Man page/Navigate

This guide shows how to navigate man pages using man.

The man program
Everyone at some point in their linux life has used it. "It" is the  command. However, while the man program itself appears to be rather simplistic in its construct, it has a few extra abilities than just simply scrolling through the page. This document hopes to help shed some light on these capabilities.

Man layout
Man pages are mainly stored in the directory. However, as long as a man page is located in the  environment variable, man will be able to pick it up. Gentoo will generally store  variables in. Within these directories are some folders with the structure manX where X is the section number. For example, a standard man layout might look like so:

The actual section numbering appears fairly standard. However, notice that there is a and some  folders. The following table lists the above man page directories and what is contained within them:

While this is not an extensive and detailed list, it does cover the man pages that most people will be interested in. However, sometimes you can find out what a section does as easily as looking at this table. The next chapter will look at using man to traverse this layout.

Browsing the man layout
Now that we understand the man layout, we can begin to look it over for commands. Sometimes we may need to narrow down what man page we want. The first way would be addressing by section. To found out a description of a section, once can use  like so:

Unfortunately, this doesn't always work! However, luckily for us there is another way to search for commands that may return multiple results (such as a library call and system command having the same name). To do so, we use the  parameter to man like so:

Sometimes the output may be a lot larger. In this case it might be better to specify more specific keywords. Now that we know where to find the man page, the next section will look at viewing the man page.

Viewing man pages
Viewing man pages can be done in 2 ways, first is with. The second way is. Let's take  for example. I can view either the first man page that comes up on  (which would be section 1, because it is the lowest section containing a man page on   ):

However, what if I want the POSIX version? Then I can use the second form:

And the man page is displayed. Now that we have the man page up, it's time to work with it. The next section will look at navigation and searching.

Navigating and searching man pages
Navigating a man page is fairly simple. To move up and down line by line, use the up and down arrow keys. To move up page by page, you can use the page up and page down keys. Do however note that these navigation instructions assume the environmental  variable is set to use the default pager,. Less also has a few other commands for navigation, but the arrow keys usually suffice:

Additional less navigation keys

Searching, however, is more interesting. The two most basic searches are  and. The first version searches forwards, and the second searches backwards. is a regular expression pattern that is described in. Let's take for example searching for the  option to. First, bring up the emerge man page:

Then, at the screen, press the  key to bring up the entry prompt to search forwards and enter in our search pattern:

Bringing up the forward search prompt

This will search the man page, and bring the searched item into focus:

Forward search results

If you hit a search result by accident and want to continue searching for the same results, simply press the  key again, and press enter (i.e. don't put a pattern it). This will cause the search to default to the last pattern used. Now with some man pages, options are listed, then explained later on. Take the  man page. It lists the files used, then explains their usage. Searching forward a few times would return the results, but there's an easier way to handle this, with the second search form, backwards searching. Let's use this to find the description on. First, bring up  :

Now press. This will bring you to the end of the page:

End of the man page after SHIFT+g

Now we'll go ahead and enter the pattern to search for with the  backwards search option. First press the  key to bring up the prompt, and then enter in  , our query:

Specifying our search

Then hit enter to bring up the result:

Our search result

And the search is complete! Note that just as with , using   search with no pattern will use the last pattern to search.

Conclusion
This concludes the man guide. This will hopefully shed some light on navigating man pages, and maybe even give a few new tips to the more experienced users. For those who prefer alternate means of navigating man pages, the following are also available:


 * app-text/man2html - a program for converting man pages to html
 * app-text/tkman - a tk based man page browser

Also the  web browser   can browse man pages using the   syntax in the address bar.

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following authors and editors for their contributions to this guide:


 * Chris White