Cron/de

Dieser Leitfaden beschreibt, wie Sie cron einrichten und verwenden können.

Was cron macht
Cron ist ein Hintergrunddienst, der geplante Aufgaben, die durch das Kommando  eingerichtet wurden, abarbeitet. Er erledigt diese Aufgaben, indem er jede Minute aufwacht und überprüft ob es einen Cron-Job gibt, der ausgeführt werden muss.

Der tatsächliche Cron
Es gibt einige Cron-Implementierungen, in Portage, aus denen Sie wählen können. Jeder dieser Implementierungen stellt die gleiche Schnittstelle, meistens crontab genannt, bereit. Außerdem gibt es eine Implementierung names Anacron, welche für Systeme gedacht ist, die nicht ununterbrochen laufen.

Es ist auch erwähnenswert, das alle Cron-Pakete vom paket abhängig sind. Dies ist technisch nicht notwendig, bietet aber Cronähnliche Funktionen die die meisten Nutzer zu schätzen wissen.

Bevor wir anfangen mit Cron zu arbeten, müssen Sie sich entscheinden, welche Implementierung Sie nutzen möchten. Der Einfachheit halber, haben wir einige Informationen zu jeder Implementierung zusammengestellt.

vixie-cron
Vixie-cron ist eine voll ausgestattet Cron-Implementierung, die auf dem SysV-Cron basierd. Jeder Benutzer hat seinen eigenen crontab und es ist erlaubt eigene Umgebungsvariablen inerhalb des crontabs zu erstellen. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Cron-Implementierungen stellt Vixie-Cron Unterstützung für SELinux und PAM bereit. Vixie-Cron unterstütz weniger Architekturen wie Dcron aber mehr wie Fcron.

Funktionen von :


 * Unterstützung von SELinux
 * Unterstützung von PAM
 * Setzen von Umgebungsvariablen in crontabs (PATH, SHELL, HOME, usw.)
 * Jeder Benutzer kann seinen eigenen crontab erstellen; der Zugriff wird über und gesteuert

cronie
Cronie ist eine Abspaltung von vixie-cron, die von Fedora erstellt wurde. Da es eine Abspaltung ist, hat cronie die gleichen Funktionen wie vixie-cron. Zusätzlich kommt cronie mit einer anacron-Implementierung, die mit der USE-Flag "anacron" aktiviert werden muss.

dcron (Dillon's Cron)
Dcron bietet eine einfache, elegante und sichere Implementierung von cron. Es ist nicht erlaubt Umgebungsvariaben in crontabs zu nutzen und alle Cron-Jobs werden von ausgeführt. Wie bei vixie-cron hat jeder Benutzer seinen eigenen crontab.

Funktionen von :


 * Schnell, einfach und frei von unnötigen Funktionen
 * Zugriff auf  ist limitiert auf die cron-Gruppe

fcron
Fcron aims at replacing vixie-cron and anacron. It is designed to work on systems that are not continuously running and it is packed with extra features. It has job startup constraints, job serialization controls, the ability to assign nice values to jobs and the ability to schedule jobs to run at system startup. See fcron's home page for more information.

Features of :


 * Designed to work on systems that are not continuously running, i.e. it can run a job after restarting if it was missed
 * Setting of environment variables and many other options in crontabs
 * Each user can have his own crontab, access is controlled by and
 * Enhanced crontab syntax with support for many new features

bcron
Bcron is a new cron system designed with secure operations in mind. To do this, the system is divided into several separate programs, each responsible for a separate task, with strictly controlled communications between them. The user interface is a drop-in replacement for similar systems (such as vixie-cron), but the internals differ greatly. For more information, see the bcron homepage at http://untroubled.org/bcron.

Features of :


 * Drop-in replacement for vixie-cron
 * Multiprocess design
 * Native daylight savings time support

anacron
Anacron is not a cron daemon, it is something that usually works in conjunction with one. It executes commands at intervals specified in days and it does not assume that the system is running continuously; it will run jobs that were missed while the system was down. Anacron usually relies on a cron daemon to run it each day.

Installation
Select the cron implementation you like the most, and then emerge it.

Optionally, if you have not installed Fcron, you may also want to install Anacron.

System crontab
The post install messages from some of these cron packages tell you to run. The file is your system crontab. A cron installation can use it in conjunction with to run the scripts in. Note that only vixie-cron and cronie schedule jobs in automatically. Dcron and fcron users will need to run  every time they make changes to.

Please note that jobs scheduled in the system crontab might not show up in the list of cron-jobs displayed by.

Of course, you can choose not to use any system crontab at all. If you chose dcron or fcron, do not run. If you chose vixie-cron, cronie or bcron, you should comment all lines in.

Giving trusted users access to cron
If you want users other than root to have access to the cron daemon, you'll want to read this section, otherwise, you can proceed to the next section, Scheduling cron-jobs.

No matter which cron package you use, if you want to allow a user to use crontab, he will first have to be in the cron group. As an example, if you wanted to add the user wepy to the cron group you would run:

If you're using dcron, that's all you have to do to give a user access to crontab. Dcron users may proceed to the next section Scheduling cron-jobs, all others will want to keep reading.

If you're using fcron, you'll want to edit and. The most secure way is to first deny everyone in, and then explicitly allow users in.

Permissions in fcron.deny

Now, say we have a user wepy who should be able to schedule his own cron-jobs. We would add him to as follows:

Permissions in fcron.allow

If you chose vixie-cron or cronie, you'll probably just want to edit.

For example, if you wanted to allow access to the user wepy, you would add him to as follows:

Permissions in /etc/cron.allow

Scheduling cron-jobs
The process of editing crontabs is different for each package, but they all support the same basic set of commands: adding and replacing crontabs, editing crontabs, deleting crontabs, and listing cron-jobs in crontabs. The following list shows you how to run those commands for each package.

Before we can use any of these commands though, you first need to understand the crontab itself. Each line in a crontab needs to specify five time fields in the following order: the minutes (0-59), hours (0-23), days of the month (1-31), months (1-12), and days of the week (0-7, Monday is 1, Sunday is 0 and 7). The days of the weeks and months can be specified by three-letter abbreviations like mon, tue, jan, feb, etc. Each field can also specify a range of values (e.g. 1-5 or mon-fri), a comma separated list of values (e.g. 1,2,3 or mon,tue,wed) or a range of values with a step (e.g. 1-6/2 as 1,3,5).

That sounds a little confusing, but with a few examples, you will see that it is not as complicated as it sounds.

Examples

To test what we have just learned, let's go through the steps of actually inputting a few cron-jobs. First, create a file called and make it look like the this:

Now we can add that crontab to the system with the "new command" from the table above.

To verify the cron-jobs you scheduled, we'll use the proper list command from the table above.

You should see a list resembling, if not, maybe you used the wrong command to input your new crontab.

This crontab should echo "I really like cron" every minute of every hour of every day every other month. Obviously you would only do that if you really liked cron. The crontab will also echo "I like cron a little" at 16:30 every day in January and February. It will also echo "I don't really like cron" at 3:10 on the January 1st.

If you are using anacron, you should keep reading this section. Otherwise, proceed to the next section on Editing crontabs.

Anacron users will want to edit. This file has four fields: the number of days between each run, the delay in minutes after which it runs, the name of the job, and the command to run.

For example, to have it run  every 5 days, 10 minutes after anacron is started, you would have:

/etc/anacrontab

Anacron exits after all of the jobs in anacrontab are done, so if we want it to check these jobs every day, we will need to use cron. The instructions at the end of the next section tell you how to do that.

Editing crontabs
Let's be realistic though, you don't want your system telling you how much you like cron every minute. As a step forward, let's remove that crontab using the corresponding remove command from the table above. We will also list the cron-jobs after, just to make sure it worked.

You should see no cron-jobs in the output from. If you do see jobs listed, that means we failed to remove the crontab, and that you should make sure that you used the correct remove command for your cron package.

Now that we have a clean state, let's put something useful into the root crontab. Most people will want to run  on a weekly basis to make sure that   works properly. To add that to your crontab, let's first edit again so that it looks like the following:

A real crontab

That would make cron run updatedb at 2:22 A.M. on Monday morning every week. You should now input the crontab with the proper new command from the table above, and check the list again.

Now let's say that you also want to add  to your daily schedule. You could do this by first editing and then using   just as we did before, or you could use the proper edit command from the table above. This gives you a way to edit your user's crontab in situ, without depending on external files like.

That should open your user's crontab with an editor. We want to have  run every day at 6:30 A.M., so we'll make it look something like this:

A real crontab

Again, check the cron-jobs list as we did in the previous examples to make sure the jobs are scheduled. If they are all there, then you're all set.

Using cronbase
As mentioned earlier, all of the available cron packages depend on. The cronbase package creates, and a script called. You might have noticed that the default contains something like this:

Default system crontab

To avoid going into much detail, we can just assume that these commands will effectively run your hourly, daily, weekly and monthly scripts. This method of scheduling cron-jobs has some important advantages:


 * They will run even if your computer was off when they were scheduled to run
 * It is easy for package maintainers to place scripts in those well defined places
 * You know exactly where your cron-jobs and your crontab are stored, making it easy for you to backup and restore this part of your system

Using anacron
As mentioned earlier, anacron is used on systems not meant to be run continuously (like most of the desktop installations). Its default configuration file,, is usually like the following:

As you see the main difference between this and other common crontabs is that with anacron there is no fixed date/hour for the job scheduling, but only the period between every run. When anacron is started, it will check the contents of a set of files in and calculate if the corresponding entry in the configuration file has expired since the last run. If it has, then the command is invoked again.

As a final note, it is important to comment out any overlapping entry in any other cron installed in the system, such as in the following vixie-cron crontab example:

Without doing this, the daily, weekly and monthly parts will be executed - at different times - by both the cron daemon and anacron, leading to possible double job executions.

Final Notes
Remember, each cron package is different and the range of features varies greatly. Be sure to consult the man pages for crontab, fcrontab or anacrontab, depending on what you use.

Good luck!

Troubleshooting
If you're having problems getting cron to work properly, you might want to go through this quick checklist.

Is cron running?
Run  and make sure it shows up!

Is cron working?
Try the following:

crontab to see if cron is running

Then check if is modified periodically.

Is your command working?
Same as before, but perhaps redirect the standard error output as well:

crontab to verify application runs

Can cron run your job?
Check the cron log, usually or  for errors.

Are there any s?
cron usually sends mail when there's a problem; check your mail and also look for.

Cron Jobs Alternatives
Some hosting companies don’t allow access to cron, but you can find a lot of cron jobs alternatives which are free or paid:


 * EasyCron