Installation alternatives/es

Esta guía CÓMO está orientada a ser un repositorio de métodos alternativos para la instalación de Gentoo para aquéllos con necesidades especiales de instalación tales como falta de unidades de cdrom o de computadoras que no pueden iniciar desde CDs.

Acerca de este documento
Si el método estándar de arranque para la instalación por CD no es posible desde su ordenador (o simplemente no es el que le gusta) ahora tiene ayuda al respecto. Este documento servirá para ofrecerle un repositorio de técnicas y métodos alternativos para la instalación de Gentoo Linux. O si lo prefiere, servirá como medio para publicar su más novedoso método de instalación. Si conoce alguna técnica de instalación, la cual considera útil para sí mismo, o conoce alguna otra manera adecuada para instalar Gentoo Linux, por favor, no dude en documentarla y enviarla a Bugzilla.

Iniciar el CD de Instalación con Smart BootManager
Descargue Smart BootManager disponible en http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/download.html. Las versiones en código fuente para linux o formato binario y los .exe de windows están disponibles, así como muchos paquetes de idiomas. Sin embargo, por ahora, el método más adecuado sería utilizar el formato binario, ya que el código no compila con las nuevas versiones de NASM.

Compile el programa desde el código o simplemente descargue el archivo binario. Hay varias opciones que pueden utilizarse durante la creación de su disquete de arranque, como puede observar a continuación.

Opciones de Smart BootManager

Utilice  para construir el disquete de arranque:

Ahora simplemente coloque el disquete en la disquetera del ordenador si quiere cargar el CD de Instalación, así como el CD de Instalación dentro del CD-ROM e inicie el ordenador.

Se mostrará el diálogo de Smart BootManager. Seleccione su CD-ROM y presione INTRO para cargar el CD de instalación. Una vez cargado, continúe con las instrucciones normales de instalación.

Puede encontrar más información sobre Smart BootManager en http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/.

Introducción
Es posible iniciar otros LiveCD aparte de los que ofrece Gentoo. Esto le permitirá un entorno funcional cuando compile e instale Gentoo. Las instrucciones que proporcionamos aquí deben funcionar en principio con cualquier otro LiveCD.

Hay demasiados LiveCDs para listarlos aquí, pero puede intentarlo con Knoppix. Proporciona un entorno gráfico completo, con aplicaciones ofimáticas, navegadores web y juegos para mantenerlo ocupado. Knoppix está disponible solo para usuarios de la plataforma x86, así que dependiendo de sus necesidades, puede que necesite utilizar un LiveCD diferente.

Instrucciones de instalación
Arranque desde el LiveCD. Abra una terminal y ejecute  para poder cambiar la contraseña. Esto permitirá cambiar la contraseña del usuario root para el CD. Ahora puede configurar  para acceder de forma remota, si esto hiciera falta. A continuación debe crear el punto de montaje.

Llegados a este punto, puede seguir con la instalación normal en la parte 4. Sin embargo, cuando tenga que montar el sistema proc, lance la siguiente orden en su lugar:

Cuando esté listo para desempaquetar el comprimido stage en la parte 5 deberá usar una orden  diferente para asegurar que los IDs de grupo se crean correctamente en el stage desempaquetado:

Una vez esté preparado para hacer chroot al entorno desempaquetado en la part 6, necesitará usar una secuencia diferente de órdenes chroot. Esto asegurará que las variables de entorno se establezcan de forma correcta.

Finalmente, sepa que algunas FEATURES (Características) de Portage no funcionarán en el LiveCD. Tenga especial cuidado con  y. Si encuentra errores, puede ayudarle desactivar algunas o todas las FEATURES opcionales.

Requisitos
PXE (Preboot eXecution Environment) is a method for booting computers over a PXE-capable network interface (and using a PXE-supporting BIOS). It is also supported as a boot method from block devices (like CDs or USBs) in case the system does not support PXE boot from the network interface or BIOS. In such cases, a minimal boot environment mimics the PXE supporting network card (see also Etherboot/gPXE).

Server base setup
Create directories: The first thing to do is to create the directories where your diskless system will be stored. Create a directory called which houses a directory for each diskless client. For the rest of this howto we'll be working on the client 'eta'.

DHCP and TFTP setup: The client will get boot informations using DHCP and download all the required files using TFTP.

For dhcpd, just run  (or any other DHCP server of your choice). Make sure that the correct interface is selected in, and configure it for your basic needs. Then, add the following on.

Next you'll need to configure your interface in so that it doesn't get cleared at bootup. See for more information.

For TFTP, emerge. In, put the following:

Setup GRUB: To provide PXE booting I use GRUB with the  USE flag enabled. Once GRUB is compiled, copy the PXE image to the diskless client's boot directory. Then edit its config file.

Setup NFS: NFS is quite easy to configure. The only thing you have to do is to add a line on the config file:

Update your hosts: One important thing to do now is to modify your file to fit your needs.

Creating the system on the server
You might want to reboot the server with a Gentoo Install CD, although you can very well continue immediately if you know how to proceed with the Gentoo Installation Instructions from an existing installation. Follow the standard install procedure as explained in the Gentoo Handbook BUT with the following differences: When you mount the file system, do the following (where is the partition where you created the  directory). You do not need to mount any other partitions as all of the files will reside in the directory.

Stage tarballs and chroot: This example uses a stage3 tarball. Mount to your diskless directory and chroot into it to continue with the install. Then follow the installation manual until kernel configuration.

Kernel configuration: When you do the  of your kernel configuration, don't forget to enable the following options with the others recommended into the install howto.

Save the kernel in your chrooted (not in ) according to the pxegrub setting defined earlier. Next configure your diskless client's.

También necesitará evitar que el cliente lance una comprobación del sistema de ficheros:

Install since your client will heavily depend on it:

Bootloader. Don't install another bootloader because we already have one - pxegrub. Simply finish the install and restart the server. Start the services you'll need to boot the new client: DHCP, TFTPD, and NFS.

Booting the new client
For the new client to boot properly, you'll need to configure the BIOS and the network card to use PXE as the first boot method - before CD-ROM or floppy. For help with this consult your hardware manuals or manufacturers website. The network card should get an IP address using DHCP and download the GRUB PXE image using TFTP. Then, you should see a nice black and white GRUB bootmenu where you will select the kernel to boot and press Enter. If everything is ok the kernel should boot, mount the root filesystem using NFS and provide you with a login prompt. Enjoy.

Requirements
In order to install Gentoo from your existing Linux distribution you need to have chroot command installed, and have a copy of the Gentoo installation tarball or ISO you want to install. A network connection would be preferable if you want more than what's supplied in your tarball. (by the way, a tarball is just a file ending in .tbz or .tar.gz). Let's get started!

Overview
We will first allocate a partition to Gentoo by resizing our existing Linux partition, mount the partition, untar the tarball to the partition that is mounted, chroot inside the pseudo-system and start building. Once the bootstrap process is done, we will do some final configuration on the system so as to make sure it boots, then we are ready to reboot and use Gentoo.

How should we make space for Gentoo?
The root partition is the filesystem mounted under. A quick run of  on my system shows what I am talking about. We well also use  (disk free) to see how much space I have left and how I will be resizing. Note that it is not mandatory to resize your root partition! You could be resizing anything else supported by our resizer, but let's talk about that later.

As we can see, the partition mounted as named  has 2.4 gigabytes free. In my case, I think I will resize it as to leave 400Megs free of space, therefore allocating 2 gigabytes for Gentoo. Not bad, I could have quite some stuff installed. However, I think that even one gigabyte is enough for most users. So let's partition this thing!

Building parted to resize partition
Parted is an utility supplied by the GNU foundation, an old and respectable huge project whose software you are using in this very moment. There is one tool, however, that is extremely useful for us at the moment. It's called parted, partition editor and we can get it from http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/.

Look up on that page the type of file system you want to resize and see if parted can do it. If not, you're out of luck, you will have to destroy some partition to make space for Gentoo, and reinstall back. Go ahead by downloading the software, install it. Here we have a problem. We want to resize our Linux root partition, therefore we must boot from a floppy disk a minimal linux system and use previously-compiled parted copied to a diskette in order to resize. However, if you can unmount the partition while still in Linux you are lucky, you don't need to do what follows. Just compile parted and run it on an unmounted partition you chose to resize. Here's how I did it for my system.

Get the mininux boot/root disk (a 2.4-powered mini Linux distribution on a floppy - free of charge) from http://mininux.free.fr/uk/, create a floppy as suggested in the Documentation that accompanies the software package and insert a new floppy in the drive for the next step.

We will now proceed with the build of parted. If it's not already downloaded and untarred, do so now and  into the corresponding directory. Now run the following set of commands to build the utility and copy it to your floppy disk.

Congratulations, you are ready to reboot and resize your partition. Do this only after taking a quick look at the parted documentation on the GNU website. The resize should take under 30 minutes for the largest hard-drives, be patient. Reboot your system with the mininux boot disk (just pop it inside), and once you are logged in, switch the disk in the drive with your utility disk we have created above and type  to have parted under. There you go. Run parted and you will be able to resize your partition. Once this lenghty process done, we are ready to have the real fun, by installing Gentoo. Reboot back into your old Linux system for now. The drive you wish to operate on is the drive containing the partition we want to resize. For example, if we want to resize /dev/sda3, the drive is /dev/sda.

Once you have resized, boot back into your old linux as described. Then go to The Gentoo Handbook: Preparing the Disks and follow the instructions. When chrooting, use the following command to flush your environment:

¡Disfrute!

Agradecimientos
Nos gustaría dar las gracias a los siguientes autores y editores por sus contribuciones a esta guía:


 * Gerald Normandin Jr.
 * Travis Tilley
 * Oleg Raisky
 * Alex Garbutt
 * Alexandre Georges
 * Magnus Backanda
 * Faust A. Tanasescu
 * Daniel Ahlberg
 * Sven Vermeulen
 * Ken Nowack
 * Tiemo Kieft
 * Benny Chuang
 * Jonathan Smith
 * nightmorph