Bugzilla/Guide

The way a bug is reported helps to get it fixed sooner. This article Article description::covers the recommended method of reporting bugs for Gentoo.

Types of bugs
Bugs come in many forms like emerge failures or segmentation faults. Whatever the cause, the fact still remains that such a bug must be fixed. Here are a few examples of such bugs.

Broken code from upstream
A program installs without errors and the file is fine. But during runtime the program has a malfunction that would appear on other distributions too. In this case you should report the bug upstream (to the developer of the program). Often you can find a link to the right place in the metadata.xml file which is stored in the same folder as the ebuild.

One should not file a Gentoo bug for upstream bugs.

Handling run-time errors
Debugging with the GNU Debugger.

Introduction
Programs often use files to fetch configuration information, access hardware or write logs. Sometimes, a program attempts to reach such files incorrectly. A tool called was created to help deal with this. traces system calls (hence the name) which include calls that use the memory and files. For our example, we're going to take a program foobar2. This is an updated version of foobar. However, during the change over to foobar2, you notice all your configurations are missing! In foobar version 1, you had it setup to say "foo", but now it's using the default "bar".

Our previous configuration specifically had it set to foo, so let's use to find out what is going on.

Using strace to track the issue
We make log the results of the system calls. To do this, we run with the -o[file] arguments. Let's use it on foobar2 as shown.

This creates a file called in the current directory. We check the file, and shown below are the relevant parts from the file.

Aha! So there is the problem. Someone moved the configuration directory to instead of. We also see the program reading in "bar" as it should. In this case, we can recommend the ebuild maintainer to put a warning about it. For now though, we can copy over the config file from and modify it to produce the correct results.

Introduction
errors, such as the one displayed earlier, can be a major cause of frustration for users. Reporting them is considered crucial for maintaining the health of Gentoo. Take a look at a sample ebuild, foobar2, which contains some build errors.

Evaluating emerge failures
Here is a very simple error:

The program is compiling smoothly when it suddenly stops and presents an error message. This particular error can be split into three different sections, the compile messages, the build error, and the emerge error message as shown below.

The compilation messages are what lead up to the error. Most often, it is good to at least include 10 lines of compile information so that the developer knows where the compilation was at when the error occurred.

Please make sure you always include error messages in English, even when your system language is set to something else. You can temporarily switch to English locale by prepending  to the emerge command like this:

Make errors are the actual error and the information the developer needs. When you see "make: ***", this is often where the error has occurred. Normally, you can copy and paste 10 lines above it and the developer will be able to address the issue. However, this may not always work and we'll take a look at an alternative shortly.

The emerge error is what throws out as an error. Sometimes, this might also contain some important information. Often people make the mistake of posting the emerge error and that is all. This is useless by itself, but with make error and compile information, a developer can get what application and what version of the package is failing. As a side note, make is commonly used as the build process for programs (but not always). If you can't find a "make: ***" error anywhere, then simply copy and paste 20 lines before the emerge error. This should take care of most all build system error messages. Now let's say the errors seem to be quite large. 10 lines won't be enough to catch everything. That's where PORT_LOGDIR comes into play.

Emerge and PORT_LOGDIR
PORT_LOGDIR is a Portage variable that sets up a log directory for separate emerge logs. Let's take a look and see what that entails. First, run the emerge with PORT_LOGDIR set to a favorite log location. Let's set the favorite log location to for this example.

Now the emerge fails again. However, this time we have a log we can work with, and attach to the bug later on. Let's take a quick look at our log directory.

The log files have the format. A quick look at the log file will show the entire emerge process. This can be attached later on as we'll see in the bug reporting section. Now that we've safely obtained our information needed to report the bug we can continue to do so. However, before we get started on that, we need to make sure no one else has reported the issue. Let's take a look at searching for bugs.

Bugzilla search
Bugzilla is what the Gentoo project uses to handle bugs. Head over to Gentoo Bugzilla to see how it looks.

One of the most frustrating things for developers and bug-wranglers is finding duplicate bug reports. These cost them valuable time that they could otherwise use to work on more important bugs. Often, this can be prevented by a few simple search methods. So we're going to see how to search for bugs and find out if you have one that's similar. For this example, we're going to use the xclass emerge error that was used earlier.

To begin searching, head over to Gentoo's Bugzilla homepage.

Click on. The reason why we choose this over the basic bug search is because the basic bug search tends to give vague results and often hinders users from looking through the results and finding the duplicate bug. Once we click on the query screen, we reach the next page:

Proceed by clicking on the link to bring up the Advanced Search page. While it may seem overwhelming at first, we're going to look at a few simple areas to narrow down the rather vague searches Bugzilla returns.


 * The first field is the summary of the bug. Here we're simply going to put the name of the package that's crashing. If Bugzilla does not return results, try removing the package name, just in case someone didn't put that in the summary (highly unlikely, but we've seen a fair share of strange bug reports).
 * Product, Component, and Version should all be set to the default. This prevents us from being too specific and missing all the bugs.
 * Comment is the important part. Use the comment field to list what appears to be a specific instance of the error. Basically, don't use anything like the beginning of the build error, find a line that's before it stating a true error. Also, you'll want to filter out any punctuation to prevent bugzilla from interpreting the results the comment the wrong way. Let's look at our example from the xclass emerge error again, and notice that it is specific enough to where we'll find the bug without wading through other xclass compile failure candidates:


 * URI, Whiteboard, and Keywords can all be left alone. What we've entered so far should be enough to find our bug. Let's take a look at what we have filled out.

Now we click on the Search button and look at the results. If our search criteria are specific enough, then that is a lot easier to deal with. Chances are that the issue we found on Bugzilla is exactly the problem we've hit, and that it has also been resolved. By checking the last comment we see the solution and know what to do in order to resolve it.

Reporting bugs
The Bugzilla/Bug report guide explains how to prepare a good bug report.

Working with a bug
Looking at the bug, we see the information we provided earlier. You will notice that the bug has been assigned to bug-wranglers@gentoo.org. This is the default location for application component bugs. The details we entered about the bug are available as well.

However, bug-wranglers (usually) will not fix these kind of bugs, so we'll reassign it to someone that can (you can let bug-wranglers re-assign it for you as well). For this we use the package's metadata.xml. You can normally find them in.

Notice the maintainer section. This lists the maintainer of the package, which in this case is Chris White. The email listed is chriswhite@gentoo.org. We will use this to re-assign the bug to the proper person. To do this, click the bubble next to Reassign bug to, then fill in the email.

Then click the button for the changes to take place. The bug has been reassigned to the correct developer. Shortly afterward, you notice (by email usually) that the developer responded to the bug. For instance, he might have asked to see an strace log to figure out how the program is trying to reach the configuration file. You follow the instructions on using strace and obtain an strace log. Now you need to attach it to the bug. In order to do this, click on "Create A New Attachment":


 * File - This is the location of the file on the local machine. In this example, it is the location of . The button can be used to select the  file, or the path can be entered directly in the text field.
 * Description - A short one liner, or a few words describing the attachment. "strace.log" will be entered here, since that it is self-explanatory.
 * Content Type - This is the type of the file being attached to the bug.
 * Obsoletes - If there were attachments submitted to the bug before the current one, you have an option of declaring them obsoleted by the newest (current) attachment. Since we have no prior attachments to this bug this field can be ignored.
 * Comment - Enter comments that will be visible along with the attachments. You could elaborate on the attachment here, if needed.

With respect to Content Type, here are a few more details. Check the "patch" check box when submitting a patch. Otherwise, Bugzilla can be asked to "auto-detect" the file type (not advisable). The other options are "select from list" (which is most frequently used), use plain text (text/plain) for most attachments except binary files like images (which can use image/gif, image/jpeg or image/png depending on type), or compressed files like .tar.bz2 which would use application/octet-stream as content type.

Submit and it is reflected on the bug report.

It has been mentioned above that sometimes ebuilds will output instructions in the emerge error to attach a certain file. An example can be seen below:

Please attach any files mentioned in error messages to bug reports.

Sometimes a developer might ask bug submitters to attach a diff or patch for a file. Standard diff files can be obtained by executing the following commands:

For C/C++ source files, the  flag is added to show what function calls the diff applies to:

The documentation team will require the flag combination  as well as. This mainly has to do with tab expansion. You can create such a diff with:

And your diff is created. While we're doing all this, suppose another person finds the same bug by searching through Bugzilla and is curious to keep track of the bug, they may do so by putting their email in the of the bug as shown below. You could also keep track of other bugs by following the same method.

After all this work, the bug can undergo various status markings. This is usually done by the Gentoo Developers and sometimes by the reporter. The following are the various possible states a bug may go through during its lifetime:


 * UNCONFIRMED - You're generally not going to see this too often. This means that a bug reporter has opened a bug using the advanced method and is uncertain his or her bug is an actual bug.
 * NEW - Bugs that are first opened are considered new.
 * ASSIGNED - When the person assigned the bug validates the bug, it will often receive ASSIGNED status while they figure out the issue. This lets bug reporter know a developer has accepted the bug as a real bug.
 * REOPENED - Someone has resolved a bug and you think the solution is not feasible or the problem still persists. At this point, you may re-open the bug. Please do not abuse this. If a developer closes the bug a second or third time, chances are that your bug is closed.
 * RESOLVED - A firm decision has been taken on the bug. Usually goes onto FIXED to indicate the bug is solved and the matter closed although various other resolutions are possible. We'll look into those a little later.
 * VERIFIED - The steps take to work the bug are correct. This is usually a QA thing.
 * CLOSED - Basically means RIP for the bug and it's buried under the never ending flow of new bugs.

Now shortly afterward, we find the error in the strace log and fix the bug and mark it as RESOLVED FIXED and mention that there was a change in the location of configuration files, and that I will update the ebuild with a warning about it. The bug now becomes resolved.

If you open the bug, you'll notice you can still change the bug status. For instance, there is a link to REOPEN. This gives you the option of Reopening the bug if you wish to (i.e. the developer thinks it's resolved but it's really not to your standards).

The following is an overview of possible resolutions:


 * FIXED - The bug is fixed, follow the instructions to resolve your issue.
 * INVALID - You did not do something specifically documented, causing the bug.
 * DUPLICATE - You didn't use this guide and reported a duplicate bug.
 * WORKSFORME - Developer/person assigned the bug cannot reproduce your error.
 * CANTFIX - Somehow the bug cannot be solved because of certain circumstances. These circumstances will be noted by the person taking the bug.
 * WONTFIX - This is usually applied to new ebuilds or feature requests. Basically the developer does not want to add a certain feature because it is not needed, a better alternative exists, or it's just plain broken. Sometimes you may be given a solution to get said issue resolved.
 * UPSTREAM - The bug cannot be fixed by the Gentoo development team, and have requested you take the problem upstream (the people that actually made the program) for review. Upstream has a few ways of handling bugs. These include mailing lists, IRC channels, and even bug reporting systems. If you're not sure how to contact them, ask in the bug and someone will point you to the right direction.

Sometimes, before the bug can be resolved, a developer may request that you test an updated ebuild. In the next chapter we'll take a look at testing ebuilds.

Repair and test ebuilds
You can test fixed ebuilds in your custom repository.

Testing the ebuild
The process to create an ebuild that can be used by is fairly simple. A Manifest file must be generated for the ebuild. This can be done with the ebuild command. Run it as shown:

Now let's test to see if it works as it should.

It does seem to have worked! You'll notice the  next to the [ebuild] line. That points to, which is the overlay created earlier. Now the package.

In the first section we see that the emerge started off as it should. The second section shows our patch being applied successfully by the "[ ok ]" status message to the right. The last section tells us the program compiled correctly. The patch works! Now we can go and let the developer know that their patch works fine, and that they can commit the fix to portage.

Acknowledgements
Special thanks go to moreon for his notes on  flags and compile errors, the people at #gentoo-bugs for helping out with bug-wrangling, Griffon26 for his notes on maintainer-needed, robbat2 for general suggestions and fox2mike for fixing up the doc and adding stuff as needed.