FAQ/ru

Данный ЧаВо — это набор вопросов и ответов, составленный по материалам списка рассылки gentoo-dev и IRC.

Введение
Обратите внимание, что многие из этих вопросов объясняются в официальных документах и руководствах Gentoo. Это просто список частозадаваемых вопросов. Для изучения работы Gentoo и GNU/Linux вообще, а также поиска ответов на вопросы, не освещенные в данной статье, можно обратиться к документации и man-страницам.

Как произносится слово Gentoo, и что оно означает?
Gentoo произносится как “gen-too” (джен-ту), буква “g” в слове “Gentoo” — мягкая, как в слове “gentle” (джентл). (Информация о произношении актуальна для английского языка. Распространенные русские варианты: Гéнту и Гентý. — Прим. пер.) Научное имя пингвина Gentoo — Pygoscelis papua. Имя Gentoo было дано пингвину населением Фолклендских островов.

Что делает Gentoo особенным?
Gentoo uses a BSD ports-like system called Portage. Portage is a package management system that allows great flexibility while installing and maintaining software on a Gentoo system. It provides compile-time option support (through USE flags), conditional dependencies, pre-package installation summary, safe installation (through sandboxing) uninstallation of software, system profiles, and configuration file protection amongst several other features.

С помощью Gentoo вы можете собрать всю систему из исходных кодов, выбрав свои параметры оптимизации. У вас есть полный контроль над тем, какие пакеты устанавливать, а какие нет. В Gentoo многое можно выбрать самим, собрав систему в соответствии со своими предпочтениями. Поэтому Gentoo называют метадистрибутивом.

Gentoo активно развивается. Весь дистрибутив разрабатывается в быстром темпе: патчи к пакетам быстро интегрируются в основное дерево, документация обновляется ежедневно, новые возможности часто добавляются в Portage, а официальные релизы происходят дважды в год.

Все реально нестабильно, я использую оптимизации -O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer. Что происходит?
Не пытайтесь использовать уровни оптимизации выше, это все равно не поддерживается актуальными версиями gcc. Очень агрессивные оптимизации иногда заставляют компилятор ускорять ассемлерный код так, что программа делает уже не совсем то же, что без оптимизаций.

Попробуйте компиляцию с CFLAGS  перед тем, как отправлять нам отчет об ошибке.

Как изменить пароль root (или любого другого пользователя)?
Для изменения пароля пользователя, под учетной записью которого вы вошли в систему, можно использовать. Пользователь root может изменять пароль любого пользователя командой. Для получения списка дополнительных опций и настроек выполните команду.

Как добавить обычного пользователя?
Команда  добавляет пользователя “username”. Однако при использовании данного метода созданный пользователь не получит многих прав, которые вы, может быть, хотите ему присвоить, так что следующая команда предпочтительней:

Данная команда создаст пользователя с именем “username”. Параметр  приведет к включению пользователя в группу , что позволит ему получать доступ к аудиоустройствам. Параметр  приведет к включению в группу. Это дает возможность выполнять команду, что, в свою очередь, позволяет получать привилегии пользователя.

Не выходит получить права root’а с помощью команды su. Из-за чего это может происходить?
По причинам, связанным с безопасностью, пользователи могут использовать команду  для повышения прав только, если они состоят в группе wheel. Чтобы добавить пользователя username к группе wheel, выполните следующую команду от пользователя root:

Можно ли обновить Gentoo с одного выпуска до другого без переустановки?
После установки между разными выпусками нет, в сущности, никаких различий. Система Gentoo версии 1.4 или более поздней основана на  (или выше). Поэтому после выполнения команды  ваша система станет «самой новой системой Gentoo». Разница между отдельными выпусками заключается только в различных установочных носителях и заранее скомпилированных пакетах. Более детальная информация о профилях и их роли в обновлении системы находится в руководстве по обновлению Gentoo.

Обратите внимание, что команда  обновит установленные пакеты и их зависимости, но не обновит зависимости времени сборки (пакеты, которые нужны только при сборке, и не нужны для работы установленного приложения). Для их обновления добавьте параметр.

Ядро не загружается, что делать?
It isn't obligatory to redo every step of the installation. However, investigating the kernel and all associated steps is necessary. Suppose that Gentoo is installed on  and   with  being the swap space.

Boot from the install CD and wait until a command prompt shows up.

First mount all the partitions:

Then chroot into the Gentoo environment and configure the kernel:

Now (de)select anything that was (de)selected wrongly on the previous attempt, quit, and compile the kernel:

Now copy the bzImage file, overwriting the previous one:

If LILO has been used as the bootloader, rerun lilo - GRUB users should skip this step:

Exit the chroot and reboot the system.

If, on the other hand, the problem lies with the bootloader configuration, follow the same steps, but instead of configuring and compiling the kernel, reconfigure the bootloader (recompilation of the bootloader is usually not necessary).

My proxy requires authentication, what do I have to do?
To have Portage automatically use this scheme, define it in :

How do I burn an ISO file?
ISO files must be burned in raw mode. This means the file should not just be placed on the CD, but interpreted as an entire CD.

There are lots of CD burning tools available; covering them all would be a Sisyphean problem. However, describing a few popular tools never hurts:


 * With EasyCD Creator select, . Then change the to . Then locate the ISO file and click . After clicking  the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD/DVD.


 * With Nero Burning ROM, cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select from the  menu. Select the image to burn and click . Now click the  button and watch the brand new Gentoo Live CD being burnt.


 * With cdrecord, simply type cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom (replace with the CDROM drive's device path) followed by the path to the ISO file.


 * With K3B, select →  → . Then locate the ISO file within the 'Image to Burn' area. Click  to begin the burn process.


 * With Mac OS X Panther, launch Disk Utility from, select from the  menu, select the mounted disk image in the main window and select  in the  menu.


 * With Mac OS X Jaguar, launch Disk Copy from, select from the  menu, select the ISO and click the  button.

What CD/stage should I use for my CPU?
First find out what CPU is in the system Gentoo is to be installed on (for instance a Pentium-M). Next find out what CPU type it is compatible with (instruction-wise) to find a proper match with Gentoo's CD or stages. Consulting the CPU's vendor website for this information usually works, although querying a search engine of choice is usually more efficient.

When uncertain, take a "lower" CD/stage file, for instance a i686 or even generic x86 (or the equivalent in the system's arch). This will ensure that the system will work, but may not be as fast as further optimizations.

Please note that many more options exist than those for which Gentoo builds binary stages. Please see the GCC guide for setting the  flag.

The Internet does not work after rebooting. What is wrong?
First verify that the network card is discovered properly by the kernel. Run ifconfig -a and look for network interfaces. Something such as eth0, eno1, enp2s0, enp0s8, wlan0 (in case of certain wireless network cards) should be present. Specific kernel modules may be required for the kernel to properly detect the network card. If that is the case, make sure that the required kernel modules are listed in the file.

If support for the system's network card has been left out of the kernel, it will need to be reconfigured and, in some cases, recompiled.

If the network card is found by the kernel, but the network configuration has been set to use DHCP, a DHCP client might not have been installed on the system. There are many DHCP clients available in Gentoo, a common one being dhcpcd. If necessary to get the connection to the Internet working reboot to the installation CD and emerge -a dhcpcd</tt>.

Information on how to rescue the system using the installation CD is available here as well.

Attempting to boot Windows from GRUB or LILO only shows a black screen. What should I do?
This is a known problem. Windows refuses to boot when it is not installed on the first hard drive and shows a black/blank screen. To handle this, it is necessary to "fool" Windows into believing that it is installed on the first hard drive with a little tweak in the boot loader configuration. Please note that in the below example, Gentoo is installed on (first disk) and Windows on  (second disk). Adjust the configuration as needed:

This will make Windows believe it is installed on the first hard drive and boot without problems. More information can be found in official GRUB documentation and in man lilo.conf</tt>.

How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 tarball?
The Gentoo Handbook only describes a Gentoo installation using a stage3 tarball. However, Gentoo still provides stage1 and stage2 tarballs. This is for development purposes (the Release Engineering team starts from a stage1 tarball to obtain a stage3) but should not be used by users: a stage3 tarball can very well be used to bootstrap the system. A working Internet connection is a requirement.

Bootstrapping means building the toolchain (the C library and compiler) for the system after which all core system packages are installed. To bootstrap the system, perform a stage3 installation. Before starting the chapter on Configuring the Kernel, it might be necessary to modify the script to match personal requirements:

After modifications, run the script.

Next, rebuild all core system packages with the newly built toolchain. We need to rebuild them since the stage3 tarball already offers them:

Now continue with Configuring the Kernel.

In what form are the packages stored?
Packages are not "stored" per se. Instead, Gentoo provides a set of scripts which can resolve dependencies, fetch source code, and compile a version of the package tailored to the user his needs. Generally Gentoo only builds binaries for releases and snapshots. The Gentoo Developer Manual covers the contents of an ebuild script in detail.

For full ISO releases, a full suite of binary packages will be created using an enhanced  format, which is  compatible with meta-information attached to the end of the file. These can be used to install a working (though not fully optimized) version of the package quickly and efficiently.

It is possible to create RPMs (Red Hat package manager files) using Gentoo's Portage, but it is not currently possible to use already existing RPMs to install packages.

I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
Yes, but it is not trivial, nor is it recommended. Since the method to do this requires a good understanding of Portage internals and commands, it is instead recommended that the ebuild is patched to do whatever it is that the user wants and place it in a Portage overlay (that is why overlays exist). This is much better for maintainability, and usually easier. See the Gentoo Developer Manual for more information.

What if rsync does not work for me?
When behind a firewall that does not permit rsync traffic through port 873, the emerge-webrsync</tt> command can be used to fetch and install a Portage snapshot through regular HTTP. See this section for information on downloading source files and Portage snapshots via a proxy.

I have a slow (or no) Internet connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
Definitely. Run emerge --pretend package/atom</tt> to see what programs are going to be installed. To find out the sources for those packages and where to download the sources from, run emerge -fp package/atom</tt>. Download sources and bring them on any media home. Put the sources into the folder and then simply run emerge package/atom</tt>. Be warned: this can be a very tedious process.

Source tarballs are collecting in /usr/portage/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
Deleting these files will have no negative impact on day-to-day performance. However, it might be wise to keep the most recent version of the files; often several ebuilds will be released for the same version of a specific piece of software. If the archive is deleted and the software is upgraded or rebuild it will be necessary to download them from the Internet again.

Use the eclean</tt> script from to manage the contents of  and a few other locations. Please read man eclean</tt> to learn more about its usage, as well as the Gentoolkit article.

What is in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
During compilation, Gentoo saves the sources of the package in. These files and folder are usually deleted upon a successful merge, but this sometimes fails. It is safe to clean out all contents of this directory if the emerge</tt> command is not running. Be sure to always pgrep emerge</tt> before cleaning out this directory.

How do I set up an International Keyboard Layout?
Edit the  variable in. To have console working correctly with extended characters in the keymap, it might be necessary to set up the variables  and   in the  file (for further information on localizing the environment, refer to the localization guide). Then, issue a reboot</tt>, or restart the keymaps and consolefont scripts:

DNS name resolution works for root only
has the wrong permissions; chmod</tt> it as follows:

Why can't my user use their own crontab?
Add that user to the cron group:

How do I get numlock to start on boot?
The following command will add the numlock service to the default runlevel, enabling numlock at boot:

Each GUI provides different tools for this sort of thing; please check the help section or online manuals for the GUI of choice for further assistance.

How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
To have the terminal cleared, add the clear</tt> command to the user's script:

To have this happen automatically when adding a new user, do the same for the file:

ReiserFS and filesystem corruption issues - how to fix them, etc
If the ReiserFS partition is corrupt, try booting the Gentoo Install CD and run reiserfsck --rebuild-tree</tt> on the corrupted filesystem. This should make the filesystem consistent again, although there may be some lost files or directories due to the corruption.

Where can I report bugs?
Use the Bugzilla site to report bugs. Visit #gentoo on the Freenode IRC network and ask around if it is unclear whether an issue is really a bug or not.

How often are new releases made?
Gentoo's packages are usually updated shortly after the upstream authors release new code. As for when Gentoo itself makes new stage/profile/ISO releases, check the Release Engineering Project page. New releases are announced on the gentoo-announce mailing list. See this section for more information.

My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Console beeps can be turned off using setterm, like this:

To turn off the console beeps on boot, put the following command in the file. However, this only disables beeps for the current terminal. To disable beeps for other terminals, pipe the command output to the target terminal, like this:

Replace with the terminal for which console beeps need to be disabled.

Where can I find more information about Gentoo Linux?
Much of the official Gentoo documentation can be found here on the Wiki. Some older documenation is still available at http://wwwold.gentoo.org/doc/en/.

Can I buy a CD of Gentoo Linux?
Users who are not able to download and burn installation CDs personally might find one through one of our licensed stores. However, most stores have dropped offering CDs and DVDs as these installation media quickly become obsolete.

The licensed stores are listed on the Get Gentoo! page.

This FAQ has not answered my question. What do I do now?
A good first step is to browse through the relevant documentation, failing that, the various Gentoo Linux mailing lists listed on Google. To search through the Gentoo mailing lists, enter "site:lists.gentoo.org foo" to search for "foo". If all else fails, or to just hang out with Gentoo folks, visit us on the #gentoo Freenode IRC channel.