for your cache is 200MB, but more won't hurt.

Starting AFS on startup
The following command will create the appropriate links to start your afs client on system startup.

Установка сервера Kerberos
Для аутентификации OpenAFS требует Kerberos 5. Далее показано, как установить MIT Kerberos-сервер. Либо можно использовать реализацию Heimdal kerberos.

Установите бинарные файлы сервера MIT Kerberos с помощью следующей команды:

Edit the and  configuration files. Replace the EXAMPLE.COM realm name with your realm name, and update the example hostnames with your actual hostnames.

Create the Kerberos database like so:

Building the Server
If you haven't already done so, the following command will install all necessary binaries for setting up an AFS Server and Client.

Keying the Server
As of OpenAFS version 1.6.5, the OpenAFS servers support strong crypto (AES, etc.) for the service key, and will read the Kerberos keytab file directly. Create the Kerberos service key for OpenAFS and export it to a keytab for the OpenAFS server processes, before starting the OpenAFS services.

Запуск сервера AFS
You need to run the  command to initialize the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server, which monitors and controls other AFS server processes on its server machine. Think of it as init for the system.

Start the OpenAFS.

Ensure the OpenAFS servers start on reboot:

Verify that the BOS Server created and :

Defining Cell Name for Server Processes
Now assign your cell's name.

Run the  command to set the cell name:

Starting the Database Server Process
Next use the  command to create entries for the three database server processes in the  file. The three processes run on database server machines only.

You can verify that all servers are running with the  command:

Starting the first File Server, Volume Server and Salvager
Start the  process, which consists of the File Server, Volume Server and Salvager (fileserver, volserver and salvager processes).

Verify that all processes are running:

Your next action depends on whether you have ever run AFS file server machines in the cell.

If you are installing the first AFS Server ever in the cell, create the first AFS volume, root.afs

If there are existing AFS file server machines and volumes in the cell issue the  and   commands to synchronize the VLDB (Volume Location Database) with the actual state of volumes on the local machine. This will copy all necessary data to your new server.

If the command fails with the message "partition /vicepa does not exist on the server", ensure that the partition is mounted before running OpenAFS servers, or mount the directory and restart the processes using.

Creating the first Administrative Account
An administrative account is needed to complete the cell setup and perform on going administration. The first account must be created directly on the servers. Additional accounts may then be created without direct ssh access to the servers.

Four tasks need to be done to create the first administrative account.


 * a Kerberos principal, by convention, in the form of USERNAME/admin
 * an AFS user, by convention, the form of USERNAME.admin
 * membership in the built-in AFS system::administrators group
 * membership in the OpenAFS superuser list

Create the Kerberos principal. Run this following command on the Kerberos server, as root:

Create the AFS admin user. Run this command on the OpenAFS database server, as root:

Add the AFS admin user to the built-in admin group. Run this command on the OpenAFS database server, as root:

Add the AFS admin user to the superuser list. Run this command on each OpenAFS server, as root:

Configuring the Top Level of the AFS filespace
At this point the server configuration is complete. You will need a running AFS client to set up the top level directories in AFS and grant access rights to them. This client does not need to be installed on the OpenAFS server. You will need to obtain your administrative credentials. Root access is not required for the commands in this section.

First, obtain your administrative credentials:

First you need to set some ACLs, so that any user can lookup.

Then you need to create the root volume, mount it readonly on and read/write on.

At this point, you can create volumes for your new AFS site and add them to the filespace. Users and groups should be created and directory ACLs setup to allow users to create files and directories. To create and mount a volume:

Finally you're done!!! You should now have a working AFS file server on your local network. Time to get a big cup of coffee and print out the AFS documentation!!!

Disclaimer
OpenAFS is an extensive technology. Please read the AFS documentation for more information. We only list a few administrative tasks in this chapter.

Configuring PAM to Acquire an AFS Token on Login
To use AFS you need to authenticate against the Kerberos 5 KDC (MIT, Heimdal, ShiShi Kerberos 5, or Microsoft Active Directory). However in order to login to a machine you will also need a user account, this can be local in, NIS, LDAP (OpenLDAP), or a Hesiod database. PAM allows Gentoo to tie the authentication against AFS and login to the user account.

You will need to update which is used by the other configurations. "use_first_pass" indicates it will be checked first against the user login, and "ignore_root" stops the local superuser being checked so as to order to allow login if AFS or the network fails.

In order for  to keep the real user's token and to prevent local users gaining AFS access change  as follows: