Handbook:AMD64/Blocks/Bootloader/ja

ブートローダーを選ぶ
これまでLinuxカーネルを設定すると共に、システムツールをインストールし、設定ファイルを修正してきました. そして今、最も重要なLinuxインストールの最後の一片をインストールします. それがブートローダーです.

ブートローダーは、ブート中にLinuxカーネルを起動することに責任を負っています. ブートローダーがないと、システムは電源ボタンが押されたときに、どう事を進めればいいのかわからなくなってしまいます.

に対して私たちは、 BIOS ベースのシステムについては GRUB2 または LILO を設定する方法を、UEFI システムについては GRUB2 または efibootmgr を設定する方法を文書化しています.

In this section of the Handbook a delineation has been made between emerging the boot loader's package and installing a boot loader to a system disk. Here the term emerge will be used to ask Portage to make the software package available to the system. The term install will signify the boot loader copying files or physically modifying appropriate sections of the system's disk drive in order to render the boot loader activated and ready to operate on the next power cycle.

デフォルト: GRUB2 を用いる
かつて Gentoo Linux では、現在 GRUB Legacy と呼ばれているものを推奨ブートローダーとして使っていました. 名前の示す通り、この古い GRUB パッケージはもう活発に維持されておらず、 GRUB2 に取って代わられました. レガシーな GRUB についての詳しい情報は、 Gentoo Wiki の GRUB の記事を参照してください.

By default, the majority of Gentoo systems now rely upon GRUB2 (found in the package), which is the direct successor to GRUB Legacy. With no additional configuration, GRUB2 gladly supports older BIOS systems. With a small amount of configuration, necessary before build time, GRUB2 can support more than a half a dozen additional platforms. For more information, consult the Prerequisites section of the GRUB2 article.

GRUB2 のインストール

 * BIOS を利用する場合:




 * UEFI を使うときは、 GRUB2 パッケージを EFI の機能付きでビルドするために、 GRUB2 を emerge する前に に  を追加する必要があります.






 * なんらかの経緯で  を  に追加していない状態で GRUB2 が emerge されてしまった場合は、この行を追加して、  に   オプションを渡せば、 world パッケージセット の依存関係を再計算することができます:



これで GRUB2 ソフトウェアがシステムにインストールされましたが、有効にはなっていません.

GRUB2 の設定
Next, install the necessary GRUB2 files to the directory via the  command. Presuming the first disk (the one where the system boots from) is, one of the following commands will do:


 * When using BIOS:


 * UEFI を利用する場合:







Configure
次に、 ファイルと スクリプトで指定されたユーザ固有の設定をもとに、 GRUB2 設定ファイルを生成します. GRUB2 はどのカーネルを起動するか（ 内で利用可能な最上位のもの）、どれがルートファイルシステムかを自動で検出してくれるので、ほとんどの場合、ユーザによる設定の必要はありません.

To generate the final GRUB2 configuration, run the command:

The output of the command must mention that at least one Linux image is found, as those are needed to boot the system. If an initramfs is used or was used to build the kernel, the correct initrd image should be detected as well. If this is not the case, go to and check the contents using the  command. If the files are indeed missing, go back to the kernel configuration and installation instructions.

LILO のインストール
LILO, the LInuxLOader, is the tried and true workhorse of Linux boot loaders. However, it lacks features when compared to GRUB. LILO is still used because, on some systems, GRUB does not work and LILO does. Of course, it is also used because some people know LILO and want to stick with it. Either way, Gentoo supports both bootloaders.

Installing LILO is a breeze; just use emerge.

LILO の設定
LILO の設定をするにはまず、 を作成します:

In the configuration file, sections are used to refer to the bootable kernel. Make sure that the kernel files (with kernel version) and initramfs files are known, as they need to be referred to in this configuration file.

If an initramfs is necessary, then change the configuration by referring to this initramfs file and telling the initramfs where the root device is located:

If additional options need to be passed to the kernel, use an  statement. For instance, to add the  statement to enable framebuffer:

Users that used should know that their kernels use the same boot options as is used for the installation CD. For instance, if SCSI device support needs to be enabled, add  as kernel option.

Now save the file and exit.

Install
To finish up, run the executable so LILO can apply the  settings to the system (I.E. install itself on the disk). Keep in mind that must be executed each time a new kernel is installed or a change has been made to the  file in order for the system to boot if the filename of the kernel has changed.

代替案: efibootmgr を用いる
On UEFI based systems, the UEFI firmware on the system (in other words the primary bootloader), can be directly manipulated to look for UEFI boot entries. Such systems do not need to have additional (also known as secondary) bootloaders like GRUB2 in order to help boot the system. With that being said, the reason EFI-based bootloaders such as GRUB2 exist is to extend the functionality of UEFI systems during the boot process. Using is really for those who desire to take a minimalist (although more rigid) approach to booting their system; using GRUB2 (see above) is easier for the majority of users because it offers a flexible approach when booting UEFI systems.

Remember application is not a bootloader; it is a tool to interact with the UEFI firmware and update its settings, so that the Linux kernel that was previously installed can be booted with additional options (if necessary), or to allow multiple boot entries. This interaction is done through the EFI variables (hence the need for kernel support of EFI vars).

Be sure to read though the EFI stub kernel article before continuing. The kernel must have specific options enabled to be directly bootable by the system's UEFI firmware. It might be necessary to recompile the kernel. It is also a good idea to take a look at the article.

Those that have decided to take this approach must install the software:

Then, create the location, and then copy the kernel into this location, calling it :

Next, tell the UEFI firmware that a boot entry called "Gentoo" is to be created, which has the freshly compiled EFI stub kernel:

If an initial RAM file system (initramfs) is used, add the proper boot option to it:

これらの変更が完了したら、システムを再起動後から、"Gentoo" という名称のブートエントリーが利用可能になります.