Kernel/Overview/it

Il documento fornisce una panoramica su tutti i sorgenti per il kernel che Gentoo offre tramite Portage.

Introduzione
Come ogni altra cosa su Gentoo Linux, la filosofia della squadra per il Kernel di Gentoo è dare all'utente la maggior libertà di scelta possibile. Quando guardiamo l'output di si vede facilmente una grande varietà di kernel da scegliere. Questo documento tenterà di dare una breve sintesi degli obiettivi di ciascun insieme di patch (modifiche) che Gentoo offre ed anche spiegare gli altri sorgenti disponibili per il kernel.

Genkernel
è un kernel ed una utilità per la costruzione di initramfs che possiede una configurazione del kernel predefinita che abilita le opzioni e i driver più comuni nel kernel automaticamente. Solitamente è raccomandato per gli utenti che non si sentono a loro agio con la compilazione manuale del kernel.

Per maggiori informazioni, si legga Genkernel article.

Scopo generico: gentoo-sources
Per la maggior parte degli utenti, si raccomanda il kernel. gentoo-sources è un kernel basato su Linux 4.x, leggermente modificato per correggere problemi di sicurezza, bug del kernel, ed aumentare la compatibilità con le architetture dei sistemi meno comuni.

Il pacchetto assorbe la maggior parte delle risorse della squadra per il kernel di Gentoo. Esse sono portate all'utente da un gruppo di sviluppatori di talento, che possono contare sull'esperienza del famoso hacker di kernel Greg Kroah-Hartman, manutentore di udev e responsabile dei sottosistemi USB e PCI del kernel ufficiale di Linux.

ck-sources
è un insieme di modifiche al kernel di Con Kolivas. Queste modifiche sono principalmente progettate per migliorare la reattività ed interattività del sistema ed è configurabile per svariati carichi di lavoro (dai server ai desktop). Le modifiche includono uno schedulatore differente, MuQSS, concepito per mantenere il sistema reattivo e fluido anche quando è sotto pesante carico. Supporto ed informazioni sono disponibili su http://kernel.kolivas.org e nel canale  su irc.oftc.net.

git-sources
Il pacchetto tiene traccia delle istantanee quotidiane del principale albero di sviluppo del kernel. Questi kernel sono buoni per gli utenti interessati allo sviluppo o alle prove del kernel. Rapporti di bug andrebbero riportati sul tracciatore dei bug del kernel Linux o su LKML (Linux Kernel Mailing List).

Kernel dipendenti dall'architettura
e sono, come suggerisce il nome, modificati per girare al meglio sulle specifiche architetture. Contengono inoltre alcune modifiche per il supporto di hardware e funzionalità provenienti da insiemi di modifiche menzionati sopra e a seguire.

Pacchetti kernel non supportati
Now to briefly describe some of the other which scrolled by when the  command was run. Below we discuss each one of them individually. These kernels are provided as a courtesy only — the various patch sets are not supported by the Gentoo kernel team. There is no specific preference to one source or another, so we review the kernel sources in alphabetical order.

aufs-sources
The package contains full kernel sources including the official genpatchset (found in gentoo-sources) for the 4.14/4.19 kernel tree and aufs4 support. This kernel is useful when attempting to utilize the aufs4 filesystem. For more information see the aufs page on Sourceforge or the genpatches homepage.

pf-sources
The kernel brings together parts of several different kernel patches. It includes the BFS patchset from, the patches, LinuxIMQ, and the BFQ I/O scheduler.

openvz-sources
OpenVZ is a server virtualization solution built on Linux. OpenVZ creates isolated, secure virtual private servers (VPSs) or virtual environments on a single physical server enabling better server utilization and ensuring that applications do not conflict. For more information, see https://openvz.org/.

tuxonice-sources
has been last-rited, see.

The (formerly ) are patched with both genpatches which includes the patches found in gentoo-sources, and the patches found in TuxOnIce which are an improved implementation of suspend-to-disk for the Linux kernel, formerly known as suspend2.

This kernel is recommended for laptop users who often rely on being able to suspend their laptop and resume work elsewhere.

usermode-sources
usermode-sources are the User Mode Linux kernel patches and can be found in the package. These kernel patches are designed to allow Linux to recursively run within Linux. User Mode Linux is intended for testing and virtual server support. For more information about this amazing tribute to the stability and scalability of Linux, see http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net.

For more information on UML and Gentoo, read the Gentoo User-mode Linux Guide

vanilla-sources
Many Linux users will probably be familiar with the package. These kernels are copies of the official kernel sources released on https://www.kernel.org/. Please note that the Gentoo kernel team does not patch vanilla-sources at all; they are for people who wish to run a completely unmodified Linux kernel. The Gentoo kernel team recommends instead.

Versions of the kernel can be found under this package: 3.x, 4.x.

aa-sources
was a heavily modified kernel with all kinds of patches. The upstream maintainer stopped releasing kernel patchsets and subsequently this package has been removed.

alpha-sources
was a 2.4 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the Alpha architecture. These patches have been developed and are now included in the mainline kernel. Alpha users can run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

Architecture dependent kernels
was a 2.6 kernel designed to run on the Sony PlayStation 3 game console.

development-sources
, the official 2.6 kernel from kernel.org, can now be found under the vanilla-sources package.

gentoo-dev-sources
, a 2.6 kernel patched with bug, security, and stability fixes, can now be found under the gentoo-sources package.

grsec-sources
The kernel source used to be patched with the latest grsecurity updates (grsecurity version 2.0 and up) which included, amongst other security-related patches, support for PaX. Grsecurity patches are included in the hardened-sources kernel, so this package is no longer available in Portage.

Per i server: hardened-sources
Il kernel è basato sul kernel ufficiale di Linux ed è destinato agli utenti che eseguono Gentoo su sistemi server. Fornisce modifiche per vari sotto progetti di Gentoo Hardened (ad esempio il supporto per SELinux e grsecurity), insieme a miglioramenti alla stabilità ed alla sicurezza. Si legga il progetto Hardened qui sul wiki per maggiori informazioni.

hardened-dev-sources
can now be found under the hardened-sources package.

hppa-sources
was a 2.6 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the HPPA architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. HPPA users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

mm-sources
The were based on vanilla-sources and contained Andrew Morton's patch set. They included the experimental and bleeding-edge features that were going to be included in the official kernel (or were going to be rejected because they set systems on fire!). They were known to be always moving at a fast pace and could change radically from one week to the other; kernel hackers often used as a testing ground for highly experimental stuff. They have since been removed from the Portage tree.

rsbac-dev-sources
The kernels could be found under the sys-kernel/rsbac-sources package.

rsbac-sources
Back in the days of 2.6-based kernels sys-kernel/rsbac-sources contained patches to use Rule Set Based Access Controls (RSBAC). It was removed due to lack of maintainers, but has has magically reappeared with the 3.10 kernel series. Use hardened-sources if additional security features are needed.

selinux-sources
, a 2.4 kernel including lots of security enhancements, has been obsoleted by security development in the 2.6 kernel tree. SELinux functionality can be found in the hardened-sources package.

sh-sources
was a 2.6 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the SuperH architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. SuperH users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

sparc-sources
was a 2.4 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the SPARC architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. SPARC users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

uclinux-sources
The are meant for CPUs without MMUs as well as embedded devices. For more information, see http://www.uclinux.org. Lack of security patches as well as hardware to test on were the reasons this package is no longer found in the Portage tree.

win4lin-sources
were patched to support the userland win4lin tools that allowed Linux users to run many Microsoft Windows (TM) applications at almost native speeds. These kernel sources were removed due to security issues.

xen-sources
was a 2.6-based kernel that allowed running multiple operating systems on a single physical system. A user could create virtual environments in which one or more guest operating systems could run on a Xen-powered host operating system.

The patches were incorporated into the mainline Linux kernel as of version 3.0.

For more information on working with Xen and Gentoo, read the Xen article here on the wiki.

zen-sources
The package is designed for desktop systems. It includes code not found in the mainline kernel. The Zen kernel has patches that add new features, support additional hardware, and contains various tweaks for desktops. The Zen 3.8 kernel series is currently masked in the Portage tree. For more information on the Zen kernel please visit Zen Kernel GitHub repository.

Vedere anche

 * Kernel upgrade guide
 * The Gentoo Handbook