FAQ/ru

Данный ЧаВо — это набор вопросов и ответов, составленный по материалам списка рассылки gentoo-dev и IRC.

Введение
Обратите внимание, что многие из этих вопросов объясняются в официальных документах и руководствах Gentoo. Это просто список частозадаваемых вопросов. Для изучения работы Gentoo и GNU/Linux вообще, а также поиска ответов на вопросы, не освещенные в данной статье, можно обратиться к документации и man-страницам.

Как произносится слово Gentoo, и что оно означает?
Gentoo произносится как “gen-too” (джен-ту), буква “g” в слове “Gentoo” — мягкая, как в слове “gentle” (джентл). (Информация о произношении актуальна для английского языка. Распространенные русские варианты: Гéнту и Гентý. — Прим. пер.) Научное имя пингвина Gentoo — Pygoscelis papua. Имя Gentoo было дано пингвину населением Фолклендских островов.

Что делает Gentoo особенным?
Gentoo использует систему, похожую на порты BSD, называемую Portage. Portage — это система управления пакетами, которая позволяет достичь большой гибкости при установке и поддержке программного обеспечения на системе Gentoo. В ней есть поддержка опций во время компиляции (с помощью USE-флагов), условные зависимости, общая информация об установке, безопасная установка (с помощью песочницы) и удаление программ, системные профили, защита файлов конфигурации, а также многие другие возможности.

С помощью Gentoo вы можете собрать всю систему из исходных кодов, выбрав свои параметры оптимизации. У вас есть полный контроль над тем, какие пакеты установлены, а какие нет. В Gentoo вы можете выбирать, поэтому вы можете установить Gentoo согласно своим предпочтениям. Вот почему Gentoo называют мета-дистрибутивом.

Gentoo активно разрабатывается. Весь дистрибутив использует использует стиль разработки в быстром темпе: патчи к пакетам быстро интегрируются в основное дерево, документация обновляется ежедневно, часто добавляются возможности Portage, а официальные релизы происходят дважды в год.

Все реально нестабильно, я использую оптимизации -O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer. Что происходит?
Не пытайтесь использовать что-то большее, чем, так как это все равно не поддерживается текущими версиями gcc. Очень агрессивные оптимизации иногда заставляют компилятор оптимизировать код на ассемблере так, что он уже делает не совсем то, что от него требовалось.

Попробуйте компилировать с CFLAGS  перед тем, как отправить нам свой отчёт об ошибке.

Как изменить пароль root (или любого другого пользователя)?
Для изменения пароля пользователя, под учетной записью которого вы вошли в систему, можно использовать. Пользователь root может изменять пароль любого пользователя командой. Для получения списка дополнительных опций и настроек выполните команду.

Как добавить обычного пользователя?
Команда  добавит пользователя «username». Однако при использовании данного метода созданный пользователь не получает многих прав, которые вы можете захотеть ему назначить. Поэтому рекомендуется использовать следующую команду:

Данная команда создаст пользователя с именем «username». Параметр  приводит к тому, что пользователь будет включён в группу , что позволит ему получить доступ к аудио-устройствам. Параметр  приводит к тому, что пользователь будет включён в группу , что позволит ему выполнять команду. Это позволит пользователю получать привилегии пользователя.

Почему пользователь не может повысить привилегии до root с помощью команды su?
По причинам, связанным с безопасностью, пользователи могут использовать команду  для повышения прав только если они состоят в группе wheel. Чтобы добавить пользователя username к группе wheel, выполните следующую команду от пользователя root:

Можно ли обновить Gentoo с одного выпуска до другого без переустановки?
Между различными выпусками, вообще говоря, после установки нет никаких различий. Система Gentoo версии 1.4 или более поздней версии основана на  (или выше). Поэтому после выполнения команды  ваша система станет "самой новой системой Gentoo". Разница между отдельными выпусками заключается только в различных установочных носителях и заранее скомпилированных пакетах. Более детальная информация о профилях и их роли в обновлении системы находится в руководстве по обновлению Gentoo.

Кроме того, команда  обновит установленные пакеты, а также их зависимости, но не обновит зависимости времени сборки (пакеты, которые нужны только при сборке, и не нужны после установки приложения). Для их обновления добавьте параметр.

Ядро не загружается, что делать?
You don't need to redo every step of the installation, but investigating the kernel and all associated steps is necessary. Suppose you have installed Gentoo on (/boot) and  (/) with  being the swap space.

Boot from the Install CD and wait until you receive a prompt.

Now first mount all partitions:

Then we chroot into our Gentoo environment and configure the kernel:

Now (de)select anything you have (de)selected wrongly at your previous attempt. Then quit and compile your kernel:

Now copy over your bzImage file, overwriting your previous one:

If you use LILO, rerun lilo -- GRUB users should skip this:

Now exit the chroot and reboot.

If, on the other hand, the problem lies with your bootloader configuration, follow the same steps, but instead of configuring/compiling your kernel, you should reconfigure your bootloader (recompilation isn't necessary).

My proxy requires authentication, what do I have to do?
To have Portage automatically use this scheme, define it in :

How do I burn an ISO file?
You need to burn the file in raw mode. This means that you should not just place the file on the CD, but interpret the file as an entire CD.

There are lots of CD burning tools available; covering them all would be a Sisyphean problem. However, describing a few popular tools never hurts:


 * With EasyCD Creator you select,  . Then you change the   to  . Then locate the ISO file and click  . When you click on   the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD-R.


 * With Nero Burning ROM, cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select  from the   menu. Select the image you want to burn and click  . Now hit the   button and watch your brand new CD being burnt.


 * With cdrecord, you simply type  (replace  with your CD-RW drive's device path) followed by the path to the ISO file.


 * With K3B, select  >   >  . Then you can locate your ISO file within the 'Image to Burn' area. Finally click.


 * With Mac OS X Panther, launch  from, select   from the   menu, select the mounted disk image in the main window and select   in the   menu.


 * With Mac OS X Jaguar, launch  from, select   from the   menu, select the ISO and click the   button.

What CD/stage should I use for my CPU?
First you need to find out what CPU you use. Suppose it's a Pentium-M. Then you need to find out what CPU it is, instruction-wise, compatible with. You may need to consult the CPU's vendor website for this, although Google is at least as efficient :-).

If you are uncertain, take a "lower" CD/stage file, for instance a i686 or even generic x86 (or the equivalent in your arch). This will ensure that your system will work, but may not be as fast as further optimizations.

Please note that many more options exist than those for which Gentoo builds binary stages. Please see the GCC guide for setting.

I can't get online after rebooting. What is wrong?
First you need to check if your network card is discovered properly by the kernel. Run  and look for eth0 or wlan0 (in case of certain wireless network cards). You might need to load specific kernel modules for the kernel to properly detect the network card. If that is the case, make sure that these kernel modules are listed in.

If you have forgotten to include support for your network card in your kernel, you will need to reconfigure your kernel.

If your network card is found by your kernel, but you have set your networking configuration to use DHCP, you might have forgotten to. You will need to reboot with your installation CD to install.

Information on how to rescue your system using the installation CD is available here as well.

I want to boot Windows from GRUB or LILO but it shows only black screen. What should I do?
This is a known problem. Windows refuses to boot when it isn't installed on the first hard drive and shows a black/blank screen. To handle this, you will have to "fool" Windows into believing that it is installed on the first hard drive with a little tweak in your boot loader configuration. Please note that in the below example, Gentoo is installed on (first disk) and Windows on  (second one). Adjust your config as needed.

This will make Windows believe it is installed on the first hard drive and boot without problems. More information can be found in the GRUB documentation and in, depending on the boot loader you're using.

How do I Install Gentoo Using a Stage1 or Stage2 Tarball?
The Gentoo Handbook only describes a Gentoo installation using a stage3 tarball. However, Gentoo still provides stage1 and stage2 tarballs. This is for development purposes (the Release Engineering team starts from a stage1 tarball to obtain a stage3) but shouldn't be used by users: a stage3 tarball can very well be used to bootstrap the system. You do need a working Internet connection.

Bootstrapping means building the toolchain (the C library and compiler) for your system after which you install all core system packages. To bootstrap the system, perform a stage3 installation. Before you start the chapter on Configuring the Kernel, modify the script to suit your needs:

After modifications, run the script.

Next, rebuild all core system packages with the newly built toolchain. We need to rebuild them since the stage3 tarball already offers them:

Now you can continue with Configuring the Kernel.

In what form are the packages stored?
Packages aren't "stored" per se. Instead, Gentoo provides a set of scripts which can resolve dependencies, fetch source code, and compile a version of the package specifically for your needs. We generally only build binaries for releases and snapshots. The Gentoo Ebuild HOWTO covers the contents of an ebuild script in detail.

For full ISO releases, we create a full suite of binary packages in an enhanced  format, which is   compatible with meta-information attached to the end of the file. These can be used to install a working (though not fully optimized) version of the package quickly and efficiently.

It is possible to create RPMs (Red Hat package manager files) using Gentoo's Portage, but it is not currently possible to use already existing RPMs to install packages.

I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
Yes, but it is not trivial, nor is it recommended. Since the method to do this requires a good understanding of Portage internals and commands, it is instead recommended that you patch the ebuild to do whatever it is that you want and place it in a Portage overlay (that's why overlays exist). This is much better for maintainability, and usually easier. See the Ebuild HOWTO for more information.

What if rsync doesn't work for me?
If you're behind a firewall that doesn't permit rsync traffic, then you can use  which will fetch and install a Portage snapshot for you through regular HTTP. See this section for information on downloading source files and Portage snapshots via a proxy.

I have only slow modem connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
Definitely. You can run  to see what programs are going to be installed. To find out the sources for those packages and where to download the sources from, you can run. Download sources and bring them on any media home. Put the sources into and then simply run. Be warned, however, that this is a tedious process.

Source tarballs are collecting in /usr/portage/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
Deleting these files will have no negative impact on day-to-day performance. However, it might be wise to keep the most recent version of the files; often several ebuilds will be released for the same version of a specific piece of software. If you have deleted the archive and you upgrade the software it will be necessary to download them from the internet again.

You can use the  script from  to manage the contents of  and a few other locations. Please read  to learn more about its usage, as well as the Gentoolkit Guide.

What's in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
During compilation, Gentoo saves the sources of the package in. These files and folder are usually deleted upon a successful merge, but this sometimes fails. It is safe to clean out all contents of this directory if emerge is not running. Just to be sure, always  before cleaning out this directory.

How do I set up an International Keyboard Layout?
Edit the  variable in. To have console working correctly with extended characters in your keymap you might also need to set up variables  and   in your  (for further information on localising your environment, refer to our localization guide). Then, either, or restart the keymaps and consolefont scripts:

DNS name resolution works for root only
has the wrong permissions;  it as follows:

Why can't my user use their own crontab?
You need to add that user to the  group.

How do I get numlock to start on boot?
If you work in command line, you only need to.

Each GUI provides different tools for this sort of thing; please check the help section or online manuals for assistance.

How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
To have your terminal cleared, add  to your  script:

If you want this to happen automatically when you add a new user, do the same for the :

ReiserFS and filesystem corruption issues -- how to fix them, etc
If your ReiserFS partition is corrupt, try booting the Gentoo Install CD and run  on the corrupted filesystem. This should make the filesystem consistent again, although you may have lost some files or directories due to the corruption.

Where can I report bugs?
Use our Bugzilla. If you are unsure if your problem is an actual bug, you can visit #gentoo on the Freenode IRC server.

How often are new releases made?
Gentoo's packages are usually updated shortly after the main authors release new code. As for when Gentoo itself makes new stage/profile/ISO releases, check our Release Engineering Project page. New releases are announced on the gentoo-announce mailing list. See this section for more information.

My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Console beeps can be turned off using setterm, like this:

If you would like to turn off the console beeps on boot, you need to put this command in. However, this only disables beeps for the current terminal. To disable beeps for other terminals, pipe the command output to the target terminal, like this:

You need to replace with the terminal you would like to disable console beeps for.

Where can I find more information about Gentoo Linux?
The official Gentoo documentation can be found at http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/.

Can I buy a CD of Gentoo Linux?
If you are not able to download and burn an installation CD yourself, you might find one through one of our licensed stores. However, most stores have dropped offering CDs and DVDs as these installation media quickly become obsolete.

You can find the licensed stores on our Get Gentoo! page.

This FAQ hasn't answered my question. What do I do now?
A good first step is to browse through the relevant documentation, failing that, the various Gentoo Linux mailing lists listed on Google. To search through the Gentoo mailing lists, just enter "site:lists.gentoo.org foo" to search for "foo". If all else fails, or you just want to hang out with Gentoo folks, visit us on the #gentoo Freenode IRC channel.

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following authors and editors for their contributions to this guide:


 * Daniel Robbins
 * Colin Morey
 * John P. Davis
 * Eric Stockbridge
 * Stoyan Zhekov
 * Carl Anderson
 * Jorge Paulo
 * Sven Vermeulen
 * Benny Chuang
 * Jonathan Smith
 * nightmorph