Handbook:Parts/Installation/System/it

Riguardo fstab
Su Linux, tutte le partizioni usate dal sistema devono essere elencate in. Questo file contiene i punti di montaggio di quelle partizioni (cioè dove esse verranno viste rispetto alla struttura del file system), come dovranno essere montate e con quali opzioni speciali (automaticamente o meno, se gli utenti potranno montarle o meno, ecc.).

Creare il file fstab
Il file usa una sintassi stile tabella. Ogni linea consiste in sei campi, separati da uno spazio bianco (uno o più spazi, tabulazioni, o un misto). Ogni campo ha il suo specifico significato:


 * 1) Il primo campo mostra il dispositivo a blocchi speciale o il file system in remoto che deve essere montato. Svariati tipi di identificatori di dispositivi sono disponibili per i nodi dei dispositivi a blocchi speciali, etichette di file system e UUID, ed etichette di partizioni e UUID.
 * 2) Il secondo campo mostra il punto di montaggio sul quale la partizione andrebbe montata.
 * 3) Il terzo campo mostra il file system usato dalla partizione
 * 4) Il quarto campo mostra le opzioni di montaggio usate da  quando si vuole montare la partizione. Siccome ogni file system ha le sue opzioni di montaggio, gli utenti sono incoraggiati a leggere la pagina del manuale di mount  per averne una lista completa. Opzioni multiple di montaggio vanno separate con una virgola.
 * 5) Il quinto campo è usato da dump (copia del contenuto della memoria) per determinare se la partizione necessità di ricevere un dump oppure no. Questo valore viene generalmente lasciato a 0 (zero).
 * 6) Il sesto campo è usato da  per determinare l'ordine in cui i file system dovrebbero essere controllati quando il sistema non si arresta correttamente. Il file system radice (root) dovrebbe avere 1 mentre i rimanenti dovrebbero avere 2 (oppure 0 se il controllo del file system non è necessario).

Nella parte rimanente del testo, useremo i file per i dispositivi a blocchi delle partizioni.

Etichette dei file system e UUID
Sia MBR (BIOS) che GPT includono il supporto per le etichette e gli UUID dei file system. Questi attributi possono essere definiti in come alternative per il comando  da usare quando si tenta di trovare e montare i dispositivi a blocchi. Le etichette e gli UUID dei file system sono identificati dai prefissi LABEL e UUID e possono essere visionati con il comando :

Per via della sua unicità, si raccomanda ai lettori, che stanno usando una tabella delle partizioni stile MBR, di usare gli UUID anziché le etichette per definire i volumi da montare nel file.

Etichette e UUID delle partizioni
Gli utenti che hanno scelto la strada GPT hanno un paio di 'robuste' opzioni disponibili per definire le partizioni su. Le etichette e gli UUID delle partizioni possono essere usate per identificare le o la partizione individuale del dispositivo a blocchi, senza badare a quale file system è stato scelto per la partizione stessa. Le etichette e gli UUID sono identificati rispettivamente dai prefissi PARTLABEL e PARTUUID e possono essere comodamente visionati da terminale con il comando :

While not always true for partition labels, using a UUID to identify a partition in provides a guarantee that the bootloader will not be confused when looking for a certain volume, even if the filesystem would be changed in the future. Using the older default block device files for defining the partitions in  is risky for systems that are restarted often and have SATA block devices added and removed regularly.

The naming for block device files depends on a number of factors, including how and in what order the disks are attached to the system. They also could show up in a different order depending on which of the devices are detected by the kernel first during the early boot process. With this being stated, unless one intends to constantly fiddle with the disk ordering, using default block device files is a simple and straightforward approach.

Add the rules that match the previously decided partitioning scheme and append rules for devices such as CD-ROM drive(s), and of course, if other partitions or drives are used, for those too.

Below is a more elaborate example of an file:

When  is used in the third field, it makes the  command guess what the filesystem would be. This is recommended for removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems. The  option in the fourth field makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD.

To improve performance, most users would want to add the  mount option, which results in a faster system since access times aren't registered (those are not needed generally anyway). This is also recommended for solid state drive (SSD) users, who should also enable the  mount option (ext4 and btrfs only for now) which makes the   command work.

Double-check the file, save and quit to continue.

Host and domain information
One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be quite easy, but lots of users are having difficulties finding the appropriate name for their Linux PC. To speed things up, know that the decision is not final - it can be changed afterwards. In the examples below, the hostname tux is used within the domain homenetwork.

Second, if a domain name is needed, set it in. This is only necessary if the ISP or network administrator says so, or if the network has a DNS server but not a DHCP server. Don't worry about DNS or domain names if the system uses DHCP for dynamic IP address allocation and network configuration.

If a NIS domain is needed (users that do not know this will not need one), define that one too:

Configuring the network
During the Gentoo Linux installation, networking was already configured. However, that was for the installation CD itself and not for the installed environment. Right now, the network configuration is made for the installed Gentoo Linux system.

All networking information is gathered in. It uses a straightforward yet perhaps not intuitive syntax. But don't fear, everything is explained below. A fully commented example that covers many different configurations is available in.

Prima installare :

DHCP is used by default. For DHCP to work, a DHCP client needs to be installed. This is described later in Installing Necessary System Tools.

If the network connection needs to be configured because of specific DHCP options or because DHCP is not used at all, then open :

Set both config_eth0 and routes_eth0 to enter IP address information and routing information:

Per usare DHCP, definire config_eth0 :

Please read for a list of all available options. Be sure to also read up on the DHCP client man page if specific DHCP options need to be set.

If the system has several network interfaces, then repeat the above steps for config_eth1, config_eth2 , etc.

Now save the configuration and exit to continue.

Automatically start networking at boot
To have the network interfaces activated at boot, they need to be added to the default runlevel.

If the system has several network interfaces, then the appropriate files need to be created just like we did with.

If after booting the system we find out that the assumption about the network interface name (which is currently documented as ) was wrong, then execute the following steps to rectify this:


 * 1) Update the  file with the correct interface name (like   instead of  ).
 * 2) Create new symbolic link (like ).
 * 3) Remove the old symbolic link.
 * 4) Add the new one to the default runlevel.
 * 5) Remove the old one using.

The hosts file
Next inform Linux about the network environment. This is defined in and helps in resolving host names to IP addresses for hosts that aren't resolved by the nameserver.

Save and exit the editor to continue.

Optional: Get PCMCIA working
PCMCIA users should now install the package.

Root password
Set the root password using the command.

The root Linux account is an all-powerful account, so pick a strong password. Later an additional regular user account will be created for daily operations.

Init and boot configuration
Gentoo (at least when using OpenRC) uses to configure the services, startup, and shutdown of a system. Open up and enjoy all the comments in the file. Review the settings and change where needed.

Next, open to handle keyboard configuration. Edit it to configure and select the right keyboard.

Take special care with the keymap variable. If the wrong keymap is selected, then weird results will come up when typing on the keyboard.

Finally, edit to set the clock options. Edit it according to personal preference.

If the hardware clock is not using UTC, then it is necessary to set  in the file. Otherwise the system might show clock skew behavior.