Handbook:Parts/Installation/Media/es

Requisitos del hardware
Antes de comenzar, listaremos qué requisitos hardware son precisos para instalar Gentoo en un equipo.

El CD mínimalista de instalación
El CD minimalista de instalación de Gentoo es un CD arrancable que contiene un entorno Gentoo autocontenido. Permite arrancar Linux desde el CD. Durante el proceso de arranque se detecta el hardware y se cargan los controladores apropiados. Los desarrolladores de Gentoo realizan el mantenimiento de este CD y permite que cualquiera pueda instalar Gentoo si tiene disponible una conexión activa a Internet.

El CD minimalista de instalación se llama.

El LiveDVD ocasional de Gentoo
Ocasionalmente, el proyecto Gentoo Ten realiza un DVD especial que se puede utilizar también para instalar Gentoo. Las instrucciones más abajo en este capítulo tratan acerca del CD minimalista de instalación por lo que estos puede variar un poco. Sin embargo, el LiveDVD (o cualquier otro entorno Linux arrancable) permite obtener un símbolo de espera de órdenes de root, invocando simplemente  o   en un terminal.

Entonces, ¿Qué son los stages?
Un archivo comprimido stage3 contiene un entorno Gentoo mínimo, que permite continuar la instalación de Gentoo siguiendo las instrucciones de este manual. Anteriormente, el manual de Gentoo describía la instalación utilizando uno de los tres archivos de stage. Aunque Gentoo sigue ofreciendo los archivos comprimidos stage1 y stage2, el método de instalación oficial utiliza el archivo stage3. Si está interesado en llevar a cabo la instalación de Gentoo utilizando stage1 o stage2, por favor lea las FAQ de Gentoo en ¿Cómo instalo Gentoo usando un archivo comprimido Stage1 o Stage2?

Se pueden descargar los archivos comprimidos Stage3 desde en cualquiera de los servidores réplica oficiales de Gentoo y no se ofrecen en el CD de instalación.

Descargar los medios
Los medios de instalación por defecto que utiliza Gentoo Linux son los CDs minimalistas de instalación, que incluyen un entorno arrancable Gentoo muy pequeño con las herramientas adecuadas para instalar Gentoo Linux. Las imágenes de CD se pueden descargar desde cualquiera de los muchos servidores réplica disponibles.

En estos servidores réplica, se pueden encontrar los CDs minimalistas de instalación como se indica a continuación:
 * 1) Vaya al directorio
 * 2) Seleccione la arquitectura adecuada como
 * 3) Seleccione el directorio
 * 4) Seleccione el direcotorio

Dentro de esta localización el fichero del CD de instalación es el que tiene el sufijo. Por ejemplo, eche un vistazo a la siguiente lista:

In the above example, the file is the minimal installation CD itself. But as can be seen, other related files exist as well:
 * A file which is a text file listing all files available on the installation CD. This file can be useful to verify if particular firmware or drivers are available on the installation CD before downloading it.
 * A file which contains the hash of the ISO file itself, in various hashing formats/algorithms. This file can be used to verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not.
 * A file which not only contains the hash of the ISO file (like the  file), but also a cryptographic signature of that file. This can be used to both verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not, as well as verify that the download is indeed provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team and has not been tampered with.

Ignore por ahora los otros ficheros que aparecen en esta localización, éstos se usarán más adelante en la instalación. Descargue el fichero y, si desea verificar la descarga, descargue también el fichero  para el fichero ISO. No necesita descargar el fichero ya que las instrucciones de instalación no hacen referencia al mismo y el fichero  debería contener la misma información que el fichero  excepto que el último también contiene una firma al comienzo del mismo.

Verificar los ficheros descargados
Se puede confirmar la validez del fichero ISO a través de los ficheros y  utilizando las herramientas adecuadas. Esta verificación normalmente se realiza en dos pasos:
 * 1) En primer lugar se valida la firma criptográfica para asegurarse de que el fichero de instalación lo ha generado el equipo de Ingeniería de Liberaciones de Gentoo (Gentoo Release Engineering)
 * 2) Si se puede validar correctamente la firma criptográfica, entonces se verifica la suma de comprobación para asegurarse de que el propio fichero descargado no está corrupto

Verificación basada en Microsoft Windows
On a Microsoft Windows system, chances are low that the right set of tools to verify checksums and cryptographic signatures are in place.

To first verify the cryptographic signature, tools such as GPG4Win can be used. After installation, the public keys of the Gentoo Release Engineering team need to be imported. The list of keys is available on the release engineering site. Once imported, the user can then verify the signature of the file.

The checksum itself can be verified using the Hashcalc application, although many others exist as well. Most of the time, these tools will show the user the calculated checksum, and the user is requested to verify this checksum with the value that is inside the file.

Linux based verification
On a Linux system, the most common method for verifying the cryptographic signature is to use the software. With this package installed, the following commands can be used to verify the cryptographic signature of the file.

First, download the right set of keys as made available on the release engineering site:

Next verify the cryptographic signature of the file:

To be absolutely certain that everything is valid, verify the fingerprint shown with the fingerprint on the Gentoo Release Engineering site.

With the cryptographic signature validated, next verify the checksum to make sure the downloaded ISO file is not corrupted. The file contains multiple hashing algorithms, so one of the methods to validate the right one is to first look at the checksum registered in the  file. For instance, to get the SHA512 checksum:

In the above output, two SHA512 checksums are shown - one for the file and one for its accompanying  file. Only the first checksum is of interested, as it needs to be compared with the calculated SHA512 checksum which can be generated as follows:

As both checksums match, the file is not corrupted and the installation can continue.

Burning
Of course, with just an ISO file downloaded, the Gentoo Linux installation cannot be started. The ISO file needs to be burned on a CD to boot from, and in such a way that its contents is burned on the CD, not just the file itself. Below a few common methods are described - a more elaborate set of instructions can be found in Our FAQ on burning an ISO file.

Burning with Microsoft Windows
On Microsoft Windows, a number of tools exist that support burning ISOs on CDs.


 * With EasyCD Creator, select File, Record CD from CD image. Then change the Files of type to ISO image file. Then locate the ISO file and click Open. After clicking on Start recording the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD-R.
 * With Nero Burning ROM, cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select Burn Image from the File menu. Select the image to burn and click Open. Now hit the Burn button and watch the brand new CD being burnt.

Burning with Linux
On Linux, the ISO file can be burned on a CD using the  command, part of the  package.

For instance, to burn the ISO file on the CD in the device (this is the first CD device on the system - substitute with the right device file if necessary):

Users that prefer a graphical user interface can use K3B, part of the package. In K3B, go to Tools and use Burn CD Image. Then follow the instructions provided by K3B.

Extra hardware configuration
When the Installation CD boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed by the system. If the PCI auto-detection missed some of the system's hardware, the appropriate kernel modules have to be loaded manually.

In the next example the 8139too module (which supports certain kinds of network interfaces) is loaded:

Optional: User accounts
If other people need access to the installation environment, or there is need to run commands as a non-root user on the installation CD (such as to chat using  without root privileges for security reasons), then an additional user account needs to be created and the root password set to a strong password.

To change the root password, use the passwd utility:

To create a user account, first enter their credentials, followed by the account's password. The  and   commands are used for these tasks.

In the next example, a user called john is created:

To switch from the (current) root user to the newly created user account, use the  command:

Optional: Viewing documentation while installing
To view the Gentoo handbook during the installation, first create a user account as described above. Then press to go to a new terminal.

During the installation, the  command can be used to browse the Gentoo handbook - of course only from the moment that the Internet connection is working.

To go back to the original terminal, press.

Optional: Starting the SSH daemon
To allow other users to access the system during the installation (perhaps to support during an installation, or even do it remotely), a user account needs to be created (as was documented earlier on) and the SSH daemon needs to be started.

To fire up the SSH daemon, execute the following command:

To be able to use sshd, the network needs to function properly. Continue with the chapter on Configuring the network.