Power management/Guide/es

En los últimos años, la gestión de la energía ha sido una de las características diferenciadoras en la búsqueda del equipo portátil perfecto. El sistema operativo ofrece soporte a varias funcionalidades. En esta guía, cubrimos cómo configurar su instalación Gentoo de modo que gestione los recursos que tengan un alto consumo de forma flexible y automática.

Acerca de este documento
Este documento describe cómo configurar las características de gestión de la energía en equipos portátiles. Aunque alguna de la información contenida en esta guía se puede aplicar a la gestión de la energía en equipos servidor, este documento no está orientado a este tipo de equipos. Por favor, sea cuidadoso cuando aplique esto a un sistema que no sea portátil.

Dentro de este documento, lo primero será centrarse en las herramientas para el modo portátil ya que ofrece un conjunto completo de funcionalidades. Sin embargo, también haremos referencia a otras herramientas que podrían ofrecer un enfoque más detallado en los ajustes individuales. En estos casos, necesitará deshabilitar la característica de las herramientas para el modo portátil de modo que ambas herramientas no rivalizan por el control de los mismos recursos.

Acerca de laptop_mode
El ajuste laptop_mode es un ajuste de configuración dentro del núcleo que optimiza la E/S permitiendo que los discos giren más despacio (y no se arranquen de nuevo justo después de operaciones que están en cola).

Acerca de laptop-mode-tools
Las herramientas del modo portátil (Laptop Mode Tools) se incluyen en un paquete de software que permite al usuario optimizar las funciones de ahorro de energía. Permite la gestión del ajuste laptop_mode setting en el núcleo Linux y dispone de características adicionales que permiten ajustar otras características relacionadas con la energía dentro del sistema.

Configuración mínima del núcleo
Existen diferentes fuentes del núcleo en Portage. Recomendamos utilizar, sin embargo, si desea soporte avanzado para hibernación, se podría necesitar. Para habilitar la características propias de la gestión de la energía en el núcleo Linux, se deben habilitar los siguientes ajustes:

No olvide habilitar el controlador de escalado de frecuencia para la CPU, el cual está localizado justo después de la opción ACPI Processor P-States driver mencionada arriba.

Construya e instale el nuevo núcleo (si ello es necesario) y reinicie el sistema.

Instalación
No sorprende saber que la instalación del software Laptop Mode Tools se realiza de forma fácil mediante emerge app-laptop/laptop-mode-tools. Sin embargo, este paquete ofrece ajustes adicionales a través de la configuración de USE. Por ello, en primer lugar echaremos un vistazo a los ajustes USE soportados y qué hacen en el paquete.

Como se puede ver, hay dos ajustes USE que parecen ser incompatibles:  y. ¿Qué ocurre aquí?


 * The  USE enables support for Advanced Power Management, an older (before year 2000) standard for power management features within a system.
 * The  USE enables support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, the successor of APM. All modern laptops support ACPI.

Depending on your system, you will either need  or   set. In the remainder of this guide, we assume that your laptop is recent enough to use ACPI.

So, with the USE flags set, install laptop-mode-tools:

Configuration
Having laptop-mode-tools installed on the system does not automatically enable the power management features that may be needed. To configure the package, first take a look at This is the main configuration file for the package and is pretty well described (through comments).

But it is not the only configuration file to work with. The laptop-mode-tools package supports plugins (or modules) which have their own configuration file(s). These files are located in and are named after the module they represent (such as ).

Now, one of the important settings in each configuration file is if the laptop-mode-tools package should govern a particular setting or not. This is important when you want to combine laptop-mode-tools with other services like cpufreqd. In this example case, you will need to set  :

The next few sections will help the user configure laptop-mode-tools to suit specific needs. When finished, start the laptop_mode service and make sure it is started upon system boot.

How does laptop-mode-tools work
When running the laptop_mode service, the software will check in which state the system is in. The states are defined as:


 * Battery, which is active when the system is running on battery power; the configuration files use the  prefix for settings related to this state;
 * AC, which is active when the system is running on AC power; the configuration files use the  prefix for settings related to this state;
 * Laptop Mode, which is active when laptop mode is enabled; the configuration files use the  prefix for settings related to this state;
 * No Laptop Mode, which is active when laptop mode is disabled; the configuration files use the  prefix for settings related to this state.

The  and   prefixes can be combined (so you can have a   prefix).

When the laptop_mode service is started, it will switch modes based on events that occur (and of course based on the configuration settings). For instance, the setting  will make sure that the laptop mode tools switch to laptop mode when battery power is used. If that is the case, then the settings starting with,  ,  , and   will be used.

To make sure settings to not collide, it is not allowed to have overlapping settings. In the next example, the first set (for ) is valid, but the second one (for  ) is not.

Configuring CPU frequency management
The support for CPU frequency management in the laptop mode tools allows switching frequencies. It supports setting the CPU frequency governor, minimum frequency and maximum frequency. The configuration file used here is

The CPU frequency governor is a kernel-level policy that defines how the kernel will select the CPU frequency. We already selected the governors we want to use in the kernel configuration earlier. Let's recap:


 * always picks the highest frequency;
 * always picks the lowest frequency;
 * does not pick anything, but lets the user decide (or any process that the user is running that will decide for the user);
 * will scale the CPU frequency up to the highest frequency when load is available;
 * will scale the CPU frequency up gradually when load is available.

When switching between AC or battery, or (no) laptop mode, the appropriate governor (as well as its minimum and maximum frequency) is selected.

Configuring display brightness
With, the laptop mode tools can govern the brightness of the LCD screen.

The file currently uses the file (bug 499544) to set brightness values. Recent kernels do not provide this anymore; it will need to adjust this to instead.

The possible values that can be used are between 0 and the value in, with 0 being the lowest brightness value.

Configuring other services
An interesting feature of laptop-mode-tools is to support reloading particular services (like the system logger) after switching its configuration file. This is handled through

If enabled, the laptop_mode application will switch the configuration file(s) of the mentioned services with the same file, but suffixed with,  or. It will then signal or reload the appropriate services so they can use the new configuration file.

Installation
The cpufreqd application allows the user to manage CPU frequencies in a more granular approach than what laptop-mode-tools supports. But before we dive into the installation of cpufreqd, let us first look at the USE flags it supports.

The,  , and   USE overlap, so only one should be active. If the laptop is sufficiently recent,  is the best bet. If not,  offers all that is needed. When even APM isn't supported, try using.

With the USE flags configured, it is time to install cpufreqd.

Configuration
The cpufreqd application monitors the status of the system through several plugins. Based on the feedback it receives from those plugins, it will adjust the policy used to govern the CPU frequency.

cpufreqd can be configured by editing It contains three different sections:


 * 1) The   section contains general configuration information
 * 2) The   section defines the policies that the cpufreqd daemon can switch to. The section is very similar to the information you use when manually setting the CPU frequency policy using cpufreq-set.
 * 3) The   section is the work-horse of the cpufreqd daemon, defining when the daemon decides to switch to a different profile.

Take a quick look at an example rule.

In the above example, cpufreqd will switch the system to the On Demand High profile (also shown in the above excerpt). This profile by itself uses the ondemand governor with a minimum frequency of 40% (iow, a CPU of 2 GHz will have by this policy a minimum frequency of 800 MHz).

As you can see, the cpufreqd application can offer a more granular approach on CPU frequency scaling. But not only that, you can tweak the CPU frequency scaling based on various other metrics available. The default configuration offers a sample rule for when you watch a movie, where you want maximum performance, unless the CPU temperature is getting too high.

When you have configured cpufreqd, it is time to start it (and make sure the service is loaded automatically). Make sure that CPU frequency handling by other tools (like laptop-mode-tools) is disabled!

Tools

 * Página oficial de Laptop Mode Tools, incluye el acerca del modo portátil.
 * PowerTOP, una aplicación interactiva que ayuda a los usuarios a detectar los procesos que despiertan a la CPU más frecuentemente.

Artículos y guías

 * Un artículo ThinkWiki acerca de Cómo reducir el gasto de energía (en Linux). Este artículo ofrece una lista exhaustiva de medidas que se pueden tomar. Sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que las herramientas del modo portátil implementa la mayoría de ellas (si se ha configurado de forma correcta).