Cron/it

Questo articolo descrive come impostare ed utilizzare i demoni cron nel Linux Gentoo.

What cron does
Cron is a daemon that runs scheduled tasks based on input from the command. It accomplishes this task by waking up every minute and checking to see if there are any cron-jobs to run in any of the user crontabs.

The de facto cron
There are a few cron implementations to choose from in Portage. All of them offer a similar interface, namely the use of or a similar command. There is also a related utility called Anacron which is meant to work with cron on systems that are not continuously running.

It is also worth noting that all of the available cron packages depend on. This package is not technically depended on by any of the cron packages, but it does provide cron-like functionality that most users can appreciate.

Before getting started working with cron, a proper cron implementation has to be selected. In this article information is provided for each cron implementation available in Gentoo Linux.

vixie-cron
Vixie-cron is a full featured cron implementation based on SysV cron. Each user has his own crontab and is allowed to specify environment variables within that crontab. Unlike the other cron variants, it also offers support for SELinux and PAM. It supports fewer architectures than Dcron, but more than Fcron. Latest version is 4.1 released on January 2004.

Features of :


 * Support for SELinux;
 * Support for PAM ;
 * Setting of environment variables in crontabs (PATH, SHELL, HOME, etc.);
 * Each user can have a personal crontab; access is controlled by and

cronie
Cronie is a fork of vixie-cron done by Fedora. Because of it being a fork it has the same feature set the original vixie-cron provides. Additionally cronie comes with an anacron implementation which must be enabled through the  USE flag.

dcron (Dillon's Cron)
Dcron aims to be a simple, elegant and secure implementation of cron. It does not allow the specification of environment variables in crontabs and all cron-jobs are run from. Like vixie-cron, each user has his own crontab. As of version 4 it contains anacron-like features.

Features of :


 * Fast, simple and free of unnecessary features;
 * Access to is limited to the cron group, i.e. it doesn't rely on any external faculties.

fcron
Fcron aims at replacing vixie-cron and anacron. It is designed to work on systems that are not continuously running and it is packed with extra features. It has job startup constraints, job serialization controls, the ability to assign nice values to jobs and the ability to schedule jobs to run at system startup. See fcron's home page for more information.

Features of :


 * Designed to work on systems that are not continuously running, i.e. it can run a job after restarting if it was missed;
 * Setting of environment variables and many other options in crontabs;
 * Enhanced crontab syntax with support for many new features;
 * Each user can have a personal crontab, access is controlled by and

bcron
Bcron is a new cron system designed with secure operations in mind. To do this, the system is divided into several separate programs, each responsible for a separate task, with strictly controlled communications between them. The user interface is a drop-in replacement for similar systems (such as vixie-cron), but the internals differ greatly. For more information, see the bcron homepage at http://untroubled.org/bcron.

Features of :


 * Drop-in replacement for vixie-cron;
 * Multiprocess design;
 * Native daylight savings time support.

anacron
Anacron is not a cron daemon, it is something that usually works in conjunction with one. It executes commands at intervals specified in days and it does not assume that the system is running continuously; it will run jobs that were missed while the system was down. Anacron usually relies on a cron daemon to run it each day.

Installation
Select the right cron implementation for the job, and then emerge it:

Make sure the cron daemon of choice has been added to the system's init process; without this step the cron daemon will not perform its job.

Optionally, if Fcron or dcron have not been installed, installing Anacron as a helper to the cron daemon might be a wise choice.

Again, do not forget to add anacron to the system's init process.

System crontab
The post install messages from some of these cron packages instruct the user to run. The file is the system crontab. A cron installation can use it in conjunction with to run the scripts in. Note that only vixie-cron and cronie schedule jobs in automatically. Dcron and fcron users will need to run every time they make changes to the  file.

Please note that jobs scheduled in the system crontab might not show up in the list of cron-jobs displayed by running.

Of course, users can choose not to use any system crontab at all. If dcron or fcron has been chosen, do not run. If vixie-cron, cronie or bcron has been chosen comment all lines in.

A quick and easy way to comment out all the lines in a file is by using the sed command. Run the following command to comment out all the lines in

Giving trusted users access to cron
For users other than root to have access to the cron daemon, read this section, otherwise proceed to the next section: Scheduling cron-jobs.

No matter which cron package has been chosen, to allow a user to use crontab he will first have to be in the cron group. As an example, to add the user wepy to the cron group run:

When using dcron, the above step is all that is needed to give a user access to crontab. Dcron users may proceed to the next section Scheduling cron-jobs, all others need to keep reading.

When using fcron, edit the and  files. The most secure way to run a system is to first deny all users in, and then explicitly allow users in.

If a user (wepy again for this example) should be able to schedule his own cron-jobs, then add him to as follows:

If vixie-cron or cronie has been chosen, then simply edit the file.

For example, to allow access to the user wepy, add him to as follows:

Scheduling cron-jobs
The process of editing crontabs is different for each package, but they all support the same basic set of commands: adding and replacing crontabs, editing crontabs, deleting crontabs, and listing cron-jobs in crontabs. The following list shows how to run various commands for each package.

Before any of these commands can be used, first understanding of the crontab itself is needed. Each line in a crontab specifies five time fields in the following order: the minutes (0-59), hours (0-23), days of the month (1-31), months (1-12), and days of the week (0-7, Monday is day 1, Sunday is day 0 and day 7). The days of the week and months can be specified by three-letter abbreviations like mon, tue, jan, feb, etc. Each field can also specify a range of values (e.g. 1-5 or mon-fri), a comma separated list of values (e.g. 1,2,3 or mon,tue,wed) or a range of values with a step (e.g. 1-6/2 as 1,3,5).

That sounds a little confusing, but with a few examples it is easy to see it is not as complicated as it sounds.

To test what was just covered go through the steps of actually inputting a few cron-jobs. First, create a file called and make it look like the this:

Now add that crontab to the system with the "new command" from the table above.

To verify the scheduled cron-jobs, use the proper list command from the table above.

A list resembling should be displayed; if not maybe the wrong command was issued to input the crontab.

This crontab should echo "I really like cron" every minute of every hour of every day every other month. Obviously a user would only do that if they really liked cron. The crontab will also echo "I like cron a little" at 16:30 every day in January and February. It will also echo "I don't really like cron" at 3:10 on the January 1st.

If using anacron keep reading this section. Otherwise, proceed to the next section on Editing crontabs.

Anacron users will want to edit. This file has four fields: the number of days between each run, the delay in minutes after which it runs, the name of the job, and the command to run.

For example, to have it run every 5 days, 10 minutes after anacron is started, enter the following:

Anacron exits after all of the jobs in anacrontab have finished. To check to see if these jobs should be performed every day, a cron daemon will be used. The instructions at the end of the next section explain how this should be handled.

Editing crontabs
Being realistic, no user would want their system telling them how much they like cron every minute. As a step forward, remove the previous example crontab using the corresponding remove command from the table above. Use the corresponding list command to view the cron-jobs afterward to make sure it worked.

No cron-jobs should be displayed in the output from. If cron jobs are listed, then the remove command failed to remove the crontab; verify the correct remove command for the system's cron package.

Now that we have a clean state, let's put something useful into the root crontab. Most people will want to run on a weekly basis to make sure that mlocate works properly. To add that to the system's crontab, first edit again so that it looks like the following:

That would make cron run updatedb at 2:22 A.M. on Monday morning every week. Now input the crontab with the proper new command from the table above, and check the list again.

Now let's say should be ran on a daily schedule in order to keep the Portage tree up to date. This could be done by first editing and then using  as was done in the example above, or by using the proper edit command from the table above. This provides a way to edit the user's crontab in situ, without depending on external files like.

The above command should open the user's crontab with an editor. For example, if is to be run every day at 6:30 A.M., make the crontab look something like this:

Again, check the cron-jobs list as done in the previous examples to make sure the jobs are scheduled. If they are all there, then the system is ready to rock and roll.

Using cronbase
As mentioned earlier, all of the available cron packages depend on. The cronbase package creates, and a script called. Notice the default file contains something like this:

To avoid going into much detail, assume these commands will effectively run hourly, daily, weekly and monthly scripts. This method of scheduling cron-jobs has some important advantages:


 * They will run even if the computer was off when they were scheduled to run;
 * It is easy for package maintainers to place scripts in those well defined places;
 * The administrators know exactly where the cron-jobs and crontab are stored, making it easy to backup and restore these parts of their systems.

Using anacron
As mentioned earlier, anacron is used on systems not meant to be run continuously (like most of the desktop installations). Its default configuration file,, is usually similar to the following:

The main difference between this and other common crontabs is that with anacron there is no fixed date/hour for the job scheduling, but only the period between every run. When anacron is started, it will check the contents of a set of files in and calculate if the corresponding entry in the configuration file has expired since the last run. If it has, then the command is invoked again.

As a final note, it is important to comment out any overlapping entry in any other cron installed in the system, such as in the following vixie-cron crontab example:

Without doing this, the daily, weekly and monthly parts will be executed - at different times - by both the cron daemon and anacron, leading to possible double job executions.

Troubleshooting
When having problems getting cron to work properly, this quick checklist might be helpful.

Remember, each cron package is different and the range of features varies greatly. Be sure to consult the man pages for crontab, fcrontab, or anacrontab, depending on which cron daemon has been activated!

Is cron running?
To verify that cron is running, see if it shows up in the process list:

Is cron working?
Try the following:

Then check if is modified periodically.

Is the command working?
Same as before, but perhaps redirect the standard error output as well:

Can cron run the job?
Check the cron log, usually or  for errors.

Are there any s?
cron usually sends mail when there is a problem; check for mail and look for the creation of a file.

Cron Jobs Alternatives
Some hosting companies do not allow access to cron, but many cron jobs alternatives can be found which are free or commercially available:


 * EasyCron