Handbook:Parts/Installation/System/fr

À propos de fstab
Sous Linux, toutes les partitions utilisées par le système doivent être listées dans. Ce fichier contient les points de montage de ces partitions (où elles sont vues dans la structure du système de fichier), comment elles doivent être montées et avec quels paramètres (automatiquement ou non, si les utilisateurs peuvent les monter ou non, etc.)

Créer le fichier fstab
Le fichier utilise un format ressemblant à celui d'un tableau. Chaque ligne comporte six champs, séparés par des espaces blancs (espace, tabulation ou les deux). Chaque champ à sa propre signification :

Le quatrième champ indique les options utilisées par lors du montage de la partition. Comme chaque système de fichiers à ses propres options de montage, les utilisateurs sont encouragés à lire la page de manuel de mount pour une liste complète. Des options multiples sont séparées par une virgule.
 * 1) Le premier champ indique le périphérique ou système de fichier distant à monter. Plusieurs types d'identificateurs sont disponibles pour les périphériques : chemin vers les fichiers du périphérique, étiquettes des systèmes de fichiers et UUIDs, étiquettes de partitions et UUIDs.
 * 2) Le second champ indique le point de montage sur lequel la partition sera montée.
 * 3) Le troisième champ indique le système de fichier utilisé par la partition.
 * 1) Le cinquième champ est utilisé par dump pour déterminer si la partition doit être sauvegardée ou non. Ce champ peut généralement être laissé à 0.
 * 2) Le sixième champ est utilisé par  pour déterminer dans quel ordre les systèmes de fichiers doivent être vérifiés si le système n'a pas été terminé correctement. Le système de fichier root devrait être à 1 et les autres à 2 (ou 0 si une vérification n'est pas nécessaire).

Dans le reste de l'article, nous utilisons le fichier de bloc de périphérique par défaut comme partition.

Étiquettes de systèmes de fichiers et UUIDs
MBR (BIOS) et GPT incluent tous les deux le support pour les étiquettes de système de fichiers et les UUIDs de système de fichiers. Ces attributs peuvent être définis dans comme alternatives lors de l'utilisation de la commande  pour détecter et monter les blocs de périphériques. Les étiquettes de système de fichiers et les UUIDs de système de fichiers sont identifiés par le préfixe LABEL et UUID et peuvent être visualisés grâce à la commande :

En raison de leur unicité, les lecteurs utilisant des tables de partitions de type MBR sont recommandés d'utiliser les UUIDs à la place des étiquettes pour définir les volumes montables dans.

Partition labels and UUIDs
Users who have gone the GPT route have a couple more 'robust' options available to define partitions in. Partition labels and partition UUIDs can be used to identify the block device's individual partition(s), regardless of what filesystem has been chosen for the partition itself. Partition labels and UUIDs are identified by the PARTLABEL and PARTUUID prefixes respectively and can be viewed nicely in the terminal by running the command:

While not always true for partition labels, using a UUID to identify a partition in provides a guarantee that the bootloader will not be confused when looking for a certain volume, even if the filesystem would be changed in the future. Using the older default block device files for defining the partitions in  is risky for systems that are restarted often and have SATA block devices added and removed regularly.

The naming for block device files depends on a number of factors, including how and in what order the disks are attached to the system. They also could show up in a different order depending on which of the devices are detected by the kernel first during the early boot process. With this being stated, unless one intends to constantly fiddle with the disk ordering, using default block device files is a simple and straightforward approach.

Add the rules that match the previously decided partitioning scheme and append rules for devices such as CD-ROM drive(s), and of course, if other partitions or drives are used, for those too.

Below is a more elaborate example of an file:

When  is used in the third field, it makes the  command guess what the filesystem would be. This is recommended for removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems. The  option in the fourth field makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD.

To improve performance, most users would want to add the  mount option, which results in a faster system since access times aren't registered (those are not needed generally anyway). This is also recommended for solid state drive (SSD) users, who should also enable the  mount option (ext4 and btrfs only for now) which makes the   command work.

Double-check the file, save and quit to continue.

Host and domain information
One of the choices the user has to make is name his/her PC. This seems to be quite easy, but lots of users are having difficulties finding the appropriate name for their Linux PC. To speed things up, know that the decision is not final - it can be changed afterwards. In the examples below, the hostname tux is used within the domain homenetwork.

Second, if a domain name is needed, set it in. This is only necessary if the ISP or network administrator says so, or if the network has a DNS server but not a DHCP server. Don't worry about DNS or domain names if the system uses DHCP for dynamic IP address allocation and network configuration.

If a NIS domain is needed (users that do not know this will not need one), define that one too:

Configuring the network
During the Gentoo Linux installation, networking was already configured. However, that was for the installation CD itself and not for the installed environment. Right now, the network configuration is made for the installed Gentoo Linux system.

All networking information is gathered in. It uses a straightforward yet perhaps not intuitive syntax. But don't fear, everything is explained below. A fully commented example that covers many different configurations is available in.

First install :

DHCP is used by default. For DHCP to work, a DHCP client needs to be installed. This is described later in Installing Necessary System Tools.

If the network connection needs to be configured because of specific DHCP options or because DHCP is not used at all, then open :

Set both config_eth0 and routes_eth0 to enter IP address information and routing information:

To use DHCP, define config_eth0 :

Please read for a list of all available options. Be sure to also read up on the DHCP client man page if specific DHCP options need to be set.

If the system has several network interfaces, then repeat the above steps for config_eth1, config_eth2 , etc.

Now save the configuration and exit to continue.

Automatically start networking at boot
To have the network interfaces activated at boot, they need to be added to the default runlevel.

If the system has several network interfaces, then the appropriate files need to be created just like we did with.

If after booting the system we find out that the assumption about the network interface name (which is currently documented as ) was wrong, then execute the following steps to rectify this:


 * 1) Update the  file with the correct interface name (like   instead of  ).
 * 2) Create new symbolic link (like ).
 * 3) Remove the old symbolic link.
 * 4) Add the new one to the default runlevel.
 * 5) Remove the old one using.

The hosts file
Next inform Linux about the network environment. This is defined in and helps in resolving host names to IP addresses for hosts that aren't resolved by the nameserver.

Save and exit the editor to continue.

Optional: Get PCMCIA working
PCMCIA users should now install the package.

Root password
Set the root password using the command.

The root Linux account is an all-powerful account, so pick a strong password. Later an additional regular user account will be created for daily operations.

Init and boot configuration
Gentoo (at least when using OpenRC) uses to configure the services, startup, and shutdown of a system. Open up and enjoy all the comments in the file. Review the settings and change where needed.

Next, open to handle keyboard configuration. Edit it to configure and select the right keyboard.

Take special care with the keymap variable. If the wrong keymap is selected, then weird results will come up when typing on the keyboard.

Finally, edit to set the clock options. Edit it according to personal preference.

If the hardware clock is not using UTC, then it is necessary to set  in the file. Otherwise the system might show clock skew behavior.