Handbook:AMD64/Blocks/Disks/pl

Tablice partycji
Mimo, że teoretycznie jest możliwe użycie czystego, niepodzielonego na partycje dysku dla systemu Linuks (na przykład podczas tworzenia btrfs RAID), w praktyce prawie nigdy się tego nie robi. Zamiast tego, dyski są podzielone na mniejsze, łatwiejsze w zarządzaniu części. W architekturze są one nazywane partycjami. Obecnie stosowane są dwie standardowe technologie partycjonowania: MBR i GPT.

GPT
GPT (Tablica Partycji GUID) używa 64-bitowych identyfikatorów dla partycji. Obszar pamięci w którym przechowuje informacje o partycjach jest znacznie większy, niż zastosowane 512 bajtów w Głównym Rekordzie Rozruchowym (MBR), co oznacza praktyczny brak limitów ilości partycji dla dysku GPT. Dodatkowo, rozmiar pojedyńczej partycji ma o wiele wiekszy limit (prawie 8 ZiB - tak, zettabajtów).

Gdy interfejs oprogramowania systemowego między systemem operacyjnym a oprogramowaniem układowym to UEFI (zamiast BIOS), GPT jest prawie obowiązkowe, ponieważ pojawią się problemy ze zgodnością z MBR.

GPT wykorzystuje również sumy kontrolne i redundancję. Za pomocą sumy kontrolnej CRC32 sprawdza błędy w tablicach partycji i nagłówka oraz posiada kopię zapasową GPT na końcu dysku. Można ją użyć do odzyskania uszkodzenego podstawowego GPT w pobliżu początku dysku.

MBR
MBR (Master Boot Record) to struktura, która używa 32-bitowych identyfikatorów dla sektora startowego i długości partycji, wspierająca trzy typy partycji: podstawowe, rozszerzone i logiczne. Informacja o partycjach podstawowych jest zapisana w samym Głównym Rekordzie Rozruchowym - bardzo mały rozmiar (zazwyczaj 512 bajtów) na samym początku dysku. Z powodu bardzo małego rozmiaru, są wspierane tylko cztery partycje podstawowe (dla przykładu, do ).

Aby posiadać wiecej partycji, jedna z podstawowych musi być oznaczona jako partycja rozszerzona. Taka partycja może zawierać inne partycje logiczne (partycje w partycji).

Autorzy Podręcznika rekomendują użycie GPT ilekroć to możliwe dla instalacji Gentoo.

Advanced storage
The Installation CDs provide support for Logical Volume Manager (LVM). LVM increases the flexibility offered by the partitioning setup. It allows to combine partitions and disks into volume groups and define RAID groups or caches on fast SSDs for slow HDs. The installation instructions below will focus on "regular" partitions, but it is good to know LVM is supported if that route is desired. Visit the LVM article for more details. Newcomers beware: although fully supported, LVM is outside the scope of this guide.

Domyślny schemat partycjonowania
Throughout the remainder of the handbook, we will discuss and explain two cases: 1) GPT partition table and UEFI boot, and 2) MBR partition table and legacy BIOS boot. While it is possible to mix and match, that goes beyond the scope of this manual. As already stated above, installations on modern hardware should use GPT partition table and UEFI boot; as an exception from this rule, MBR and BIOS boot is still frequently used in virtualized (cloud) environments.

The following partitioning scheme will be used as a simple example layout:

If this suffices as information, the advanced reader can directly skip ahead to the actual partitioning.

Both and  are partitioning utilities. is well known, stable, and recommended for the MBR partition layout. was one of the first Linux block device management utilities to support GPT partitions, and provides an alternative. Here, is used since it has a better text-based user interface.

Before going to the creation instructions, the first set of sections will describe in more detail how partitioning schemes can be created and mention some common pitfalls.

Korzystanie z UEFI
Podczas instalacji Gentoo na systemie wykorzystującym interfejs UEFI (zamiast BIOS) do uruchomienia systemu operacyjnego, bardzo ważne jest utworzenie Partycji Systemu EFI (ESP). Poniższe instrukcje dla zawierają niezbędne wskazówki, aby prawidłowo wykonać tą operację.

The ESP must be a FAT variant (sometimes shown as vfat on Linux systems). The official UEFI specification denotes FAT12, 16, or 32 filesystems will be recognized by the UEFI firmware, although FAT32 is recommended for the ESP. After partitioning, format the ESP accordingly:

Czym jest partycja BIOS boot?
Partycja BIOS boot to bardzo mała partycja (o rozmiarze 1 do 2 MB) w której programy rozruchowe jak GRUB2 mogą przechowywać dodatkowe dane, które nie zmieszczą się w zaalokowanej pamięci (w przypadku MBR kilkaset bajtów) i nie mogą być zamieszczone w innym miejscu.

Partitioning the disk with GPT for UEFI
The following parts explain how to create the example partition layout for a GPT / UEFI boot installation using. The example partition layout was mentioned earlier:

Change the partition layout according to personal preference.

Viewing the current partition layout
is a popular and powerful tool to split a disk into partitions. Fire up against the disk (in our example, we use ):

Use the key to display the disk's current partition configuration:

This particular disk was configured to house two Linux filesystems (each with a corresponding partition listed as "Linux") as well as a swap partition (listed as "Linux swap").

Creating a new disklabel / removing all partitions
Type to create a new GPT disklabel on the disk; this will remove all existing partitions.

For an existing GPT disklabel (see the output of above), alternatively consider removing the existing partitions one by one from the disk. Type to delete a partition. For instance, to delete an existing :

The partition has now been scheduled for deletion. It will no longer show up when printing the list of partitions (, but it will not be erased until the changes have been saved. This allows users to abort the operation if a mistake was made - in that case, type immediately and hit  and the partition will not be deleted.

Repeatedly type to print out a partition listing and then type  and the number of the partition to delete it. Eventually, the partition table will be empty:

Now that the in-memory partition table is empty, we're ready to create the partitions.

Creating the EFI system partition (ESP)
First create a small EFI system partition, which will also be mounted as /boot. Type to create a new partition, followed by  to select the first partition. When prompted for the first sector, make sure it starts from 2048 (which may be needed for the boot loader) and hit. When prompted for the last sector, type +256M to create a partition 256 Mbyte in size:

Mark the partition as EFI system partition:

Creating the swap partition
Next, to create the swap partition, type to create a new partition, then type  to create the second partition,. When prompted for the first sector, hit. When prompted for the last sector, type +4G (or any other size needed for the swap space) to create a partition 4GB in size.

After all this is done, type to set the partition type,  to select the partition just created and then type in 19 to set the partition type to "Linux Swap".

Creating the root partition
Finally, to create the root partition, type to create a new partition. Then type to create the third partition,. When prompted for the first sector, hit. When prompted for the last sector, hit to create a partition that takes up the rest of the remaining space on the disk. After completing these steps, typing should display a partition table that looks similar to this:

Saving the partition layout
To save the partition layout and exit, type.

With the partitions created, it is now time to put filesystems on them.

Partitioning the disk with MBR for BIOS / legacy boot
The following explains how to create the example partition layout for a MBR / BIOS legacy boot installation. The example partition layout mentioned earlier is now:

Change the partition layout according to personal preference.

Viewing the current partition layout
Fire up against the disk (in our example, we use ):

Use the key to display the disk's current partition configuration:

This particular disk was until now configured to house two Linux filesystems (each with a corresponding partition listed as "Linux") as well as a swap partition (listed as "Linux swap"), using a GPT table.

Creating a new disklabel / removing all partitions
Type to create a new MBR disklabel (here also named DOS disklabel) on the disk; this will remove all existing partitions.

For an existing DOS disklabel (see the output of above), alternatively consider removing the existing partitions one by one from the disk. Type to delete a partition. For instance, to delete an existing :

The partition has now been scheduled for deletion. It will no longer show up when printing the list of partitions (, but it will not be erased until the changes have been saved. This allows users to abort the operation if a mistake was made - in that case, type immediately and hit  and the partition will not be deleted.

Repeatedly type to print out a partition listing and then type  and the number of the partition to delete it. Eventually, the partition table will be empty:

Now we're ready to create the partitions.

Creating the boot partition
First, create a small partition which will be mounted as /boot. Type to create a new partition, followed by  for a primary partition and  to select the first primary partition. When prompted for the first sector, make sure it starts from 2048 (which may be needed for the boot loader) and hit. When prompted for the last sector, type +256M to create a partition 256 Mbyte in size:

Creating the swap partition
Next, to create the swap partition, type to create a new partition, then, then type  to create the second primary partition,. When prompted for the first sector, hit. When prompted for the last sector, type +4G (or any other size needed for the swap space) to create a partition 4GB in size.

After all this is done, type to set the partition type,  to select the partition just created and then type in 82 to set the partition type to "Linux Swap".

Creating the root partition
Finally, to create the root partition, type to create a new partition. Then type and  to create the third primary partition,. When prompted for the first sector, hit. When prompted for the last sector, hit to create a partition that takes up the rest of the remaining space on the disk. After completing these steps, typing should display a partition table that looks similar to this:

Saving the partition layout
To save the partition layout and exit, type.

Now it is time to put filesystems on the partitions.