Handbook:Parts/Installation/Networking/es

Detección automática de la red
¿Es posible que simplemente funcione?

Si su sistema está conectado a una red Ethernet con un servidor DHCP, es muy probable que la configuración de red se haya detectado automáticamente. En ese caso, debería ser capaz de trabajar con las órdenes que hacen uso de la red y que están en el CD de instalación, son:,  ,  ,  ,   y  , entre otras.

Si ya se ha configurado la red, la orden  debería listar algunas interfaces de red además de , como  :

El nombre de la interfaz en su sistema puede diferir bastante de. Los medios de instalación recientes pueden mostrar nombres de interfaz regulares como,   o. Simplemente busque la interfaz en la salida de  que tenga una dirección IP relacionada con su red local.

A lo largo del resto de este documento, asumiremos que la interfaz se llama.

Opcional: Configure el Proxy
Si accede a Internet a través de un proxy, podría necesitar configurar la información del proxy durante la instalación. Es muy sencillo definir un proxy: tan solo necesita definir la variable que contiene la información del mismo.

En la mayoría de los casos, puede definir las variables usando simplemente el nombre del servidor. Por ejemplo, asumimos que el proxy se llama proxy.gentoo.org y el puerto es el 8080.

Para usar un proxy HTTP (para tráfico HTTP y HTTPS):

Para usar un proxy de FTP:

Para usar un proxy para RSYNC:

Si su proxy requiere un nombre de usuario y una contraseña, debería usar la siguiente sintaxis para la variable:

Probar la red
Puede intentar hacer ping hacia el servidor DNS de su ISP, (que se encuentra en ) y un sitio web a su elección, con la intención de asegurarse de que sus paquetes llegan a la red, la resolución de nombres DNS esta funcionando correctamente, etc.

Si todo lo anterior funciona, puede saltarse el resto del capítulo e ir al siguiente paso de las instrucciones de instalación (Preparar los discos).

Configuración Automática de Red
Si la red no funciona inmediatamente, algunos medios de instalación le permitirán usar  (para redes estándar o inalámbricas),   (para usuarios de ADSL) o   (para usuarios de PPTP).

Si su medio de instalación no contiene ninguna de estas herramientas, continúe con Configuración Manual de la Red.


 * Los usuarios de redes estándar deberían continuar con Por defecto: Usar net-setup
 * Los usuarios de ADSL deberían continuar con Alternativa: utilizar PPP
 * Los usuarios de PPTP deberían continuar con Alternativa: Usar PPTP

Por defecto: Usar net-setup
El sistema más simple de configurar una red, si no se consiguió hacerlo automáticamente, es ejecutar el guión :

le hará algunas preguntas sobre su entorno de red. Cuando lo haya completado, debería disponer de una conexión de red funcionando. Pruebe su conexión de red como se especificó anteriormente. Si los resultados son positivos,¡felicidades! Sáltese el resto de esta sección y continúe con Preparar los discos.

Si su conexión de red sigue sin funcionar, continúe con Configuración Manual de la Red.

Alternativa: utilizar PPP
Asumiendo que requiere PPPoE para conectar a Internet, los CDs de instalación (en cualquiera de sus versiones) se han pensado para facilitarle el trabajo incluyendo ppp. Use el guión  proporcionado para configurar su conexión. Se le pedirá el dispositivo de red que esta conectado a su módem adsl, su nombre de usuario y su contraseña, las IPs de sus servidores DNS y si requiere un firewall básico o no.

Si algo va mal, asegúrese de que ha tecleado correctamente su nombre de usuario y su contraseña mirando o  y asegúrese de que esta haciendo uso del dispositivo de red correcto. Si su dispositivo de red no existe, deberá cargar los módulos de red apropiados. En ese caso, debería continuar con Configuración Manual de la Red dónde se explicará como cargar los módulos de red apropiados.

Si todo funcionó, continúe con Preparar los discos.

Alternativa: Usar PPTP
Si requiere soporte PPTP, puede usar  que se incluye en los CDs de instalación. Pero primero debe asegurarse de que su configuración es correcta. Edite o  ya que contiene la combinación correcta de usuario/contraseña:

Ajuste ahora si es necesario:

Cuando todo esté listo, tan solo ejecute  (junto con las opciones que no se pudieron poner en ) para conectar al servidor:

Now continue with Preparing the disks.

Loading the appropriate network modules
When the Installation CD boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules (drivers) to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases, it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed.

If  or   failed, then it is possible that the network card wasn't found immediately. This means users may have to load the appropriate kernel modules manually.

To find out what kernel modules are provided for networking, use :

If a driver is found for the network device, use  to load the kernel module. For instance, to load the module:

To check if the network card is now detected, use. A detected network card would result in something like this (again, here is just an example):

If however the following error is shown, the network card is not detected:

The available network interface names on the system can be listed through the file system:

In the above example, 6 interfaces are found. The one is most likely the (wired) Ethernet adapter whereas  is the wireless one.

Assuming that the network card is now detected, retry  or   again (which should work now), but for the hardcore people we explain how to configure the network manually as well.

Select one of the following sections based on your network setup:
 * Using DHCP for automatic IP retrieval
 * Preparing for wireless access if a wireless network is used
 * Understanding network terminology explains the basics about networking
 * Using ifconfig and route explains how to set up networking manually

Using DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) makes it possible to automatically receive networking information (IP address, netmask, broadcast address, gateway, nameservers etc.). This only works if a DHCP server is in the network (or if the ISP provider provides a DHCP service). To have a network interface receive this information automatically, use :

Some network administrators require that the hostname and domainname provided by the DHCP server is used by the system. In that case, use:

If this works (try pinging some Internet server, like Google), then everything is set and ready to continue. Skip the rest of this section and continue with Preparing the disks.

Preparing for wireless access
When using a wireless (802.11) card, the wireless settings need to be configured before going any further. To see the current wireless settings on the card, one can use. Running  might show something like:

For most users, there are only two settings that might be important to change, the ESSID (aka wireless network name) or the WEP key. If the ESSID and Access Point address listed are already those of the environment's access point and the environment is not not using WEP, then the wireless configuration is already working.

To change the ESSID, or add a WEP key, issue the following commands.


 * To set the network name to GentooNode:


 * To set a hex WEP key:

To set an ASCII WEP key, prefix the key with :

Confirm the wireless settings again by using. Once wireless is working,continue configuring the IP level networking options as described in the next section (Understanding network terminology) or use the  tool as described previously.

Understanding network terminology
If all of the above fails, the network will need to be configured manually. This is not difficult at all. However, some knowledge of network terminology and basic concepts might be necessary. After reading this section, users will know what a gateway is, what a netmask serves for, how a broadcast address is formed and why systems need nameservers.

In a network, hosts are identified by their IP address (Internet Protocol address). Such an address is perceived as a combination of four numbers between 0 and 255. Well, at least when using IPv4 (IP version 4). In reality, such an IPv4 address consists of 32 bits (ones and zeros). Let's view an example:

Such an IP address is unique to a host as far as all accessible networks are concerned (i.e. every host that one wants to be able to reach must have a unique IP address). In order to distinguish between hosts inside and outside a network, the IP address is divided in two parts: the network part and the host part.

The separation is written down with the netmask, a collection of ones followed by a collection of zeros. The part of the IP that can be mapped on the ones is the network-part, the other one is the host-part. As usual, the netmask can be written down as an IP address.

In other words, 192.168.0.14 is still part of the example network, but 192.168.1.2 is not.

The broadcast address is an IP address with the same network-part as the network, but with only ones as host-part. Every host on the network listens to this IP address. It is truly meant for broadcasting packets.

To be able to surf on the Internet, each computer in the network must know which host shares the Internet connection. This host is called the gateway. Since it is a regular host, it has a regular IP address (for instance 192.168.0.1).

Previously we stated that every host has its own IP address. To be able to reach this host by a name (instead of an IP address) we need a service that translates a name (such as dev.gentoo.org) to an IP address (such as 64.5.62.82). Such a service is called a name service. To use such a service, the necessary name servers need to be defined in.

In some cases, the gateway also serves as a nameserver. Otherwise the nameservers provided by the ISP need to be entered in this file.

To summarize, the following information is needed before continuing:

Using ifconfig and route
Setting up the network consists of three steps.
 * 1) Assign an IP address using
 * 2) Set up routing to the gateway using
 * 3) Finish up by placing the nameserver IPs in

To assign an IP address, the IP address, broadcast address and netmask are needed. Then execute the following command, substituting  with the right IP address,   with the right broadcast address and   with the right netmask:

Set up routing using. Substitute  with the right gateway IP address:

Now open :

Fill in the nameserver(s) using the following as a template. Make sure to substitute  and   with the appropriate nameserver addresses:

That's it. Now test the network by pinging some Internet server (like Google). If this works, congratulations then. Continue with Preparing the disks.