GNOME/Guide/fr

GNOME is a popular desktop environment capable launching Xorg and Wayland sessions. This guide Article description::attempts to describe all aspects of GNOME, including installation, configuration, and usage.

Since version 3.30, GNOME on Gentoo is able to once again run on OpenRC. See GNOME without systemd for more detail.

Le projet
Le projet gnome est un projet de logiciel libre dédié à gnome, un environnement de bureau Unix/Linux et une plateforme de développement. La fondation gnome coordonne le développement et d'autres aspects du projet  gnome.

Le logiciel
Le logiciel gnome est un environnement de bureau et une plateforme de développement. Ce logiciel libre est l'environnement de bureau préféré de plusieurs leaders de l'industrie. Il s'adresse tout autant aux entreprises, à Monsieur tout le monde et aux développeurs.

La communauté
Comme tous les gros projets de logiciel, gnome dispose d'une large base de développement et d'utilisation. GnomePlanet est un blog populaire qui intéresse les hackers de gnome et les contributeurs tandis que Developer.Gnome.Org s'adresse aux développeurs de gnome. La bibliothèque gnome (Gnome Library) contient une importante liste de ressources pour gnome pour les utilisateurs. Le World of gnome (monde de gnome) agrège les nouvelles concernant gnome.

Prerequisites
Historically speaking, the Xorg display server was the standard display base for all desktop environments on Linux. With GNOME 3 and beyond, a shift to the Wayland, a newer display server protocol, has begun. Systems other than NVIDIA will have no problem running GNOME sessions over Wayland.

That said, as a general fall back, it is a good idea to first read and follow the instructions in the Xorg guide to setup a X environment.

According to GNOME upstream, GNOME 40 is written with the systemd init system in mind. Because of this, it is a good idea for systemd users to read and comply with all necessary kernel settings from the systemd article.

Profile
Avant de procéder à l'installation de gnome, vous souhaiterez peut-être éditer votre variable USE. Assurez-vous d'avoir les options ,   et     activées pour votre variable USE dans le fichier. Si vous désirez disposer de la prise en charge de, un bus pour les messages système dont gnome fait un usage intensif, ajoutez l'option à USE. Si vous ne désirez pas la prise en charge de KDE (l'autre environnent majeur de bureau), désactivez les options   and.

OpenRC
OpenRC users using logind can select the GNOME OpenRC profile:

systemd
systemd users will want to select the following profile:

Make sure that,  , and   are in the USE variable located in. It is recommended to enable support for D-Bus system-wide. systemd includes this system message bus.

Emerge
Une fois ces préparatifs terminés, installez gnome par la commande   :

Vous pouvez aussi opter pour une installation minimale de gnome en installant  au lieu de. Si vous faites cela, vous disposerez d'une installation allégée de gnome sans les outils additionnels qu'apporte une installation complète.Vous aurez alors peut-être besoin d'installer quelques paquets par la suite.

Ceci prend un certain temps, alors, si vous n'avez pas encore eu le temps de lire le dernier bouquin que vous avez reçu pour votre anniversaire, c'est le moment d'en profiter ! ... Super ! Maintenant mettez votre environnement à jour :

Vous pouvez maintenant nettoyer les services résiduels et les groupes d'utilisateurs.

Vérifier l'existence de groupe plugdev. S'il existe, il est recommandé de vous inscrire en tant que membre de ce groupe, mais cela reste facultatif (ce groupe n'est plus très courant).

Remplacez yourUserName par votre nom d'utilisateur.

Premières impressions
Prenez le temps de regarder ce que vous venez de compiler. Sortez du shell root et reconnectez-vous en tant qu'utilisateur standard. Vous allez configurer votre session pour lancer gnome lorsque vous exécuterez la commande   (reportez-vous aussi à la section Utiliser startx du guide de configuration du serveur X) :

OpenRC
For OpenRC systems, elogind is a dependency of GDM and must be started for GDM to run properly:

Next add display-manager-init to the default runlevel and start the service:

In set DISPLAYMANAGER to "gdm"

To start on boot, add display-manager to the default runlevel:

To start GDM either reboot or start it with rc immediately:

systemd
To start GDM upon boot:

To start GDM immediately, run:

Another suggestion is to activate Network Manager, in case no other network managing service is activated.

Using startx
Exit the root shell and log in as a regular user. The next step is to configure the session manager to run GNOME when the the command is invoked (see using startx in the Xorg guide for more information).

Depuis, il faut utiliser la variable préfixe XDG_MENU_PREFIX pour obtenir le menu de gnome si vous utilisez la méthode   pour lancer votre environnement de bureau. (Si vous n'utilisez pas, cela sera fait automatiquement pour vous ; aucune configuration additionnelle n'est nécessaire.)

Vous pouvez démarrer votre environnement graphique en exécutant la commande  :

Si tout s'est bien passé, vous devriez être accueilli par un mot de félicitations de gnome. Maintenant voyons comment configurer gnome pour qu'il réponde à vos besoins.

Mixed localization
It could be general to have  as the global default locale, with a different one for the desktop. This can be achieved by add settings:

Then choose the region for locale in gnome-setting-center, or via command:

Log out, make sure the old session is killed and re-login, these settings will be applied to the new session.

To override session's locale for terminal in gnome, add:

Tweaking GNOME
For extra configuration options in GNOME 40 install the package. The tweak tool allows customization at a deeper level than the standard Settings frame.

Advanced tweaking
Advanced tweaking for GNOME can be performed from the command line via the or  commands or graphically via. All modifiable settings are accessible using these tools. For more information, see upstream's documentation.

Widgets in GNOME 40
By default on Gentoo GNOME 40 does not support widgets. For users who wish to obtain widget functionality a separate package is available:

After the shell extensions are installed, can be used to control defaults on a global level:

Enable click-to-install Shell Extensions through the web browser
For web browsers such as Google Chrome, Chromium, and Vivaldi be sure to get the required browser add-on through the Chrome store: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/gphhapmejobijbbhgpjhcjognlahblep

Firefox users can get it here: https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/gnome-shell-integration/

Opera users will have to snag it here: https://addons.opera.com/extensions/details/gnome-shell-integration/

After the add-on has been installed for the browser of choice, a backend must also be emerged:

It should now be possible to install, manage, and uninstall shell extensions at https://extensions.gnome.org/

If things are not working as expected check the upstream installation instructions for news.

Non-root user authentication for dialogs
Certain GNOME dialogs such as Printers, adding wireless networks, and Users require administrator authentication. This is handled through and operates independently from. By default in Gentoo, the root account is the only administrator, and so even if a user account can run root commands through, authentication in these GNOME dialogs will fail.

If you would like all users of the group to be administrators, create a copy of  starting with a number lower than 50, and edit the line  to the following:

The Polkit wiki page provides more details on rules configuration.

GNOME Hotspot
In order for gnome-hotspot to work, your wireless card must support AP (access point) infrastructure mode. The following package USE flags are also needed:

In addition, the following kernel options are necessary:

Unmerge
A possible way to completely remove a GNOME installation is by explicitly uninstalling the package, then cleaning the dependencies of that package.

In order to do this sanely make sure the main ebuild repository has been synced:

Next, run a world update so that the system is fully up-to-date:

Unmerge the GNOME base package. Substitute the base package with if the 'light' version of the package was installed instead:

Finally, depclean the system:

GNOME should now be removed.

Login failure with message "Oh no something has gone wrong"
One source of this error can be the permissions for the video device. When logging in fails and a message appears that says "Oh no, something has gone wrong", then try to become a member of the group. Add the user to the video group with like so:

GNOME on Wayland session is not launching with NVIDIA
Attempting to launch GNOME on Wayland sessions is a known issue. Unfortunately the NVIDIA binary blob drivers are not presently compatible with Wayland. Systems that simply have the NVIDIA binary blob driver installed, but are not using it can see this workaround.

GNOME built-in screen recorder is not working
GNOME's screen recorder uses vp8 codec which is developed by Google. The recorder needs this codec to record the desktop. It can be enabled it via the the  USE flag in either the  or  files.

GNOME and Pinentry not working with GPG
For example when using Evolution to sign emails with PGP, the private key needs to be decrypted. If this key has a password, a Pinentry dialogue trys to open. To enable the Gtk version, these configuration files need to be edited.

External resources

 * https://github.com/dantrell/gentoo-project-gnome-without-systemd - GNOME without systemd.
 * https://help.gnome.org/admin/ - Upstream GNOME administrator guide.
 * https://help.gnome.org/users/ - Upstream GNOME user guide.