GRUB/ko

GRUB2는 최신 컴퓨터 시스템을 지원하는 부트로더입니다. 이는 종전의 GRUB 부트로더(현재는 "GRUB Legacy"라고 함)를 대체함을 의미합니다. GRUB2는 GRUB Legacy와는 달리 코드 기반이 완전히 다르며, 고급 스크립팅 기능을 사용할 수 있는 새로운 쉘-유사 문법 같은 기능을 뽐냅니다. 현재 GRUB Legacy 사용자는 GRUB2로 이전하시는 것이 좋습니다.

한방에 접근하시려면 GRUB2 Quick Start를 보십시오.

설치
꾸러미는 슬롯으로 나누었습니다. grub-0.97 (GRUB Legacy)와 grub-2.00는 동시에 설치할 수 있지만 한번에 버전 하나만 MBR에 설치합니다. 이 게시글은 GRUB2에 집중합니다.

기본적으로 GRUB2는 빌드 시간에 기본 플랫폼 대상을 추측합니다. 의 GRUB_PLATFORMS 변수를 설정하여 우선 적용할 수 있습니다.

대상 CPU에 따라 다음 플랫폼을 지원합니다:

GRUB2를 설치하려면 일반적인 emerge 문법을 사용하십시오:

추가로, 유틸리티( 꾸러미에 있음)를 설치하여  명령을 실행할 때 GRUB2가 다른 운영체제도 찾을 수 있도록 하십시오. 대부분의 경우, 이런 조치를 통해 GRUB2에서 다른 운영체제를 자동으로 감지하는 동작을 활성화합니다(Windows 7, Windows 8.1, 등).

GRUB2(그리고 추가로 도) 설치는 부트 로더를 자동으로 활성화하지 않습니다. 단지 이 설치 과정은 운영체제에 프로그램을 설치하는 과정일 뿐이지만, 시스템 자체에 부트 로더를 설치(하여 시스템을 부팅할 때 부트로터를 사용)하려면, 설정 부분에서 다루는 추가 과정을 거쳐야합니다.

설정
GRUB2 설정에 중요한 두가지 부분이 있습니다:
 * 1) GRUB2 프로그램을 시스템의 부트로더로 설치합니다.
 * 2) GRUB2 부트로더 자체를 설정합니다.

The installation of GRUB2 software is specific to the type of system, and is covered in Installing the boot loader. First we cover the configuration of the boot loader itself.

주 설정 파일
The script is used to generate a grub configuration. It uses the scripts under together with the  configuration file to generate the final  - the only configuration file used by GRUB2 itself.

GRUB2 does not require the administrator to manually maintain a boot option configuration (as is the case with boot loaders such as GRUB Legacy and LILO). Instead it can generate its configuration file using the  command. This utility will use the scripts in and the settings in.

After modifying one or more settings, run the utility with the   option pointing to the output file located at  (this is GRUB2's default output location):

Each time the utility is called a new configuration will be generated.

Setting configuration parameters
The following variables in are the most common ones to set to control how GRUB2 will function:

For a more complete list, please refer to the GRUB2 configuration variables sub-page.

After modifying the parameters, regenerate the GRUB2 configuration file with.

Enabling or disabling configuration scripts
The directory contains the scripts that  uses to generate a  file. By default the contents of this directory should be similar to the following:

GRUB2 will use all installed scripts that are marked as executable (which by default, they all are). To disable any of the scripts simply remove the executable bit from the script's file permissions using the command. In the following example every script but and  are disabled:

After modifying the scripts (or removing the executable bit), regenerate the GRUB2 configuration file using.

Manipulating configuration scripts
Some features or GRUB2 functionalities are only possible to be exploited by modifying the configuration scripts. For instance, to support dual-booting with FreeBSD, the following manipulation needs to be done.

Change the script to:

or  is the partition in which FreeBSD resides. If the normal UFS install was used for the FreeBSD partition then is a container (something like a logical partition). It consists of the swap and root partition. Verify the script is executable by running. If the executable bit is not set then set it using the command.

Next install GRUB2 using the command and update GRUB2's configuration file:

Installing the boot loader
Installing GRUB2 as the system's boot loader depends on how the system is meant to boot (through BIOS or UEFI) and how the disk on which the boot loader should be installed is partitioned (using MBR or GPT partition layout).

This article covers the following situations:


 * BIOS with MBR
 * BIOS with GPT
 * UEFI with GPT

Select the installation instructions appropriate for the system.

BIOS with MBR
Make sure that the location is available - if this uses a separate partition, make sure that it is mounted:

Run the command to copy the relevant files to. On the PC platform, this also installs a boot image to the Master Boot Record (MBR) or a partition's boot sector. If all goes well, after running an output such as the one below is to be expected:

accepts a  option to set the CPU architecture and system platform. If unspecified, will attempt to guess the proper values; on an / system it will use   by default. also accepts a  option to tell the GRUB2 installer which directory to look for GRUB2's boot files. This defaults to the current but is useful when trying to move a root partition.

Partitioning for BIOS with MBR
Be sure to leave enough free space before the first partition. Starting the first partition at sector 2048 leaves at least 1 MiB of disk space for the master boot record. It is recommended (but not mandatory) to create an additional partition for GRUB called the BIOS boot partition. This partition just needs to be defined, but not formatted.

If the Gentoo installation instructions were followed, this BIOS boot partition will already be available.

BIOS with GPT
If a partition is needed, start by mounting the  partition:

If all goes well, after running the command an output such as the one below is to be expected:

accepts a  option to set the CPU architecture and system platform. If unspecified, will attempt to guess the correct at the correct values; on an / system it will use   by default. also accepts a  option to tell the GRUB2 installer which directly to look for GRUB2's boot files. This defaults to the current but is useful when trying to move a root partition.

Partitioning for BIOS with GPT
When a GPT partition table is present on the system, a small BIOS boot partition with type  (which is different from the EFI System Partition (ESP) which has type  ) will need to be available. 1 MiB will be enough to work but 2-4 MiB is a safer option. This BIOS boot partition will hold the stage 2 of the bootloader. BIOS boot partitions do not need formatted with a filesystem; the command will overwrite any pre-existing filesystem with one of its own.

To set a partition as a BIOS partition use the command line tool  by typing (change   to the number of the partition to mark as a BIOS boot partition!):

With 's utility, this is accomplished by setting the partition type to   and give it a label of.

An EFI System Partition is not required, but it would be sensible to make sure that the BIOS boot partition is large enough to be converted to one, should the system motherboard later be upgraded to an EFI board.

The following is the output of pressing the key using the  utility on a GPT partitioned disk with both a BIOS boot [0xEF02] partition and an EFI [0xEF00] partition:

Using the same setup, the utility gives an output with slightly different syntax:

Creating partitions in is straight forward for users already familiar with the  partitioning utility. After starting, type (for new) in the main menu, provide beginning and end sectors (if needed), then set the partition type   for an EFI system partition.

Users who have followed the Gentoo installation instructions will already have the proper partitioning layout set up.

UEFI with GPT
Make sure that the location is available - if this uses a separate partition, make sure that it is mounted:

Run the command to copy the relevant files to. This should install Grub2 in, copy the core image to , and call efibootmgr to add a boot entry.

The above command assumes the vfat EFI System Partition (ESP) is mounted at. If the ESP is mounted directly at, use.

also accepts a  option to set the CPU architecture and system platform. If unspecified, will attempt to guess the proper values; on an AMD64 EFI-booted system it will use   by default. also accepts a  option to tell the GRUB2 installer which directory to look for GRUB2's boot files. This defaults to but is useful when trying to move a root partition.

Partitioning for UEFI with GPT
For UEFI GPT boot using GRUB2, the system must have a dedicated EFI partition containing a FAT filesystem.

The EFI partition can replace having a partition on  by having a  partition on. This is to say a successful EFI boot scenario using GRUB2 can operate with two partitions total (three total if a swap partition is needed): a root partition and an EFI partition. Using this configuration, the folder will be located in the root  partition (at ) and the EFI partition will mount in the boot folder (at ). For further clarification, see the example file below.

Generating a 100MB partition for should provide plenty of space for holding multiple  files (multiple entries will most likely not be needed; most systems will only use one).

Create the partition using the partitioning tool of choice. The  and   tools fit nicely for this purpose. When using the utility, be sure to use type.

Proceed to create a FAT filesystem on the EFI system partition using and add it to  by following the example below:

Alternative: using the default UEFI firmware location
If the system's UEFI firmware fails to find GRUB2's EFI bootloader file, using the default boot loader location should provide a working solution. This circumvents the boot menu managed by efibootmgr and thus offers reduced functionality, but is less error prone. To do this, verify the EFI partition is mounted at then copy the file  located at  to. This example assumes a 64-bit EFI system, adjust accordingly for 32-bit EFI systems.

Extended features
GRUB2 has many features that make it a very powerful boot loader. It supports:


 * Booting from UEFI platforms.
 * Booting from GPT partitioned drives without needing a hybrid MBR (hybrid MBR can enabled as needed for compatibility or portability).
 * Booting from a btrfs formatted partition.
 * Booting directly from a btrfs raid set without needing an initramfs for early mount setup.
 * Booting directly from logical volume management (such as LVM2).
 * Booting with support for DM-RAID (RAID 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10).
 * Booting from encrypted devices (LUKS).

Some specific features are explained in more detail next.

Chainloading
GRUB2 was built with a truly improved chainload mode when compared to GRUB Legacy. To chainload another boot loader, use the  option.

For more information on chainloading, please see the Chainloading sub-page.

Using framebuffer display
To have GRUB2 use a framebuffer graphical display, re-emerge GRUB with the  USE flag enabled. This will install a default True Type font as well as a font conversion utility.

Proceed to configure the default GRUB2 configuration file located at. For example:

In order to find out what display modes the system's graphics card supports, use the following commands on the GRUB2 shell:

문제 해결
Most of the issues can be resolved by ensuring that the partition layout is correct. Make sure enough space is available before the first partition of the disk, or optionally make sure that a BIOS boot partition is available. Also verify that was correctly generated with, or generate one with a custom menu entry.

For more GRUB2 troubleshooting, please refer to the Troubleshooting sub-article.

External resources
For more information, please see:


 * GNU GRUB 2 manual page
 * Network (PXE) section of GRUB2
 * Legacy BIOS issues with GPT article
 * GPT and Hybrid MBR article
 * GPT fdisk utility page
 * Arch Linux GRUB2 wiki article
 * Fedora GRUB2 wiki article : Encountering the dreaded GRUB2 boot prompt
 * ubuntu UEFI booting help
 * http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/109272/dualboot-freebsd-gentoo-with-grub2-mbr