Installation alternatives/es

Esta guía está orientada a ser un repositorio de métodos alternativos para la instalación de Gentoo para aquéllos con necesidades especiales de instalación tales como falta de unidades de CDROM o de computadoras que no pueden iniciar desde CDs.

Acerca de este documento
Si el método estándar de arranque para la instalación por CD no es posible desde su ordenador (o simplemente es imposible utilizarlo o no es agradable) se puede obtener ayuda al respecto aquí. Este documento servirá para ofrecerle un repositorio de técnicas y métodos alternativos para la instalación de Gentoo Linux. O si se prefiere, servirá como medio para publicar su más novedoso método de instalación. Si existe alguna técnica de instalación considerada útil o se ha encontrado alguna otra manera divertida de instalar Gentoo Linux, por favor, no dude en documentarla y enviarla a Bugzilla.

Iniciar el CD de Instalación con Smart BootManager
Descargue Smart BootManager disponible en http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/download.html. Las versiones en código fuente para Linux o formato binario y los de windows están disponibles, así como muchos paquetes de idiomas. Sin embargo, por ahora, el método más adecuado sería utilizar el formato binario, ya que el código no compila con las nuevas versiones de NASM.

Compile el programa desde el código o simplemente descargue el archivo binario. Hay varias opciones que pueden utilizarse durante la creación de un disquete de arranque, como puede observar a continuación.

Utilice para construir el disquete de arranque:

Ahora simplemente coloque el disquete en la disquetera del ordenador, así como el CD de Instalación dentro del CD-ROM e inicie el ordenador.

Se mostrará el diálogo de Smart BootManager. Seleccionar el CD-ROM y presionar la tecla para cargar el CD de instalación. Una vez cargado, continúe con las instrucciones normales de instalación.

Puede encontrar más información sobre Smart BootManager en http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/.

Introducción
Users can boot other LiveCDs besides the Gentoo-provided CDs. Regardless, these LiveCDs provide a functional environment to use while compiling and installing Gentoo. The instructions provided here should work in principle with just about any other LiveCD.

There are too many LiveCDs out there to list, but an option might be to try out Knoppix. It provides a full graphical desktop, with office applications, web browsers, and games to keep busy. Knoppix is only available for x86 users, so depending on the user's requirements another LiveCD or method may need to be used.

Instrucciones de instalación
Boot from the LiveCD. Open a terminal and run so the password can be changed. This allows to set the root password for the CD. The sshd daemon can now be configured for remote login if required. Next, creating the mount point is necessary.

At this point, the standard install documentation can be picked up at Preparing the Disks. However, when asked to mount the proc system, issue the following command instead:

When unpacking the stage tarball in Unpacking the stage tarball, different command options are needed to ensure that proper group IDs are enforced on the unpacked stage:

If Ubuntu is being used, note that is a symbolic link to. It must be bind-mounted or a tmpfs mount has to be set at this location (within the chroot path). To bind-mount the location, run the following command (before chrooting):

This is to avoid where Python sees   as broken (due to lack of ) and Portage seeing that as an error (technically Python configuration would continue and build assuming the POSIX_SEMAPHORES_NOT_ENABLED variable has been enabled but this would lead to a very undesired Python build).

Once ready to chroot into the unpacked stage in Installing Base System, a different chroot command sequence will need to be used. This ensures that the environment variables are properly setup.

Finally, know that some Portage FEATURES may not work in the LiveCD. Especially watch out for  and. If there are errors, try disabling some or all of the optional FEATURES.

Instalación sin disco utilizando PXE y un núcleo, un initrd y un squashfs desde el LiveCD
Este método es más fácil de configurar que el arranque PXE basado en iSCSI o NFS. Múltiples máquinas pueden arrancar desde el mismo conjunto de imágenes distribuidas a través de TFTP y se puede extender fácilmente para que también funcione sobre HTTP u otro protocolo.

Some other distributions including Fedora already distribute images needed to bootstrap a live or installation CD. With Gentoo, this is not the case. Instead, users need to


 * 1) extract kernel, initrd and squashfs from the live CD,
 * 2) patch initrd contents, and
 * 3) merge squashfs into initrd.

Only then can a PXE based boot loader be configured that will load the images and boot into a live system.

Save the following script, make it executable and put its directory in $PATH (or follow the documented steps manually).

Download (or try with the current version if it differs). Install, make sure it serves and start it.

Lance el guión con los parámetros adecuados.

Now the tftp boot service is ready, so the next step is to configure a DHCP service. Setting up a DHCP server on the same machine is possible - just make sure that the booted machines are connected to it. Or just tweak the configuration of an existing router.

Un ejemplo de configuración para el servicio dhcp de OpenWRT se muestra a continuación:

Requisitos
PXE (Preboot eXecution Environment) is a method for booting computers over a PXE-capable network interface (and using a PXE-supporting BIOS). In case the system does not support PXE boot from the network interface or BIOS, PXE can also be used as a boot method from block devices (like CDs or USBs). In such cases, a minimal boot environment mimics the PXE supporting network card (see also Etherboot/gPXE).

Configuración básica del servidor
Create directories: The first thing to do is to create the directories where the diskless system will be stored. Create a directory called which houses a directory for each diskless client. For the remainder of this howto, the client that is being worked on will be called 'eta'.

Configurar DHCP y TFTP: el cliente obtendrá la información de arranque utilizando DHCP y descargará todos los archivos que necesita usando TFTP.

For dhcpd, just run (or any other DHCP server of choice). Make sure that the correct interface is selected in, and configure it accordingly. Then, add the following on.

Next configure the interface in so that it doesn't get cleared at bootup. See for more information.

Para TFTP, haga emerge de. En, escriba lo siguiente:

Configurar GRUB: Las versiones antiguas de GRUB utilizaban el ajuste USE  para crear una imagen PXE. image

Instale GRUB.

Una vez esté compilado GRUB, cree el directorio de inicio de los clientes sin disco.

La forma original era copiar la imagen PXE al cliente sin disco, sin embargo la ruta parece que ya no existe.

A continuación edite su fichero de configuración.

Setup NFS: NFS is quite easy to configure. The only thing that has to be done is to add a line on the config file:

Update the hosts: One important thing to do now is to modify the file to fit requirements.

Crear el sistema en el servidor
A next step is to reboot the server with a Gentoo installation CD (although experienced administrators can continue without if they are sufficiently versed in Gentoo installations). Follow the standard install procedure as explained in the Gentoo Handbook BUT with the following differences: when mounting the file system, execute the next step (where is the partition where the  directory was created).

No se necesita montar ninguna otra partición ya que todos los ficheros se encuentran en el directorio.

Comprimidos stage y chroot: Este ejemplo utiliza un comprimido stage3. Monte en el directorio del cliente sin disco y haga chroot para continuar con la instalación. Después siga el manual de instalación hasta la configuración del núcleo.

Kernel configuration: When doing the of the kernel configuration, don't forget to enable the following options with the others recommended into the install guide.

Save the kernel in the chrooted (not in ) according to the pxegrub setting defined earlier. Next configure the diskless client's.

Now to prevent the client from running a filesystem check:

Install since the client will heavily depend on it:

Bootloader. Don't install another bootloader because there is already one - pxegrub. Simply finish the install and restart the server. Start the services that are needed to boot the new client: DHCP, TFTPD, and NFS.

Iniciar el nuevo cliente
For the new client to boot properly, the BIOS and the network card need to be configured to use PXE as the first boot method - before CD-ROM or floppy. For help with this consult the hardware manuals or manufacturers website. The network card should get an IP address using DHCP and download the GRUB PXE image using TFTP. Then, a nice black and white GRUB bootmenu should be displayed from where users can select the kernel to boot and press the (Return) key. If everything is ok the kernel should boot, mount the root filesystem using NFS and provide a login prompt. Enjoy.

Requisitos
In order to install Gentoo from an existing Linux distribution it needs to have the chroot command installed, and have a copy of the Gentoo installation tarball or ISO that's desired to install. A network connection is highly recommended as otherwise the installation can only work with the files available in the tarball. By the way, a tarball is just a file ending in or. Let's get started!

Visión general
First allocate a partition to Gentoo by resizing an existing Linux partition, mount the partition, untar the tarball to the partition that is mounted, chroot inside the pseudo-system and start building. Once the bootstrap process is done, do some final configuration on the system so as to make sure it boots, then reboot and use Gentoo.

¿Cómo reservar espacio para Gentoo?
The root partition is the filesystem mounted under. The first example shows the output of on a system. The second example uses (disk free) to see how much space there is left and how it will be resized. Note that resizing the root partition is not mandatory! Anything else supported by the resizer can be resized, but let's talk about that later.

As can be seen, the partition mounted as named  has 2.4 GB free. In this case, it was decided to be resized as to leave 400 MB of free space, therefore allocating 2 GB for Gentoo. Not bad, it could have quite some stuff installed. However, 1 GB is deemed enough for most users. So now partition this thing!

Construir parted para cambiar el tamaño de la partición
is an utility supplied by the GNU foundation, an old and respectable huge project whose software you are using in this very moment. There is one tool, however, that is extremely useful at the moment:, a partition editor that can be found at http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/.

Look up on that page the type of file system to resize and see if parted can do it. If not: tough luck, some partitions might need to be destroyed to make space for Gentoo, and reinstall back. Go ahead by downloading the software and install it. In the next step, a problem arises. The Linux root partition needs to be resized, therefore a floppy disk with a minimal Linux system must be booted and to use a previously-compiled parted copied to a diskette in order to resize. If the partition can be unmounted while still running in Linux then the following steps are not needed. Just compile parted and run it on a chosen unmounted partition to resize. Here's how it was done on this system.

Obtenga el disco de inicio mininux (una mini distribución de Linux basada en un núcleo 2.4, cabe en un solo disquete y además es gratuita) desde http://mininux.free.fr/uk/. Cree un disquete como se indica en la documentación que acompaña el paquete de software e inserte un nuevo disquete en la disquetera para el siguiente paso.

Proceed with the build of parted. Download and untar the utility, and into the corresponding directory. Now run the following set of commands to build the utility and copy it to the floppy disk.

Time to reboot and resize the partition. Do this only after taking a quick look at the parted documentation on the GNU website. The resize should take under 30 minutes for the largest hard-drives, be patient. Reboot the system with the mininux boot disk (just pop it inside), and once logged in, switch the disk in the drive with the utility disk that was created above and type to have parted under. Run parted to be able to resize the partition. Once this lengthy process is done, continue with installing Gentoo. Reboot back into the old Linux system for now. The drive to operate on is the drive containing the partition that is going to be resized. For example, if the partition to be resized is, the drive is.

Una vez haya terminado el reajuste del tamaño, iniciar de nuevo el Linux antiguo como se ha descrito. Después ir al Manual de Gentoo: Preparar los discos y siga las instrucciones. Cuando haga chroot, utilizar la siguiente orden para limpiar el entorno:

¡Disfrute!