Kernel/Upgrade/es

Este artículo describe los pasos para actualizar a un nuevo núcleo.

Instalación y utilización de un nuevo núcleo
La actualización del núcleo puede ser una buena idea cuando se instalan los fuentes. A veces se instalan los fuentes cuando se actualiza el sistema lanzando emerge -a --update --deep --with-bdeps=y --newuse @world o, por supuesto, cuando se instalan directamente.

Al instalar unos nuevos fuentes del núcleo, no se le ofrece al usuario un nuevo núcleo. Es necesario construir e instalar un nuevo núcleo a partir de los nuevos fuentes y reiniciar el sistema para correr el nuevo núcleo.

Making a new kernel from the new sources is basically the same process as making a kernel when installing the system. The difference is that one can use the configuration of the old kernel to create a configuration for the new kernel. Using the old configuration saves the user from going through all the kernel options (like make menuconfig) again.

The configuration of the kernel is saved in a file named in the directory that holds the kernel sources. A new kernel may have options or features the old kernel does not have, or it might not have a feature or option anymore which the old kernel still has. The kernel configuration specifies whether the features and options of a kernel are to be enabled or not, perhaps built into the kernel, or perhaps built as modules which can be loaded into the running kernel on demand. Hence the configuration file of the new kernel may have new entries the configuration file of the old kernel doesn't have, and it might not have entries anymore which are present in the configuration file of the old kernel.

To deal with such changes of the configuration file, the configuration file of the old kernel needs to be converted to a configuration that can be used with the new kernel. This article shows how to make a new kernel from new kernel sources with converting the configuration file of the old kernel.

Make a backup of the current kernel configuration
It is wise to make a backup of the kernel configuration so that the previous configurations are not lost. After all, many users devote considerable time to figure out the best configuration for the system, and losing that information is definitely not wanted.

It is easy to make a backup of the current kernel configuration:

Provided that the symlink to the kernel sources has been set correctly, this copies the configuration of the currently used kernel to the home directory of root, renaming the configuration to followed by the version of the current running Linux kernel.

Set symlink to new kernel sources
El enlace simbólico debe siempre apuntar al directorio que contiene los fuentes del nucleo en el que está corriendo. Esto se puede hacer de tres formas distintas:


 * 1) Installing the kernel sources with
 * 2) Setting the link with eselect
 * 3) Manually updating the symbolic link

Installing the kernel sources with the symlink USE flag
This will make the point to the newly installed kernel sources.

If necessary, it can still be modified later with one of the other two methods.

Setting the link with eselect
To set the symlink with eselect:

This outputs the available kernel sources. The asterisk indicates the chosen sources.

To change the kernel sources, e.g. to the second entry, do:

Manually updating the symbolic link
To set the symbolic link manually:

Copy previous kernel configuration
The configuration of the old kernel needs to be copied to the new one. It can be found in several places:


 * En el sistema de ficheros procfs si la opción del núcleo Enable access to .config through /proc/config.gz se activó en el núcleo actual:


 * En el directorio si la configuración se instaló allí:


 * En el directorio del núcleo que está corriendo actualmente:

Configure the new kernel
To use the configuration of the old kernel with the new kernel, it needs to be converted. The conversion can be done by running either make silentoldconfig or make olddefconfig.

make silentoldconfig gives choices for new options, make olddefconfig does not. Use either, not both.

make silentoldconfig
The following configuration is like the text based configuration with make config. For new configuration options, it gives a choice. For example:

The string (NEW) at the end of the line marks this option as new. Left to the string in square brackets are the possible answers: Yes, no, module or ? to show the help. The recommend answer is capitalized (here Y). The help explains the option or driver.

Unfortunately make silentoldconfig</tt> doesn't show - next to the help - a lot more information for each option, like the context, so that it is sometimes difficult to give the right answer. In this case the best way to go is to remember the option name and revise it afterwards through one of the graphical kernel configuration tools.

make olddefconfig
If interactivity is not wanted (no questions should be asked), then use make olddefconfig</tt>:

Construcción
Para realizar este paso, siga lo indicado en el artículo de configuración manual.

Reinstalar módulos externos del núcleo
Cualquier módulo externo del núcleo como los módulos binarios del núcleo, necesitan reconstruirse cada vez que se actualiza el núcleo. Si todavía no ha construido su núcleo deberá prepararse en primer lugar para la construcción de los módulos externos del núcleo:

Puede reconstruir los paquetes usando el conjunto @module-rebuild:

Resolver problemas en la construcción
Cuando tenga problemas mientras está reconstruyendo el núcleo actual, podría ser de utilidad sanear los ficheros fuente del núcleo. Asegúrese de hacer una copia de respaldo del fichero ya que esta operación lo eliminará. Asegúrese de no utilizar los sufijos o  como indicadores de copia de respaldo ya que make distclean</tt> también los eliminará.

Eliminar núcleos antiguos
Lea el artículo sobre la eliminación del núcleo.

Recursos externos

 * Registro de cambios del núcleo con algunas explicaciones de nuevas características