Handbook:Parts/Installation/Networking/ru

Автоматическое определение параметров сети
Может быть, всё уже работает?

Если система подключена к сети Ethernet, в которой есть DHCP-сервер, весьма вероятно, что конфигурация сетевых настроек была уже выполнена автоматически. Если это так, то различные сетевые команды с установочного компакт-диска (например,,  ,  ,  ,  ,   и многие другие) сразу же будут работать.

Если сеть была настроена, команда  должна отобразить несколько сетевых интерфейсов кроме , например,  :

Название интерфейса может отличаться от. В последних установочных носителях сетевые интерфейсы могут отображаться по-другому, например,   или. Просто поищите в выводе команды  IP-адрес, связанный с локальной сетью.

В оставшейся части документа мы будем считать, что интерфейс имеет имя.

Дополнительно: Настройка прокси
Если доступ к Интернету осуществляется через прокси-сервер, необходимо указать нужные настройки во время установки. Указать прокси очень просто: просто определите переменную, содержащую информацию о прокси-сервере.

В большинстве случаев, достаточно указать переменные с использованием имени сервера. В этом примере мы предположим, что прокси-сервер называется proxy.gentoo.org и доступен по порту 8080.

Настраиваем HTTP-прокси (для HTTP- и HTTPS-трафика):

Настраиваем FTP-прокси

Настраиваем RSYNC-прокси:

Если для прокси требуется имя пользователя и пароль, используйте следующий синтаксис:

Тестирование сети
Попробуйте проверить DNS-сервер своего провайдера (его адрес можно найти в ) и любой веб-сайт. Эта проверка покажет, что сеть функционирует в полном объеме, и сетевые пакеты достигают сети, разрешение имён работает правильно и так далее.

Если всё работает правильно, то оставшуюся часть главы можно пропустить и перейти сразу к следующему шагу (подготовке дисков).

Автоматическая конфигурация сети
Если сеть не работает с первого раза, то в некоторых установочных носителях есть утилиты  (для обычных и беспроводных сетей),   (для пользователей ADSL) или   (для пользователей PPTP).

Если же в установочном носителе нет этих утилит, продолжите с ручной конфигурации сети.


 * Пользователям обычной сети Ethernet следует продолжить с раздела По умолчанию: использование net-setup
 * Пользователям ADSL следует продолжить с раздела Альтернатива: использование PPP
 * Пользователям PPTP следует продолжить с раздела Альтернатива: использование PPTP

Пол умолчанию: использование net-setup
Простейшим способом настроить сеть (если она уже не была настроена автоматически) является запуск сценария :

задаст несколько вопросов о сетевом окружении. Когда всё будет готово, сетевое подключение должно работать. Проверьте подключение, как это было показано выше. Если все проверки успешны, поздравляем! Пропустите оставшуюся часть раздела и продолжите с подготовки дисков.

Если сеть всё равно не работает, продолжите с ручной конфигурации сети.

Альтернатива: использование PPP
Assuming PPPoE is needed to connect to the Internet, the installation CD (any version) has made things easier by including ppp. Use the provided  script to configure the connection. During the setup the Ethernet device that is connected to your ADSL modem, the username and password, the IPs of the DNS servers and if a basic firewall is needed or not will be asked.

If something goes wrong, double-check that the username and password are correct by looking at or  and make sure to use the right Ethernet device. If the Ethernet device doesn't exist, the appropriate network modules need to be loaded. In that case continue with Manual network configuration as it will explain how to load the appropriate network modules there.

If everything worked, continue with Preparing the disks.

Альтернатива: использование PPTP
If PPTP support is needed, use  which is provided by the installation CDs. But first make sure that the configuration is correct. Edit or  so it contains the correct username/password combination:

Then adjust if necessary:

When all that is done, just run  (along with the options that couldn't be set in ) to connect the server:

Now continue with Preparing the disks.

Loading the appropriate network modules
When the Installation CD boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules (drivers) to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases, it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed.

If  or   failed, then it is possible that the network card wasn't found immediately. This means users may have to load the appropriate kernel modules manually.

To find out what kernel modules are provided for networking, use :

If a driver is found for the network device, use  to load the kernel module. For instance, to load the module:

To check if the network card is now detected, use. A detected network card would result in something like this (again, here is just an example):

If however the following error is shown, the network card is not detected:

The available network interface names on the system can be listed through the file system:

In the above example, 6 interfaces are found. The one is most likely the (wired) Ethernet adapter whereas  is the wireless one.

Assuming that the network card is now detected, retry  or   again (which should work now), but for the hardcore people we explain how to configure the network manually as well.

Select one of the following sections based on your network setup:
 * Using DHCP for automatic IP retrieval
 * Preparing for wireless access if a wireless network is used
 * Understanding network terminology explains the basics about networking
 * Using ifconfig and route explains how to set up networking manually

Using DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) makes it possible to automatically receive networking information (IP address, netmask, broadcast address, gateway, nameservers etc.). This only works if a DHCP server is in the network (or if the ISP provider provides a DHCP service). To have a network interface receive this information automatically, use :

Some network administrators require that the hostname and domainname provided by the DHCP server is used by the system. In that case, use:

If this works (try pinging some Internet server, like Google), then everything is set and ready to continue. Skip the rest of this section and continue with Preparing the disks.

Preparing for wireless access
When using a wireless (802.11) card, the wireless settings need to be configured before going any further. To see the current wireless settings on the card, one can use. Running  might show something like:

For most users, there are only two settings that might be important to change, the ESSID (aka wireless network name) or the WEP key. If the ESSID and Access Point address listed are already those of the environment's access point and the environment is not not using WEP, then the wireless configuration is already working.

To change the ESSID, or add a WEP key, issue the following commands.


 * To set the network name to GentooNode:


 * To set a hex WEP key:

To set an ASCII WEP key, prefix the key with :

Confirm the wireless settings again by using. Once wireless is working,continue configuring the IP level networking options as described in the next section (Understanding network terminology) or use the  tool as described previously.

Understanding network terminology
If all of the above fails, the network will need to be configured manually. This is not difficult at all. However, some knowledge of network terminology and basic concepts might be necessary. After reading this section, users will know what a gateway is, what a netmask serves for, how a broadcast address is formed and why systems need nameservers.

In a network, hosts are identified by their IP address (Internet Protocol address). Such an address is perceived as a combination of four numbers between 0 and 255. Well, at least when using IPv4 (IP version 4). In reality, such an IPv4 address consists of 32 bits (ones and zeros). Let's view an example:

Such an IP address is unique to a host as far as all accessible networks are concerned (i.e. every host that one wants to be able to reach must have a unique IP address). In order to distinguish between hosts inside and outside a network, the IP address is divided in two parts: the network part and the host part.

The separation is written down with the netmask, a collection of ones followed by a collection of zeros. The part of the IP that can be mapped on the ones is the network-part, the other one is the host-part. As usual, the netmask can be written down as an IP address.

In other words, 192.168.0.14 is still part of the example network, but 192.168.1.2 is not.

The broadcast address is an IP address with the same network-part as the network, but with only ones as host-part. Every host on the network listens to this IP address. It is truly meant for broadcasting packets.

To be able to surf on the Internet, each computer in the network must know which host shares the Internet connection. This host is called the gateway. Since it is a regular host, it has a regular IP address (for instance 192.168.0.1).

Previously we stated that every host has its own IP address. To be able to reach this host by a name (instead of an IP address) we need a service that translates a name (such as dev.gentoo.org) to an IP address (such as 64.5.62.82). Such a service is called a name service. To use such a service, the necessary name servers need to be defined in.

In some cases, the gateway also serves as a nameserver. Otherwise the nameservers provided by the ISP need to be entered in this file.

To summarize, the following information is needed before continuing:

Using ifconfig and route
Setting up the network consists of three steps.
 * 1) Assign an IP address using
 * 2) Set up routing to the gateway using
 * 3) Finish up by placing the nameserver IPs in

To assign an IP address, the IP address, broadcast address and netmask are needed. Then execute the following command, substituting  with the right IP address,   with the right broadcast address and   with the right netmask:

Set up routing using. Substitute  with the right gateway IP address:

Now open :

Fill in the nameserver(s) using the following as a template. Make sure to substitute  and   with the appropriate nameserver addresses:

That's it. Now test the network by pinging some Internet server (like Google). If this works, congratulations then. Continue with Preparing the disks.