Handbook:Parts/Working/Portage/ja

Portage へようこそ
portageはソフトウェア管理における、Gentooの最も特筆すべき技術革新のひとつです. その高い柔軟性と膨大な量の機能により、Linuxで利用可能な最高のソフトウェア管理ツールであると見なされることもしばしばです.

portageはすべてPythonとBashで書かれています. どちらもスクリプト言語なので、ユーザはそのすべてを見ることができます.

ほとんどのユーザはというツールを挟んでPortageを利用することになるでしょう. この章はemergeのmanページにある情報をすべて記述することを目的とはしていません. emergeのオプションの完全な概要については、manページを参照してください：

Ebuild
Gentooのドキュメントがパッケージという言葉を使うとき、それはGentooリポジトリ上でGentooユーザが利用可能なソフトウェア名のことを指します. Gentooリポジトリとは、Portageがソフトウェアを整備（インストール、検索、クエリ、……）するために必要なすべての情報を含む、ebuildというファイルの集合体です. これらのebuildはデフォルトではにあります.

ユーザがPortageを使ってソフトウェア名に関してなんらかの操作を行うとき、Portageはシステム上のebuildをベースとして使います. なので、Portageが新しいソフトウェアやセキュリティアップデートを知るために、定期的にシステム上のebuildを更新することが大切です.

Gentooリポジトリの更新
Gentooリポジトリは通常、高速な増分ファイル転送ユーティリティであるを使って更新されます. コマンドはのフロントエンドを提供しているので、更新はとても簡単です：

一部のファイアウォールは がミラーに接続するのを制限してしまいます. この場合は毎日生成されるスナップショットを使ってGentooリポジトリを更新しましょう. ツールは最新のスナップショットを自動的に取得し、システムにインストールします.

システム管理者にとっては、GentooリリースエンジニアリングGPG鍵によって署名されたスナップショットだけを取得したい時にも が役に立つことでしょう. これに関する詳細は "Portageの機能" 記事の fetching validated Gentoo repository snapshots で読むことができます.

ソフトウェアの検索
Gentooリポジトリでソフトウェアを探す方法は色々あります. そのひとつは 自信を使う方法です. デフォルトでは は与えた検索キーワードをタイトル (の一部または全体) に含むパッケージの名前を出力します.

例えば、名前に "pdf" を含むパッケージを探してみましょう:

パッケージの説明文も検索対象にするには、 (か  ) オプションを使います:

この出力には様々な情報が含まれています. 各項目にはわかりやすいラベルがついているので、ここでその意味を説明する必要はないですね:

ソフトウェアのインストール
ソフトウェアの名前がわかったら、インストールは コマンドを実行するだけです. 例えば gnumeric をインストールするにはこうします:

多くのアプリケーションは互いに依存しあっているので、あるソフトウェアパッケージのインストールにはいくつかの依存パッケージのインストールを伴う場合があります. でも大丈夫、Portageがちゃんと依存関係を見ています. Portageがインストールしようとしているものを確認するには、 オプションを付けます. 例えば:

パッケージのインストールの過程で、Portageは(必要なら)ソースコードをインターネット上からダウンロードし、デフォルトでは に保存します. インストールせずにダウンロードだけさせたい時は、 オプションを emerge コマンドにつけます.

インストールしたパッケージのドキュメントを探す
多くのパッケージにはドキュメントが付属しています. そしてドキュメントをインストールするかどうかを選択する  USEフラグが用意されていることがあります. パッケージで  USEフラグが使われるかどうかは、 で調べることができます.

ドキュメントはそれをインストールしたいパッケージにのみインストールしたいでしょうから、 USEフラグは  でパッケージごとに指定することをお勧めします. 詳しくは USE フラグの節 をご覧ください.

Once the package installed, its documentation is generally found in a subdirectory named after the package under the directory. It is also possible to list all installed files with the tool which is part of the  package.

ソフトウェアの削除
To remove software from a system, use. This will tell Portage to remove all files installed by that package from the system. One exception to this are the configuration files of that application if they have been altered by the user. Leaving the configuration files allows users to continue working with the package without the need for reconfiguration if the packages are installed again later on.

When a package is removed from the system, the dependencies of that package that were installed automatically when it was installed are still left on the system. To have Portage locate all dependencies that can now be removed, use emerge's  functionality, which is documented later.

システムの更新
To keep the system in perfect shape (and not to mention install the latest security updates) it is necessary to update the system regularly. Since Portage only checks the ebuilds in the Gentoo repository, the first thing to do is to update this repository. When the Gentoo repository is updated, the system can be updated using. In the next example, the  option is also used which will tell Portage to display the list of packages it wants to upgrade and ask for confirmation:

Portage will then search for newer version of the applications that are installed. However, it will only verify the versions for the applications that are explicitly installed (the applications listed in ) - it does not thoroughly check their dependencies. To update the dependencies of those packages as well, add the  option:

Still, this does not mean all packages: some packages on the system are needed during the compile and build process of packages, but once that package is installed, these dependencies are no longer required. Portage calls those build dependencies. To include those in an update cycle, add :

Since security updates also happen in packages that are not explicitly installed on the system (but that are pulled in as dependencies of other programs), it is recommended to run this command once in a while.

If the USE settings of the system have been altered, it is recommended to add  as well. Portage will then verify if the change requires the installation of new packages or recompilation of existing ones:

メタパッケージ
Some packages in the Gentoo repository don't have any real content but are used to install a collection of packages. For instance, the package will install a complete KDE environment on the system by pulling in various KDE-related packages as dependencies.

To remove such a package from your system, running on the package won't have much effect as the dependencies remain on the system.

Portage has the functionality to remove orphaned dependencies as well, but since the availability of software is dynamically dependent it is important to first update the entire system fully, including the new changes applied when changing USE flags. After this one can run to remove the orphaned dependencies. When this is done, it might be necessary to rebuild the applications that were dynamically linked to the now-removed software titles but don't require them anymore, although recently support for this has been added to Portage.

All this is handled with the following three commands:

is provided by the package; do not forget to emerge it:

ライセンス
Beginning with Portage version 2.1.7, it is possible to accept or reject software installation based on its license. All packages in the tree contain a LICENSE entry in their ebuilds. Running will show the package's license.

By default, Portage permits all licenses, except End User License Agreements (EULAs) that require reading and signing an acceptance agreement.

The variable that controls permitted licenses is called ACCEPT_LICENSE, which can be set in the file. In the next example, this default value is shown:

With this configuration, packages that require interaction during installation to approve their EULA will not be installable. Packages without an EULA will be installable.

It is possible to set ACCEPT_LICENSE globally in, or to specify it on a per-package basis in the file.

For example, to allow the license for the  package, add the following to :

This permits the installation of the package, but prohibits the installation of the  package, even though it has the same license.

License groups defined in the ACCEPT_LICENSE variable are prefixed with an  sign. A commonly requested setting is to only allow the installation of free software and documentation. To accomplish this, remove all currently accepted licenses (using ) and then only allow the licenses in the FREE group as follows:

In this case, "free" is mostly defined by the FSF and OSI. Any package whose license does not meet these requirements will not be installable on the system.

用語について
As stated before, Portage is extremely powerful and supports many features that other software management tools lack. To understand this, we explain a few aspects of Portage without going into too much detail.

With Portage different versions of a single package can coexist on a system. While other distributions tend to name their package to those versions (like freetype and freetype2) Portage uses a technology called SLOTs. An ebuild declares a certain SLOT for its version. Ebuilds with different SLOTs can coexist on the same system. For instance, the freetype package has ebuilds with SLOT="1" and SLOT="2".

There are also packages that provide the same functionality but are implemented differently. For instance, metalogd, sysklogd, and syslog-ng are all system loggers. Applications that rely on the availability of "a system logger" cannot depend on, for instance, metalogd, as the other system loggers are as good a choice as any. Portage allows for virtuals: each system logger is listed as an "exclusive" dependency of the logging service in the logger virtual package of the virtual category, so that applications can depend on the package. When installed, the package will pull in the first logging package mentioned in the package, unless a logging package was already installed (in which case the virtual is satisfied).

Software in the Gentoo repository can reside in different branches. By default the system only accepts packages that Gentoo deems stable. Most new software titles, when committed, are added to the testing branch, meaning more testing needs to be done before it is marked as stable. Although the ebuilds for those software are in the Gentoo repository, Portage will not update them before they are placed in the stable branch.

Some softwares are only available for a few architectures. Or the software doesn't work on the other architectures, or it needs more testing, or the developer that committed the software to the Gentoo repository is unable to verify if the package works on different architectures.

Each Gentoo installation also adheres to a certain profile which contains, amongst other information, the list of packages that are required for a system to function normally.

ブロックされたパッケージ
Ebuilds contain specific fields that inform Portage about its dependencies. There are two possible dependencies: build dependencies, declared in the DEPEND variable and run-time dependencies, likewise declared in RDEPEND. When one of these dependencies explicitly marks a package or virtual as being not compatible, it triggers a blockage.

While recent versions of Portage are smart enough to work around minor blockages without user intervention, occasionally such blockages need to be resolved manually.

To fix a blockage, users can choose to not install the package or unmerge the conflicting package first. In the given example, one can opt not to install postfix or to remove ssmtp first.

Sometimes there are also blocking packages with specific atoms, such as. In this case, updating to a more recent version of the blocking package could remove the block.

It is also possible that two packages that are yet to be installed are blocking each other. In this rare case, try to find out why both would need to be installed. In most cases it is sufficient to do with one of the packages alone. If not, please file a bug on Gentoo's bugtracking system.

マスクされたパッケージ
When trying to install a package that isn't available for the system, this masking error occurs. Users should try installing a different application that is available for the system or wait until the package is marked as available. There is always a reason why a package is masked:

USEフラグの変更が必要
The error message might also be displayed as follows, if  isn't set:

Such warning or error occurs when a package is requested for installation which not only depends on another package, but also requires that that package is built with a particular USE flag (or set of USE flags). In the given example, the package app-text/feelings needs to be built with USE="test", but this USE flag is not set on the system.

To resolve this, either add the requested USE flag to the global USE flags in, or set it for the specific package in.

依存パッケージが見つからない
The application to install depends on another package that is not available for the system. Please check Bugzilla if the issue is known and if not, please report it. Unless the system is configured to mix branches, this should not occur and is therefore a bug.

あいまいなebuild名
The application that is selected for installation has a name that corresponds with more than one package. Supply the category name as well to resolve this. Portage will inform the user about possible matches to choose from.

循環依存
Two (or more) packages to install depend on each other and can therefore not be installed. This is most likely a bug in one of the packages in the Gentoo repository. Please re-sync after a while and try again. It might also be beneficial to check Bugzilla to see if the issue is known and if not, report it.

フェッチ失敗
Portage was unable to download the sources for the given application and will try to continue installing the other applications (if applicable). This failure can be due to a mirror that has not synchronized correctly or because the ebuild points to an incorrect location. The server where the sources reside can also be down for some reason.

Retry after one hour to see if the issue still persists.

システムプロファイルによる保護
The user has asked to remove a package that is part of the system's core packages. It is listed in the profile as required and should therefore not be removed from the system.

ダイジェスト検証失敗
This is a sign that something is wrong with the Gentoo repository - often, it is because a developer may have made a mistake when committing a package to the tree.

When the digest verification fails, do not try to re-digest the package personally. Running will not fix the problem; it will almost certainly make it worse!

Instead, wait an hour or two for the tree to settle down. It's likely that the error was noticed right away, but it can take a little time for the fix to trickle down the Gentoo repository. Check Bugzilla and see if anyone has reported the problem yet or ask around on (IRC). If not, go ahead and file a bug for the broken package.

Once the bug has been fixed, re-sync the Gentoo repository to pick up the fixed digest.