Printing/fr

Ce document couvre la mise en place et la maintenance des imprimantes en utilisant CUPS et Samba. Il permet une installation locale ainsi qu'une installation en réseau. Il permet aussi d'utiliser des imprimantes partagées depuis d'autres systèmes d'exploitation. Pour des informations à propos de l'utilisation des commandes ou  pour l'impression de documents, utilisez l'excellente documentation fournie par CUPS.

Utilisez les bons outils
Linux offre un bon support des imprimantes. Le meilleur outil pour réaliser des impression est appelé CUPS (Common Unix Printing System). Les procédures d'installation et de maintenance de CUPS se sont grandement facilitées depuis sa création, en 1999.

Ce document explique la mise en place de CUPS pour mettre en place une imprimante locale ou en réseau. Il ne rentrera pas dans les détails car le projet dispose d'une bonne documentation disponible pour une utilisation avancée.

Noyau
La première chose à connaître lorsqu'on veut installer une imprimante est de savoir comment elle va communiquer avec le système. On peut utiliser un port local comme le LTP ou l'USB ou le réseau. Si on choisit d'utiliser le réseau, il faut savoir si on doit utiliser le Protocole d'Impression depuis Internet (Internet Printing Protocol, IPP) ou le protocole CIFS mis en place par Microsoft Windows (Microsoft Windows Sharing).

Les prochaines parties vont détailler les configurations minimales qui doivent être faites au niveau du noyau pour connecter l'imprimante à Gentoo.

Rendez vous dans et lancez la commande  pour configurer le noyau. On doit effectuer ces étapes même si le noyau a été compilé grâce à afin d'être sûr que rien n'a été oublié. Ne comptez pas sur genkernel pour configurer votre noyau en fonction de votre matériel. L'impression est un domaine dans lequel il est très dur d'automatiser la configuration.

Dans les prochains exemples de configuration, le support va être ajouté "dans" le noyau, pas en tant que modules. Il n'est pas nécessaire d'utiliser cette méthode : on peut aisément mettre en place un support modulaire, il faut juste être sûr de charger les modules nécessaires.

Naviguez dans les sections appropriées pour configurer (ou vérifier la configuration) du noyau.

Imprimante connectée localement (LTP)
Le port parallèle est généralement utilisé comme port LTP. Vous devez d'abord activer le support du port parallèle, puis le support du port parallèle "à la manière des PC" (à moins que la machine soit d'architecture SPARC), après cela on peut activer le support du port parallèle pour les imprimantes.

Et voilà ! Quittez le programme de configuration du noyau et recompilez le noyau.

Nous allons maintenant configurer CUPS.

Imprimante connectée localement (USB)
L'impression par port USB est supportée par CUPS avec l'USB USE flag activé. Le logiciel utilisera alors la bibliothèque libusb pour le support de l'impression par USB.

Le matériel plus ancien pourrait avoir besoin d'un support USB du noyau. Si ce support est compilé en tant que module, il devrait s'appeler :

Pourtant, le support d'imprimantes USB du noyau est considéré comme obsolète. Ne l'activez que si il est nécessaire.

Imprimante fonctionnant à distance (IPP et LPD)
Pour pouvoir se connecter à une imprimante en réseau en utilisant le protocole d'impression internet (Internet Printing Protocol) ou le Line Printer Daemon Protocol, le noyau doit supporter la mise en réseau. Si le noyau supporte déjà cette option, continuez avec CUPS.

Imprimante fonctionnant à distance (CIFS)
Le noyau doit supporter le CIFS :

Après avoir configuré le CIFS, quittez le programme de configuration et recompilez le noyau. N'oubliez pas de copier le nouveau noyau dans (il faudra peut-être le monter) et de mettre à jour le chargeur d'amorçage avant de redémarrer le système. Vous utiliserez les commandes de la section Configuration de l'imprimante en LTP pour imprimer des fichiers.

Passez à l'étape suivante afin d'installer CUPS.

USE flags
CUPS dispose de fonctionnalités qui pourraient être intéressantes. Pour activer ou désactiver ces fonctionnalités, utilisez les USE flags qui y sont associés.

Pour configurer les USE flags de CUPS sans modifier ceux définis pour les autres logiciels, ajoutez les dans le fichier.

Installation
Lorsque la configuration vous satisfait, installez CUPS avec la commande suivante :

Logiciels supplémentaires
Pour activer le support de SAMBA, il faut installer avec le support de CUPS. Complétez le fichier pour activez l'USE flag   :

Then (re)install Samba:

Printing group
Any user that needs to print should be added to the  group:

In order to be able to add printers and edit them via CUPS's web interface, any system user that is allowed to edit these settings should be in the lpadmin group:

OpenRC
If the printer is attached to the system locally, and the printer needs to be available every boot, the CUPS daemon will need to load automatically on start-up. Make sure the printer is attached and powered on before the CUPS daemon is started.

systemd
To start the CUPS daemon immediately and to make it start when the system boots, issue:

HTTP interface
Once the service is started, printers can be added by authenticated users. root is available by default and any member of the lpadmin group. Open up the following URL in a web browser:

http://localhost:631/

Files
The default CUPS server configuration located in is sufficient for most users. However, some users might need to make changes to the CUPS configuration.

In the next section covers a few changes that are often needed:


 * Allow other systems to use the printer attached to this Linux workstation.
 * Grant access to the CUPS administration from remote systems.
 * Configure CUPS to support Windows PCL drivers. This is advised for Windows systems to be able to use a SAMBA-shared printer since most Windows drivers are PCL drivers.
 * Configure this system to use a printer attached to another system (not Windows share).

Remote printer access
For other systems to use the printer through IPP, explicit access to the printer must be granted in the file. To share the printer using SAMBA, this change is not needed.

Open up in a favorite text editor and add in an   line for the system(s) that should be able to reach to the printer. In the next example, access is granted to the printer from localhost and from any system whose IP address starts with.

This line broadcasts browsing information to the clients on the network; it will let network users know when the printer is available:

The port CUPS listens to will also need to be specified so that it will respond to printing requests from other machines on the network:

CUPS remote administration
If remote administration is needed, then access to the CUPS administration will need to be granted from more systems than the localhost. Edit the file and have explicit access granted to each system that requires access. For instance, to grant access to a system with an IP address of 192.168.0.3:

Do not forget to restart the CUPS daemon after making changes to by issuing the  command.

Enable support for Windows PCL drivers
PCL drivers send raw data to the print server. To enable raw printing on CUPS, edit and uncomment the   line if it is not already uncommented. Then edit and do the same, if it is not already uncommented.

Do not forget to restart the CUPS daemon after making these changes by running.

Setting up a remote printer
If the printers are attached to a remote CUPS-powered server the system can be easily configured to use the remote printer by modifying the file.

Assuming the printer is attached to a system called, open up  with a favorite text editor and set the   directive:

The remote system will have a default printer setting which will be used. To change the default printer, use the command.

First list the available printers:

Set the HP LaserJet 5P as the default printer:

Introduction
If the printer to be configured is remotely available through a different print server (running CUPS) then the following instructions are not needed. Instead, read Setting up a Remote Printer.

Detecting the printer
If a USB printer or parallel port printer was powered on when the Linux system booted, it might be possible to retrieve information from the kernel stating successful detection of the printer. This is merely an indication of print detection and not a requirement.

For a USB printer:

lpinfo
To list all available drivers, execute the following command:

is not chatty and can be a little tricky to use. If any issue arises, see for more information.

Installing the printer
To have the printer installed on the system, fire up a browser and point it to http://localhost:631. The CUPS web interface should be displayed from which all administrative tasks can be performed.

Go to and enter the root login and password information of the box. Then, when the administrative interface has been reached, click on. A new screen will be displayed allowing the following information to be entered:


 * The spooler name, a short but descriptive name used on the system to identify the printer. This name should not contain spaces or any special characters. For instance, for the HP LaserJet 5P could be titled.
 * The location, a description where the printer is physically located (for instance "bedroom", or "in the kitchen right next to the dish washer", etc.). This is to aid in maintaining several printers.
 * The description, a full description of the printer. A common use is the full printer name (like "HP LaserJet 5P").

The next screen requests the device the printer listens to. The choice of several devices will be presented. The next table covers a few possible devices, but the list is not exhaustive.

If installing a remote printer, the URL to the printer will be queried:


 * An LPD printer server requires a  syntax.
 * An HP JetDirect printer requires a  syntax.
 * An IPP printer requires a  or   syntax.

Next, select the printer manufacturer in the adjoining screen along with the model type and number in the subsequent screen. For many printers multiple drivers will be available. Select one now or search on OpenPrinting Printer List for a good driver. Drivers are easily able to be changed later.

Once the driver is selected, CUPS will inform that the printer has been added successfully to the system. Navigate to the printer management page on the administration interface and select to change the printer's settings (resolution, page format, ...).

Testing and reconfiguring the printer
To verify if the printer is working correctly, go to the printer administration page, select the printer and click on.

If the printer does not seem to work correctly, click on to reconfigure the printer. The same screens as during the first installation will appear but the defaults will now be the current configuration.

If the printer does not function, clues may be found by looking at the CUPS error log located at In the next example a permission error is discovered, probably due to a wrong  setting in the  file.

Installing the best driver
Many printer drivers exist; to find out which one has the best performance the job, visit the OpenPrinting Printer List. Select the brand and type/model of the printer to find out what driver the site recommends. For instance, for the HP LaserJet 5P, the site recommends the  driver.

Download the PPD file from the site and place it in then run  as root. This will make the driver available through the CUPS web interface. Now reconfigure the printer as described above.

Introduction
Some printers require specific drivers or provide additional features that are not enabled through the regular configuration process (described above). This chapter will discuss a selection of printers and how they are made to work with Gentoo Linux.

Gutenprint driver
The gutenprint drivers are high-quality, open source printer drivers for various Canon, Epson, HP, Lexmark, Sony, Olympus and PCL printers supporting CUPS. They also support ghostscript, The Gimp, and other applications.

Gentoo's Portage tree contains an ebuild for the gutenprint drivers. Run to install them. Note the ebuild requests to quite a few USE flags. At minimum  and   must enabled for gutenprint drivers to work properly.

When the emerge process has finished, the gutenprint drivers will be available through the CUPS web interface.

HPLIP driver
See HPLIP Driver.

PNM2PPA driver
PPA is an HP technology that focuses on sending low-level processing to the system instead of the printer which makes the printer cheaper but more resource consuming.

If the OpenPrinting site informs the pnm2ppa driver is the best option, then the filter will need to be installed on the system:

Once installed, download the PPD file for the printer OpenPrinting and put it in the folder. Then configure the printer using the steps explained above.

SpliX driver
SpliX is a set of CUPS printer drivers for SPL (Samsung Printer Language) printers. While SpliX drivers are available through OpenPrinting as well, the package allows for quick portage-managed installation of these drivers. To install, run:

and restart.

Brother printer drivers
See Brother networked printer.

Canon CAPT driver
See Canon CAPT Driver.

Configuring a Windows client for IPP
Microsoft Windows supports IPP (Windows 9x and ME users need to install it separately). To install a printer on Windows that is attached to a Linux box, fire up the wizard and select. When asked for the URI, use the  syntax.

Configuring a Windows client for a Samba shared printer
To share the printer on the CIFS network SAMBA must be installed and configured correctly. Doing this is beyond the scope of this article, however a quick configuration of SAMBA for shared printers will be covered.

Open with a favorite text editor and add a   section to it:

Navigate to the top of the file until inside the   section. Locate the  and   settings and set each of them to   (see the example below):

Make sure to enable windows pcl support in CUPS. Then, restart the smb service to have the changes take effect.

Configuring a Linux client for a Windows print server
First make sure the printer is shared on Windows systems and that has been emerged with the   USE flag enabled (as instructed above).

To find the desired printer's URI, run the following command, substituting  with the computer that is to probe for samba-shared printers:

In the CUPS web interface, configure the printer as previously described. Notice CUPS has added another driver called. Select it and use the  or   syntax for the URI.

Introduction
Many tools exist to help configure a printer, use additional printing filters, add features to printing capabilities, etc. This chapter will list a few of them. Be aware the list is not exhaustive and not meant to discuss each tool in great detail.

Gtk-LP - A GTK-powered printer configuration tool
With, the installation, modification and configuration of a printer can be performed from a stand-alone Gtk application. It uses CUPS and provides all standard CUPS capabilities. It is definitely worth checking out if the CUPS Web interface is disliked or if a stand-alone application for day-to-day printing routines is desired.

Install via:

Printer configuration tool for KDE 4
KDE 4 also has a printer config tool called. It works with CUPS and provides a user-friendly interface to configure printers. Install it as follows:

USE flags
Packages that are currently installed with the  USE flag must be modified. Search through to see if any packages explicitly have the   flag and remove it.

Next, it may be necessary to remove the  value from 's USE variable if it had been previously set.

Unmerge
Finally, clean the system of any packages that are no longer needed as a result of CUPS being removed.

Error: Unable to convert file 0 to printable format
While having printing troubles and shows this message:

Re-emerge with the   USE flag. You can either add  to the system USE flags in  or enable it only for ghostscript-gpl as shown:

Then run. When it has finished compiling, be sure to restart afterward.

When using OpenRC:

When using systemd:

External resources

 * Using Network Printers - Documentation at CUPS.org.
 * Command-Line Printing and Options - Documentation at CUPS.org.