Handbook:Parts/Installation/Kernel/cs

Instalace zdrojových kódů
Základ, kolem něhož jsou vybudovány všechny distribuce, je jádro Linux. Je to vrstva mezi uživatelskými programy a systémovým hardwarem. Gentoo nabízí svým uživatelům několik možný zdrojů jádra. Celý seznam s popisem je dostupný na stránce Přehled jader.

Pro systémy založené na Gentoo doporučuje balíček

Vyberte vhodné jádro a nainstalujte je pomocí :

Tím nainstalujete zdrojové kódy jádra do, v němž bude symbolický odkaz ukazovat na nainstalované zdrojové kódy jádra:

Nyní je čas nakonfigurovat a sestavit jádro. K tomu lze přistoupit dvěma způsoby:


 * 1) Jádro se konfiguruje a sestaví ručně.
 * 2) K automatickému sestavení a instalaci jádra Linux se použije nástroj zvaný.

Ruční konfiguraci vysvětlíme jako výchozí volbu, protože se jedná a nejlepší cestu jak vyladit prostředí

Úvod
Manually configuring a kernel is often seen as the most difficult procedure a Linux user ever has to perform. Nothing is less true - after configuring a couple of kernels no-one even remembers that it was difficult ;)

Nicméně jedno je pravdou: při manuální konfiguraci je nutné znát systém. Většinu informací získáte nainstalováním balíčku, který obsahuje příkaz :

Dalším zdrojem informací o systému je spuštění, po němž uvidíte jaké moduly jádra používá instalační CD, čímž můžete získat indicii o tom, co povolit.

Nyní přejděte do adresáře se zdrojovým kódem jádra a spusťte příkaz. Po něm na vás vyskočí obrazovka s konfiguračním menu.

Konfigurace jádra Linux má mnoho a mnoho sekcí. Nejprve si vypišme ty volby, které musejí být aktivovány (jinak by Gentoo nefungovalo nebo nefungovalo správně bez dodatečného poladění). Na Gentoo wiki máme k dispozici také Průvodce Gentoo nastavením jádra, který vám může poskytnout další pomoc.

Aktivace vyžadovaných voleb
Make sure that every driver that is vital to the booting of the system (such as SCSI controller, ...) is compiled in the kernel and not as a module, otherwise the system will not be able to boot completely.

Next select the exact processor type. It is also recommended to enable MCE features (if available) so that users are able to be notified of any hardware problems. On some architectures (such as x86_64), these errors are not printed to dmesg, but to. This requires the package.

Also select Maintain a devtmpfs file system to mount at /dev so that critical device files are already available early in the boot process.

Now go to File Systems and select support for the filesystems you use. Don't compile the file system that is used for the root filesystem as module, otherwise the Gentoo system will not be able to mount the partition. Also select Virtual memory and /proc file system.

If PPPoE is used to connect to the Internet, or a dial-up modem is used, then enable the following options:

The two compression options won't harm but are not definitely needed, neither does the PPP over Ethernet option, that might only be used by ppp when configured to do kernel mode PPPoE.

Don't forget to include support in the kernel for the network (Ethernet or wireless) cards.

Most systems also have multiple cores at their disposal, so it is important to activate Symmetric multi-processing support:

If USB input devices (like keyboard or mouse) are used don't forget to enable those as well:

Optional: Building an initramfs
In certain cases it is necessary to build an initramfs - an initial ram-based file system. The most common reason is when important file system locations (like or ) are on separate partitions. With an initramfs, these partitions can be mounted using the tools available inside the initramfs.

Without an initramfs, there is a huge risk that the system will not boot up properly as the tools that are responsible for mounting the file systems need information that resides on those file systems. An initramfs will pull in the necessary files into an archive which is used right after the kernel boots, but before the control is handed over to the init tool. Scripts on the initramfs will then make sure that the partitions are properly mounted before the system continues booting.

To install an initramfs, install first, then have it generate an initramfs:

In order to enable specific support in the initramfs, such as lvm or raid, add in the appropriate options to. See for more information. In the next example we enables support for LVM and software raid (mdadm):

The initramfs will be stored in. The resulting file can be found by simply listing the files starting with initramfs:

Now continue with Kernel modules.

Alternative: Using genkernel
If a manual configuration looks too daunting, then using is recommended. It will configure and build the kernel automatically.

works by configuring a kernel nearly identically to the way the installation CD kernel is configured. This means that when is used to build the kernel, the system will generally detect all  hardware at boot-time, just like the installation CD does. Because doesn't require any manual kernel configuration, it is an ideal solution for those users who may not be comfortable compiling their own kernels.

Now, let's see how to use genkernel. First, emerge the ebuild:

Next, edit the file so that the line containing  as second field has the first field pointing to the right device. If the partitioning example from the handbook is followed, then this device is most likely with the ext2 file system. This would make the entry in the file look like so:

Now, compile the kernel sources by running. Be aware though, as compiles a kernel that supports almost all hardware, this compilation will take quite a while to finish!

Once genkernel completes, a kernel, full set of modules and initial ram disk (initramfs) will be created. We will use the kernel and initrd when configuring a boot loader later in this document. Write down the names of the kernel and initrd as this information is used when the boot loader configuration file is edited. The initrd will be started immediately after booting to perform hardware autodetection (just like on the installation CD) before the "real" system starts up.

Configuring the modules
List the modules that need to be loaded automatically in. Extra options can be added to the modules too if necessary.

To view all available modules, run the following command. Don't forget to substitute " " with the version of the kernel just compiled:

For instance, to automatically load the module (which is the driver for a specific 3Com network card family), edit the  file and enter the module name in it.

Continue the installation with Configuring the system.

Optional: Installing firmware
Some drivers require additional firmware to be installed on the system before they work. This is often the case for network interfaces, especially wireless network interfaces. Most of the firmware is packaged in :