SCAP

The Security Content Automation Protocol is a set of standards and specifications that allow security-conscious actors to document and manage security-related settings (information, checks, vulnerabilities, ...) so that compatible tools can leverage this information.

A well known standard included in SCAP is CVE, the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system that identifies vulnerabilities in software, hardware and operating systems and is used by many vulnerability reports to link their information with the publicly available information (an example is CVE-2011-1095). However, many other standards are included in SCAP, like XCCDF (to describe security benchmarks) and OVAL (to test security settings).

XCCDF
The Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format is an XML-driven language allowing authors to structurally describe (for instance) the setup and configuration of services, systems or tools, as well as connect the guide with OVAL content, supporting automated validation of these settings (does a system comply with the documented settings). Authors have a subset of XHTML available for formatting the content and can generate, from the XCCDF document, a plethora of formats (such as HTML pages, PDF documents, manual pages, ...) for further distribution.

OVAL
The Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language is an XML-driven language allowing the description of specific settings. It uses a top-down approach, first describing a definition (what is being described), followed by the tests (one or more) that are involved with the given description. Each test refers to an object (such as a file, or a line within a file, or a kernel parameter, registry key, ...) and a state (regular expression, value of a key, permission, mount option, ...) and can optionally use variables to make the content somewhat more flexible.

OVAL documents are used for the automated validation of system states and are often referenced from the XCCDF documents (which describe the state in human-understandable texts).

OCIL
The Open Checklist Interactive Language provides a conceptual framework for authors to ask users questions in a structured manner. Authors define questions (and their answer type, such as boolean, integer, string, (multiple)choice, etc.), the set of possible answers and potential actions to be taken depending on the users' answer (fail the user, ask another (set of) question(s), pass the user).

Asset Identification
In order to uniquely and properly identify / document assets within an organization, the Asset Identification standard in SCAP offers an XML-based identification scheme. It relies upon a hierarchical categorization (is the asset an IT asset, an organization or a person, and within the IT assets, is it a computing device, network, software or system) and provides fields for both uniquely identifiable values as well as additional properties related to the asset.

The use of a standardized asset identification scheme is important if you want full automation within the organization, as you will undoubtedly need to refer to particular assets within the tools or documents.

ARF
The Asset Reporting Format is an XML-driven language allowing for tools to generate standardized reports about the assets, security state, etc. These standardized reports can then be parsed easily and formatted for further use.

CCE
The Common Configuration Enumeration is a Mitre-managed database of settings or states. Combined, they describe which aspects of a system need to be guarded. The CCE entry often does not tell what the proper value is, but rather describes that it needs to be thought of.

For instance:

CPE
The Common Platform Enumeration is a string that represents the subject that is targeted by a definition. CPEs currently describe either hardware, software (application) or operation systems, and are used in CVEs to inform SCAP-capable tools when a vulnerability is potentially active. An example CPE entry is  (Linux kernel 3.3.1) or   (Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6, build 3718.

CVE
The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures is a Mitre-managed database holding the description of discovered vulnerabilities. CVEs are then tied to the proper CPEs (identifying the subject that is vulnerable) and sometimes CCEs (identifying particular settings that influence if the vulnerability is exploitable or not).

A CVE number (like CVE-2011-3170) is a unique identifier describing a particular vulnerability. Most security updates refer to the CVE or CVEs that they fix (including the Gentoo Linux Security Advisories).

CVSS
The Common Vulnerability Scoring System tries to provide a way of measuring the severity (and influence) of vulnerabilities. The higher the score, the more severe a vulnerability is found.

CCSS
The Common Configuration Scoring System tries to provide a way of measuring the severify (and influence) of configuration settings. The higher the score, the more severe the setting is. Unlike vulnerabilities, which are usually because of coding errors, configuration issues are not resolved by updating the software or platform, but by updating its configuration.

TMSAD
The Trust Model for Security Automation Data recommends (and describes) the proper use of digital signatures within SCAP data streams.

openscap
The oscap application (part of is able to read in XCCDF and OVAL file formats and both transform them into readable reports as well as execute OVAL-described tests against a system.

cvechecker
The cvechecker application pulls in CVE data from Mitre and matches this information (of vulnerable software) against a precompiled list of software found on the system, reporting on potential vulnerabilities.

External resources

 * SCAP Homepage on nist.gov