GnuPG/es

Esta pequeña guía le enseñará a los usuarios de Gentoo Linux lo básico del uso de GnuPG, una herramienta para comunicaciones seguras.

Lo que el lector aprenderá de esta guía
Esta guía asume que el lector está familiarizado con la criptografía de clave pública, cifrado y firmas digitales. Si no es el caso, eche un vistazo al manual oficial de GnuPG, en particular al segundo capítulo, y luego vuelva a este artículo.

Esta guía ofrece instrucciones a los usuarios de Gentoo sobre cómo instalar GnuPG, cómo crear un par de claves, cómo agregar claves a un anillo de claves, cómo enviar una clave pública a un servidor de claves y cómo firmar, cifrar y verificar o decodificar tanto los mensajes enviados como los recibidos. Los lectores también aprenderán a cifrar archivos para evitar que otros lean el contenido de los mensajes.

Otro software
En un nivel muy básico, se debe hacer emerge de GnuPG. Actualmente muchas aplicaciones ofrecen algún tipo de soporte para PGP por lo es una buena idea definir la variable USE. Si queremos un cliente de correo que pueda utilizar GnuPG contamos con las siguientes alternativas:
 * PinePGP.
 * Mutt . Un cliente de correo basado en texto pequeño pero muy potente.
 * Thunderbird . El cliente de correo de Mozilla.
 * Evolution . Un cliente similar a Microsoft Outlook de GNOME.
 * KMail . El cliente de correo de KDE.

Puede ser interesante instalar Kgpg si se está utilizando el entorno de escritorio KDE. Este pequeño programa permite la generación de pares de claves, la importación de claves desde ficheros ASCII, firmar claves importadas y exportar claves entre otras características.

Crear una clave
Para crear una clave, utilice la orden gpg --gen-key. La primera vez que se lanza, se crearán algunos directorios que son esenciales para una operación e implementación correctas de GnuPG, lánzela de nuevo para crear las claves:

En este momento se puede elegir el tipo de clave que quiere usar. La mayoría de los usuarios elegirán la predeterminada RSA y RSA. Lo siguiente a elegir es el tamaño de la clave, recuerde que cuanto mayor sea la clave, mejor, pero no utilice un tamaño superior a 2048 con claves DSA/ElGamal. Normalmente 2048 es más que suficiente para comunicaciones normales a través del correo electrónico.

Después del tamaño viene la fecha de expiración. Cuanto antes sea esta fecha, mejor. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los usuarios usan claves que nunca expiran o tienen una fecha de expiración de dos o tres años.

Now it is time to enter some personal information about the key's user. When sending a public key to other users it is important to an real email address here (as opposed to a fake e-mail address).

Now enter a key passphrase twice. It is a good idea to use a strong password. If someone is able to get a hold of the associated private key and cracks the password they will be able to impersonate the user by sending signed messages just as the user would. The malicious user could dupe the victims contacts into believing the e-mails or messages were sent by the victim. This could cause major problems.

Next, GnuPG will generate a key. Moving the mouse, browsing the web, or having streaming audio in the background will help speed up the process because will help GnuPG generate random data thereby increasing the security of the key pair.

Generating a revocation certificate
After creating the keys a revocation certificate should be created. Doing this allows the user to revoke the key in case something nasty happens (think of a malicious user gaining control of the key/passphrase).

The gpg --list-keys command lists keys in the public keyring. It may be used to see the ID of the key so that a revocation certificate can be created. It is a good idea to copy the entire directory and the revocation certificate (in ASCII armor - ) to some secure medium (a CD-R or a USB drive stored in a safe location). Remember that the file can be used to revoke the keys and make them unusable in the future.

Exportar claves
To export a key, type gpg --armor --output larry.asc --export larry@gentoo.org. You can almost always use the key ID or something that identifies the key (in this example an email address was used). Larry now has a that he can send his friends, or place on his web page so that others can communicate safely with him.

Importing keys
To add files to a public keyring the following steps should be taken:
 * 1) Import it the key;
 * 2) Check the key fingerprint;
 * 3) After verifying the fingerprint, validate it.

Now we will be adding Luis Pinto's (a friend of mine) public key to our public keyring. After giving him a call and asking him for his key fingerprint, I compare the fingerprint with the output of the fpr command. As the key is authentic, I add it to the public keyring. In this particular case, Luis's key will expire in 2003-12-01 so I am asked if I want my signature on his key to expire at the same time.

Sending keys to key servers
Now that a key has been generated, it is probably a good idea to send it to a world key server. There are a lot of key servers in the world and most of them exchange keys. In this next example Larry the cow's key will be sent to the keys.gnupg.net server. Sending keys uses HTTP, so if a proxy is used for HTTP traffic do not forget to set it accordingly (export http_proxy= http://proxy_host:port/ ). The command for sending the key is: gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --keyserver-options honor-http-proxy --send-key 75447B14 where  is the key ID. If a HTTP proxy is not needed then the  option can be removed.

Sending other people's keys that Larry has signed signed to the key server is also a good idea. We could send Luis Pinto's key to the key server. This way someone who trusts Larry's key can use the signature that he has placed there to trust Luis's key.

Getting keys from key servers
Now we are going to search for Gustavo Felisberto's key and add it to the keyring of Larry the cow (just in case you did not notice Gustavo Felisberto is the author this guide :)).

From the server response it is possible to see few keys have been submitted to the key server, however only  is used. Now Larry the cow can get the key and sign it if he trusts it.

What is a GPG agent?
Sometimes working with certain applications requires the use of a GPG key very frequently, which means that a passphrase must be frequently entered. In the past many applications supported a passphrase caching mechanism. This would make life easier for users because passphrases were automatically entered. However, this disallowed sharing this cache across programs (how secure would that be?) and forced applications to reinvent the wheel over and over again.

A GPG agent is a separate application that GPG uses to cache the passphrase in a standard and secure way. It allows applications to use GPG concurrently: if the passphrase is entered while working in one application, the other application can work with GPG without reiterating the request for the passphrase to unlock the key — if the GPG Agent is configured to allow so, of course.

Gentoo provides a few GPG agent applications. The package contains what could be considered the reference one, and will be the primary choice used in this article.

Configuring gpg-agent and pinentry
GnuPG includes gpg-agent. Pinentry is a helper application that gpg-agent uses to request the passphrase in a graphical window. It comes in three flavors: it can popup a window using the GTK+, QT, or curses libraries (depending on the USE flags set in ).

If was installed with more than one popup window type, it is possible to choose between the windows with the eselect pinentry</tt> command:

Now create a file called and enter the following lines which define the default timeout of the passphrase (e.g. 30 minutes) and the application to be called for when the passphrase should be retrieved the first time (e.g. the GTK+ version of Pinentry).

Ahora configure GnuPG para que use un agente cuando sea conveniente. Edite y agregue la siguiente línea:

Now the system is (almost) ready to use the GPG agent.

Automatically starting the GPG agent
If KDE is used as the desktop environment, edit the following (system-wide) or  (local user) file. Add the following command to the appropriate file to have KDE automatically starting the GPG Agent:

Additionally, uncomment the following lines in (system-wide) or add it to  (local user):

When using a desktop environment other than KDE, put that line (the same as mentioned above) in the file (if the startx</tt> command is used to invoke the GUI) or the  file (if XDM, GDM, KDM are used).

Encrypting and signing
Lets say that Larry has a file he wishes to send Luis. Larry can encrypt it, sign it, or encrypt it and sign it. Encrypting means that only Luis will be able to open it. The signature tells Luis that it was really Larry who created the file.

The next three commands will do just that: encrypt, sign and encrypt/sign.

This will create binary files. When wishing to create ASCII files, just add a  option to the beginning of the command.

Decrypting and verifying signatures
Suppose that Larry has received a file which is encrypted to him. The command used to decrypt it is gpg --output document --decrypt encrypted_doc.gpg</tt>. This will decrypt the document and verify the signature (if there is one).

Encrypting and decrypting without keys
It is possible to encrypt files using passwords instead of keys. The password itself will function as the key — it will be used as a symmetric cypher. The file can be encrypted using gpg --symmetric</tt>; decrypting uses the same command as mentioned previously.

GnuPG le pedirá una una contraseña y su verificación.

Advanced features
Hay algunas características avanzadas agradables en GnuPG. Para encontrarlas, abra el archivo

Search for the above two lines and uncomment them. With this modification made, any time GnuPG needs to check a signature and does not find the public key on the local keyring it will contact the key server at keys.gnupg.net in attempt to fetch the public key from from the server.

Another nice command is gpg --refresh-keys</tt>. This will contact the key server defined in the configuration file and refresh the public keys in the local key ring from there. It is capable of searching for revoked keys, new IDs, and new signatures on keys. It is a wise idea run this command once or twice a month; if a user revokes their key this can provide a notification the key can no longer be trusted.

About email signatures
95% of the time GnuPG is used with email by signing/encrypting outgoing messages or reading signed/encrypted messages.

Hay dos formas de firmar o cifrar un correo electrónico con GnuPG, la antigua y nueva. En la antigua, los mensajes aparecían en texto plano sin formato posible y los archivos adjuntos estaban sin firmar o sin cifrar, a continuación se muestra un ejemplo de un mensaje firmado a la antigua:

Messages this way are not good in today's world, where there are nice GUIs and email readers that understand HTML.

To solve this an addition to the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) was created. This adds a field to the email that tells the mail reader that the full content of the message is signed and/or encrypted. The problem with this is that not all mail readers support such features. Some even mess up the content (Microsoft's Outlook is famous for not working with this).

Kgpg
Kgpg is a wonderful GUI for GnuPG. The main screen provides an area to paste text to signed or encrypted, the reverse is also true; ASCII armored text to be decrypted can also be entered.

From within the main screen text decrypted (a password is needed), files encrypted, and pasted text can be signed.

Seahorse
Seahorse pretende ser un interfaz GUI de GnuPG para el escritorio Gnome. El software ha evolucionado rápido, pero aún carece de muchas características importantes que se pueden encontrar en Kgpg o en la versión de línea de órdenes.

KMail
If the  USE flag is set, KMail will be compiled with gpg support, and will be able to encrypt and decrypt inline PGP mails automatically as well as encrypting OpenPGP/MIME mails. To decrypt OpenPGP/MIME mails as well (most users want) a GPG agent must be running.

To verify if KMail is properly configured navigate to. A GpgME-based backend should be listed and the OpenPGP checkbox should be checked. If it is listed but grayed out, click on. If the GpgME-based backend remains grayed out, KMail is not working properly.

When unable to get KMail to behave, see the official KMail PGP page for more information.

Claws-Mail
This mail reader is very fast with big mailboxes, has all the nice features one wants in mail readers and works well with GPG. The only problem is that it does not work with the old PGP signatures, so when receiving those kind of mails the signatures must be hand-checked.

To use a GPG key with Claws-Mail navigate to. Once there choose which key to use, most users should go with the default key.

Algunos problemas
I had some problems with photos in keys. Check the version you are using. If you have GnuPG 1.2.1-r1 and up you are probably OK, older versions may have problems. Also most key servers do not like keys with photos, so you are better if you don't add photos.

The latest versions of GnuPG do not seem to work with the gpg --send-keys</tt> that was used to send all keys in a keyring to the public server.

¿Qué no se ha incluido aquí?
gpg</tt> is a very complex tool, it lets user do much more than what has been covered here. This document is for users who are new to GnuPG. For more information check out the official GnuPG website.

This article does not cover tools such as pgp4pine</tt>, gpgpine</tt>, evolution</tt>, and or Windows GPG tools.

Créditos
El Manual GnuPG de John Michael Ashley es un buen libro para principiantes.

Swift (Sven Vermeulen) por animarme a reescribir esta guía.

A todos los miembros del equipo #gentoo-doc, tíos, moláis.

Gracias a Tiago Serra por apoyarme en el estudio de la privacidad.