Handbook:AMD64/Blocks/Kernel

Installing the sources
The core around which all distributions are built is the Linux kernel. It is the layer between the user programs and the system hardware. Gentoo provides its users several possible kernel sources. A full listing with description is available at the Kernel overview page.

For -based systems Gentoo recommends the package (kernel source patched for extra features).

Choose an appropriate kernel source and install it using :

This will install the Linux kernel sources in in which a symbolic link called  will be pointing to the installed kernel source:

Now it is time to configure and compile the kernel source. There are two approaches for this:
 * 1) A manual configuration approach in which all steps are explained how to build and install a kernel
 * 2) A genkernel-driven configuration approach in which the steps are automated using the   command

We explain the "manual" configuration first though, as it is the best way to optimize an environment.

Introduction
Manually configuring a kernel is often seen as the most difficult procedure a Linux user ever has to perform. Nothing is less true -- after configuring a couple of kernels no-one even remembers that it was difficult ;)

However, one thing is true: it is vital to know the system when a kernel is configured manually. Most information can be gathered by emerging which contains the   command:

Another source of system information is to run  to see what kernel modules the installation CD uses as it might provide a nice hint on what to enable.

Now go to the kernel source directory and execute. This will fire up menu-driven configuration screen.

The Linux kernel configuration has many, many sections. Let's first list some options that must be activated (otherwise Gentoo will not function, or not function properly without additional tweaks). We also have a Gentoo kernel configuration guide on the Gentoo wiki that might help out further.

Activating required options
Make sure that every driver that is vital to the booting of the system (such as SCSI controller, ...) is compiled in the kernel and not as a module, otherwise the system will not be able to boot completely.

Next select the exact processor type. The x86_64 kernel maintainer strongly recommends users to enable MCE features so that they are able to be notified of any hardware problems. On x86_64, these errors are not printed to dmesg like on other architectures, but to. This requires the package. Make sure to select IA32 Emulation if 32-bit programs should be supported (multilib). Gentoo will install a multilib system (mixed 32-bit/64-bit computing) by default, so unless a profile is used, this option is required.

Next select Maintain a devtmpfs file system to mount at /dev so that critical device files are already available early in the boot process.

Now go to File Systems and select support for the filesystems you use. Don't compile the file system that is used for the root filesystem as module, otherwise the Gentoo system will not be able to mount the partition. Also select Virtual memory and /proc file system.

Enable GPT partition label support if that was used previously when partitioning the disk:

If PPPoE is used to connect to the Internet, or a dial-up modem is used, then enable the following options:

The two compression options won't harm but are not definitely needed, neither does the PPP over Ethernet option, that might only be used by ppp when configured to do kernel mode PPPoE.

Don't forget to include support in the kernel for the network (ethernet or wireless) cards.

Most systems also have multiple cores at their disposal, so it is important to activate Symmetric multi-processing support:

If USB input devices (like keyboard or mouse) are used don't forget to enable those as well:

Compiling and installing
With the configuration now done, it is time to compile and install the kernel. Exit the configuration and start the compilation process:

When the kernel has finished compiling, copy the kernel image to. This is handled by the  command:

This will copy the kernel image into together with the  file and the kernel configuration file.

Optional: Building an initramfs
In certain cases it is necessary to build an initramfs - an initial ram-based file system. The most common reason is when important file system locations (like or ) are on separate partitions. With an initramfs, these partitions can be mounted using the tools available inside the initramfs.

Without an initramfs, there is a huge risk that the system will not boot up properly as the tools that are responsible for mounting the file systems need information that resides on those file systems. An initramfs will pull in the necessary files into an archive which is used right after the kernel boots, but before the control is handed over to the init tool. Scripts on the initramfs will then make sure that the partitions are properly mounted before the system continues booting.

To install an initramfs, install first, then have it generate an initramfs:

In order to enable specific support in the initramfs, such as lvm or raid, add in the appropriate options to. See  for more information. In the next example we enables support for LVM and software raid (mdadm):

The initramfs will be stored in. The resulting file can be found by simply listing the files starting with initramfs:

Now continue with Kernel modules.

Alternative: Using genkernel
If a manual configuration looks too daunting, then using  is recommended. It will configure and build the kernel automatically.

works by configuring a kernel nearly identically to the way the installation CD kernel is configured. This means that when  is used to build the kernel, the system will generally detect all  hardware at boot-time, just like the installation CD does. Because  doesn't require any manual kernel configuration, it is an ideal solution for those users who may not be comfortable compiling their own kernels.

Now, let's see how to use genkernel. First, emerge the ebuild:

Next, edit the file so that the line containing  as second field has the first field pointing to the right device. If the partitioning example from the handbook is followed, then this device is most likely with the ext2 file system. This would make the entry in the file look like so:

Now, compile the kernel sources by running. Be aware though, as  compiles a kernel that supports almost all hardware, this compilation will take quite a while to finish!

Once genkernel completes, a kernel, full set of modules and initial ram disk (initramfs) will be created. We will use the kernel and initrd when configuring a boot loader later in this document. Write down the names of the kernel and initrd as this information is used when the boot loader configuration file is edited. The initrd will be started immediately after booting to perform hardware autodetection (just like on the installation CD) before the "real" system starts up.

Configuring the modules
List the modules that need to be loaded automatically in. Extra options can be added to the modules too if necessary.

To view all available modules, run the following  command. Don't forget to substitute " " with the version of the kernel just compiled:

For instance, to automatically load the module (which is the driver for a specific 3Com network card family), edit the  file and enter the module name in it.

Continue the installation with Configuring the system.