Gentoo installation tips and tricks/es

La instalación de Gentoo ofrece enfoques muy flexibles de los distintos métodos de instalación. Ya que es imposible indicar todos y cada uno de los consejos y trucos sobre instalación, este documento trata de mostrar todos los que se han enviado para su referencia.

Cuestiones preliminares
Este documento contiene varios consejos y trucos para la instalación de Gentoo en la arquitectura x86. La mayoría de ellos se detallan en profundidad, la idea es que sirvan como un complemento a las instrucciones de instalación y no como un reemplazo.

RAID por software
Una vez que haya iniciado desde el CD de instalación, cargue los módulos adecuados del RAID. Por ejemplo, si planea usar RAID-1:

Cuando particione sus discos, asegúrese de que sus particiones utilizan el código  (autodetección de raid en Linux) como Tipo de Partición en lugar de   (Linux nativo). Puede cambiar el tipo de partición utilizando la orden  en.

Ahora, antes de empezar a crear los volúmenes RAID, necesitamos crear los nodos metadispositivo:

Después del particionamiento, cree el fichero (sí, de hecho dentro del entorno de instlación CD) usando  , una herramienta de gestión RAID. Por ejemplo, para tener en espejo (RAID-1) sus particiones de inicio (boot), intercambio (swap) y raíz (root) cubriendo los discos y, puede hacer lo siguiente:

No debería utilizar ninguna forma de división (striping) tales como raid-0 o raid-5 en la partición desde la que arranca el sistema. Además, el parámetro  solo se requiere para estos sistemas de archivo críticos. Los demás sistemas de archivo pueden usar formatos de metadatos actuales.

El controlador del RAID por software en Software empezará a crear los metadispositivos. Puede ver su progreso en. Antes de proceder, espere hasta que los metadispositivos se hayan creado.

A partir de este punto, utilice para la partición de inicio (boot),  para la partición de intercambio (swap) y  para la partición raíz.

Antes de enjaularse (chroot) no olvide copiar el fichero a.

Cuando configure el núcleo, asegúrese de tener el soporte apropiado para el RAID dentro de su núcleo y no como módulo.

Cuando instale herramientas extra, instale también. Observe que esta herramienta no se encuentra en todos los CDs de instalación, de manera que no podrá instalar el software RAID en Gentoo cuando esté realizando una instalación sin conexión a la red.

Cuando configure el gestor de arranque (LILO o GRUB), asegúrese de que lo instala en el MBR de ambos discos en un volumen en espejo.

RAID ATA usando núcleos 2.4
Make sure you boot your Installation CD using the  option. Once booted, check the contents of. It should contain various directories for each harddisk available in the ATA RAID. An entire disk is displayed as while partitions are.

Write down the various device files that you use to install Gentoo on. You will need to substitute the examples in the installation with this path.

Before chrooting, bind-mount the structure in the new environment:

When configuring your kernel, make sure you enable support for your ATA RAID chipset and options. For instance, a popular ATA RAID system is a Promise FastTrack built-in RAID in which case you definitely need  built in into your kernel.

When configuring GRUB, you first have to create a GRUB bootdisk. This is not as hard as you think. First install GRUB as you would, but when you come to the part where GRUB is getting installed in the MBR, follow the following instructions:

You still need to write your file. This is no different from the installation instructions, just make sure that your  points to the ATA RAID device.

After finishing the installation, boot with your GRUB bootdisk. You will be greeted by a GRUB prompt. Now configure GRUB to boot from the ATA RAID device:

Now reboot (with the GRUB bootfloppy removed).

LILO users can safely use the instructions mentioned in the installation instructions.

Using the Installation CD kernel
If you don't want to compile a kernel yourself you can use the kernel from the Installation CD and copy it to your system. When you come to the point that you're asked to compile a kernel, go to another terminal (press Alt-F2) and log in with the root password you've supplied at the beginning of the installation.

Copy over the kernel and modules to your Gentoo system:

To have all modules that are currently running (from the Installation CD) loaded during bootup of your Gentoo system, run the following command from within the chrooted environment:

Verify the content and update appropriately.

Leaving your Terminal
Many people want to leave their system when it's compiling. In certain cases this is rather difficult as the installation is done in a public environment where you cannot trust everyone. If this is the case, you want to be able to perform the compilation in the background and log out from all terminals.

There are several possible solutions for this. The first one is to use. After booting the Installation CD, set your root password and start a screen session:

Once inside the screen session you can perform the entire installation. When you want to leave your terminal, press  (that is, control and a at the same time, then followed by a d) to detach your screen session. You can now safely log out of your system.

To regain access to your terminal, log in as root again and attach to the running screen session:

If you can't use screen, there is still a way to leave your terminal. Follow the installation instructions, but when you come to the point where a long-term compilation would be started (for instance the  step), use   which allows for a process to continue even when you log out. Don't forget the trailing "&", otherwise the process won't be placed in the background! Remember where you are (the  command will show you that) as you will need to know this later on.

Now exit the chrooted environment and the Installation CD session. Your compilation will continue in the background.

When you want to check the compilation, log in as root (on the Installation CD) and chroot back into your environment and go to the directory where you left off:

Now use the  command on the  file that is situated inside that directory. The compilation will append its output to that file, so if you want to follow the compilation progress, run  and press   to follow the changes. When the compilation is finished, you can continue with the next step of the installation instructions.

If you ever get tired of following the changes, press  followed by a. This won't stop the compilation process, only the  process.

Extensive Testing of your Disks
If you think your disk needs to be thoroughly checked for consistency (bad sectors and such), you can use the  option while placing the ext2 or ext3 filesystem on it (using   ). This will format, perform a read-test and mark all bad blocks as such. If you are really paranoid, use  to format your disk and perform an extensive read/write test.

Recovering from a malfunctioning installation
If for some reason your Gentoo installation fails, you don't have to redo the installation all over again. Instead, you can safely "go" to the point where you think you made a mistake (or where you think the instructions are flawed) and try a different approach.

First of all you need to chroot back into your Gentoo Linux environment. Follow the instructions again, but ignore the partitioning steps as your partitions are already created and even populated. You can therefore immediately mount those partitions at. You should also ignore the steps about stage extraction and modifying - you don't want to overwrite your files do you?

Once chrooted inside your Gentoo Linux environment, immediately go to the step where you think you should try a different approach. Don't redo all the steps like bootstrapping and such unless that is the place where you think things went wrong.

For instance, if you believe that you have a wrongly configured, you can immediately fire up your editor to update.

Once you have tried a different approach for your situation, you should consider how much of the subsequent steps you need to perform again. If the subsequent steps are depending on your change, you will need to redo those.

For instance,


 * if you have changed a variable inside you will need to do all subsequent compiling since those depend on the settings inside
 * if you have altered you can immediately exit the chrooted environment and reboot as no subsequent steps are depending on
 * if you have recompiled your kernel you only need to make sure that your bootloader configuration points to the correct kernel image (double-check that you mounted your !), then you can exit the chrooted environment and reboot
 * if you have altered you can exit the chrooted environment and reboot

As you can see, for most recovery operations you can immediately reboot. Only in certain cases will you need to redo the subsequent installation steps.

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following authors and editors for their contributions to this guide:


 * Sven Vermeulen
 * Xavier Neys
 * nightmorph