Handbook:AMD64/Blocks/Booting/ru

Загрузка с установочного носителя
Once the installation CD is burned, it is time to boot it. Remove all external bootable media from the system (including any CD/DVD disks or USB drives), reboot the system, and enter the motherboard's firmware user interface. This is usually performed by pressing a keyboard key such as, , , or during the Power-On Self-test (POST) process. The 'trigger' key varies depending on the system and motherboard. If it is not obvious use an internet search engine and do some research using the motherboard's model name as the search keyword. Results should be easy to determine. Once inside the motherboard's firmware menu, change the boot order so that the external bootable media (CD/DVD disks or USB drives) are tried before the internal disk devices. Without this change, the system will most likely reboot to the internal disk device, ignoring the external boot media.

Теперь поместите установочный диск в привод CD-ROM и перезагрузитесь. Должно	появиться загрузочное приглашение. Здесь можно просто нажать, чтобы запустить процесс загрузки с параметрами по умолчанию, или загрузить установочный диск по-своему: указать ядро, потом загрузочные параметры, а затем нажать.

Когда вы увидите подсказку, у вас есть выбор — показать все доступные ядра и загрузочные опции. Если вы не сделаете выбор в течение 15 секунд (не запросите отображение информации или использование ядра), то LiveDVD продолжит загрузку с диска. Это позволяет установке перезагружаться и пробовать установленное окружение без необходимости удалять CD из привода (что очень хорошо для удаленных установок).

Мы упомянули, что можно задавать ядро. На нашем установочном CD существует несколько ядер. По умолчанию загружается. Другие ядра нужны для специфического железа, и варианты -nofb с отключенным фреймбуфером.

The next section gives a short overview of the available kernels and their descriptions:

Kernel choices

 * gentoo
 * Ядро по умолчанию с поддержкой процессоров K8 (включая поддержку NUMA) и EM64T


 * gentoo-nofb
 * Аналогично gentoo, но без поддержки кадрового буфера


 * memtest86
 * Тест оперативной памяти на ошибки

Кроме выбора ядра, с помощью загрузочных опций можно дополнительно изменить процесс загрузки.

Hardware options

 * acpi=on
 * This loads support for ACPI and also causes the acpid daemon to be started by the CD on boot. This is only needed if the system requires ACPI to function properly. This is not required for Hyperthreading support.


 * acpi=off
 * Completely disables ACPI. This is useful on some older systems and is also a requirement for using APM. This will disable any Hyperthreading support of your processor.


 * console=X
 * This sets up serial console access for the CD. The first option is the device, usually ttyS0 on x86, followed by any connection options, which are comma separated. The default options are 9600,8,n,1.


 * dmraid=X
 * This allows for passing options to the device-mapper RAID subsystem. Options should be encapsulated in quotes.


 * doapm
 * This loads APM driver support. This also requires that.


 * dopcmcia
 * This loads support for PCMCIA and Cardbus hardware and also causes the pcmcia cardmgr to be started by the CD on boot. This is only required when booting from PCMCIA/Cardbus devices.


 * doscsi
 * This loads support for most SCSI controllers. This is also a requirement for booting most USB devices, as they use the SCSI subsystem of the kernel.


 * sda=stroke
 * This allows the user to partition the whole hard disk even when the BIOS is unable to handle large disks. This option is only used on machines with an older BIOS. Replace sda with the device that requires this option.


 * ide=nodma
 * This forces the disabling of DMA in the kernel and is required by some IDE chipsets and also by some CDROM drives. If the system is having trouble reading from the IDE CDROM, try this option. This also disables the default hdparm settings from being executed.


 * noapic
 * This disables the Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller that is present on newer motherboards. It has been known to cause some problems on older hardware.


 * nodetect
 * This disables all of the autodetection done by the CD, including device autodetection and DHCP probing. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.


 * nodhcp
 * This disables DHCP probing on detected network cards. This is useful on networks with only static addresses.


 * nodmraid
 * Disables support for device-mapper RAID, such as that used for on-board IDE/SATA RAID controllers.


 * nofirewire
 * This disables the loading of Firewire modules. This should only be necessary if your Firewire hardware is causing a problem with booting the CD.


 * nogpm
 * This disables gpm console mouse support.


 * nohotplug
 * This disables the loading of the hotplug and coldplug init scripts at boot. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.


 * nokeymap
 * This disables the keymap selection used to select non-US keyboard layouts.


 * nolapic
 * This disables the local APIC on Uniprocessor kernels.


 * nosata
 * This disables the loading of Serial ATA modules. This is used if the system is having problems with the SATA subsystem.


 * nosmp
 * This disables SMP, or Symmetric Multiprocessing, on SMP-enabled kernels. This is useful for debugging SMP-related issues with certain drivers and motherboards.


 * nosound
 * This disables sound support and volume setting. This is useful for systems where sound support causes problems.


 * nousb
 * This disables the autoloading of USB modules. This is useful for debugging USB issues.


 * slowusb
 * This adds some extra pauses into the boot process for slow USB CDROMs, like in the IBM BladeCenter.

Logical volume/device management

 * dolvm
 * This enables support for Linux's Logical Volume Management.

Другие параметры

 * debug
 * Enables debugging code. This might get messy, as it displays a lot of data to the screen.


 * docache
 * This caches the entire runtime portion of the CD into RAM, which allows the user to umount and mount another CDROM. This option requires that there is at least twice as much available RAM as the size of the CD.


 * doload=X
 * This causes the initial ramdisk to load any module listed, as well as dependencies. Replace X with the module name. Multiple modules can be specified by a comma-separated list.


 * dosshd
 * Starts sshd on boot, which is useful for unattended installs.


 * passwd=foo
 * Sets whatever follows the equals as the root password, which is required for dosshd since the root password is by default scrambled.


 * noload=X
 * This causes the initial ramdisk to skip the loading of a specific module that may be causing a problem. Syntax matches that of doload.


 * nonfs
 * Disables the starting of portmap/nfsmount on boot.


 * nox
 * This causes an X-enabled LiveCD to not automatically start X, but rather, to drop to the command line instead.


 * scandelay
 * This causes the CD to pause for 10 seconds during certain portions the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use.


 * scandelay=X
 * This allows the user to specify a given delay, in seconds, to be added to certain portions of the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use. Replace X with the number of seconds to pause.

Now boot the media, select a kernel (if the default kernel does not suffice) and boot options. As an example, we boot the kernel, with   as a kernel parameter:

Появится заставка с полосой индикатора загрузки. Если вы устанавливаете Gentoo на машину с неамериканской раскладкой клавиатуры, нужно немедленно нажать +, чтобы переключиться в подробный режим, и следовать появившимся указаниям. Если ничего не выбрано в течение 10 секунд, устанавливается раскладка по умолчанию (клавиатура США), а загрузка продолжается. По окончании загрузки для вас будет выполнен автоматический вход в "живой" Gentoo Linux в качестве "root" (администратора). В текущей консоли должно появиться прилашение root ("#"). Также можно переключаться в другие консоли, нажимая +, + и +. Вернуться в первоначальную консоль можно нажатием +.