Localization/Guide/de

Zeitzonen
Damit die Systemzeit stets gültig ist, ist es notwendig die Zeitzone des aktuellen Standorts im System zu konfigurieren.

OpenRC
Suchen Sie nach der passenden Zeitzone in. Vermeiden Sie jedoch die Zonen in, ihre Namen sind irreführend. So meint zum Beispiel die Zone GMT+8.

Suppose you want to use Brussels' timezone, edit accordingly, like so:

Running emerge for will update your  file properly:

Verify the new timezone information:

systemd
Falls sie systemd verwenden, können Sie die Zeitzone mit  setzen. Eine Liste der Möglichkeiten erhalten Sie mit:

Die gewünschte Zeitzone setzen Sie dann so:

Mit dem  ohne Argumente können Sie das Ergebnis überprüfen:

OpenRC
In den meisten Gentoo-Installationen, ist die Hardware-Uhr auf UTC (oder GMT) gesetzt. Zusammen mit der gesetzten Zeitzone kann dann die tatsächliche lokale Zeit ermittelt werden. Falls Sie aus irgendwelchen Gründen ihre Hardware-Uhr nicht nach UTC gestellt haben, müssen Sie in der Datei (oder  für Gentoo-BSD) den Wert von   von   auf   ändern.

Use UTC clock in /etc/conf.d/hwclock

Use local timezone clock in /etc/conf.d/hwclock

Was sind Locales?
Eine Locale ist Satz von Informationen die von den meisten Programmen zum setzen von landes- oder sprachspezifischen Einstellungen genutzt werden. Die Locales und ihre Daten sind Teil der Systembibliotheken und sind meist unter gespeichert. Ein Lokalenname folgt dem Schema  wobei   ein zwei- oder dreibuchstabiger Sprachcode nach ISO-369 und   ein Ländercode nach ISO-3166 ist. Varianten von Localen werden durch zusätzliche Endungen unterschieden, etwa  oder. Mehr Informationen finden sie in der Wikipedia und den dort angegebenen Quellen.

Umgebungsvariablen für Locale
Die einzelnen Variablen steuern verschiedene Aspekte der Lokalisierung. Jede Variable kann auf einen Localenname wie oben beschrieben gesetzt werden. Die folgende Tabelle fasst die Bedeutung der einzelnen Variablen zusammen:

Most typically users only set the LANG variable on the global basis.

Generating Specific Locales
You will probably only use one or maybe two locales on your system. You can specify locales you will need in.

Adding locales to /etc/locale.gen

The next step is to run. It will generate all the locales you have specified in the file.

You can verify that your selected locales are available by running.

OpenRC
When using OpenRC locale settings are stored in environment variables. These are typically set in the (for system-wide settings) and  (for user-specific settings) file, and can be managed through. For instance, to set the  variable to the   value:

Of course, you can edit the file manually as well and diversify the locale variables.

Setting the default system locale in /etc/env.d/02locale

It's also possible, and pretty common especially in a more traditional UNIX environment, to leave the global settings unchanged, i.e. in the " " locale. Users can still specify their preferred locale in their own shell RC file:

Setting the user locale in ~/.bashrc

Another way of configuring system is to leave it in the default C locale, but enable UTF-8 character representation at the same time. This option is achieved using the following settings in :

Using traditional C locale while specifying UTF-8

Using the above snippet, users will be able to see localized file names properly, while not being forced to your preferred language.

Once you have set the right locale, be sure to update your environment variables to make your system aware of the change.

For a system-wide default locale:

For a user-specific locale:

After this, you will need to kill your X server by pressing +  +, log out, then log in as user.

Now, verify that the changes have taken effect:

systemd
If you use systemd you should set your locale with the  command. Check the list of available locales with:

Then set the locale you want:

Finally check if the result is good:

OpenRC
The keyboard layout used by the console is set in by the   variable. Valid values can be found in. has further subdivisions into layout (,, etc.). Some languages have multiple options, so you may wish to experiment to decide which one fits your needs best.

Setting the console keymap

systemd
With systemd the keymap layout used for your console can be set using the  command. First check the available keymap layouts:

Then set the console keymap layout you want:

Finally check if the console keymap layout was set correctly:

Keyboard layout for the X server
The keyboard layout to be used by the X server is specified in by the   option.

Setting the X keymap

If you have an international keyboard layout, you should set the option  to   or  , as this will allow mapping of the additional keys specific to your keyboard.

Deadkeys allow you to press keys that will not show immediately but will be combined with another letter to produce a single character. Setting  to   allows input these special characters into X terminals.

If you would like to switch between more than one keyboard layout (for example English and Russian), all you have to do is add a few lines to that specify the desired layouts and the shortcut command.

Switching between two keyboard layouts

Here,  allows you to toggle between keyboard layouts by simply pressing. This will also toggle the Scroll Lock light on or off, thanks to the  option. This is a handy visual indicator of which keyboard layout you are using at the moment.

systemd
With systemd the keymap layout for the X11 server can be set using the  command. First check the available X11 keymap layouts:

Then set the X11 keymap layout you want:

Finally check if the X11 keymap layout was set correctly:

KDE
For KDE you have to install the and  packages. These respect the described earlier.

OpenRC
In order to get your console to display the Euro symbol, you will need to set  in  to a file found in  (without the   ). has the Euro symbol.

Setting the console font

You should verify that  is in the boot runlevel:

If no runlevel is displayed for , then add it to the proper level:

Most Applications
Getting the Euro symbol to work properly in X is a little bit tougher. The first thing you should do is change the  and   definitions in  to end in   instead of.

Setting default X fonts

Some applications use their own font, and you will have to tell them separately to use a font with the Euro symbol. You can do this at a user-specific level in (you can copy this file to  for use by new users), or at a global level for any application with a resource file in  (like xterm). In these files you generally have to change an existing line, rather than adding a new one. To change our xterm font, for instance:

The Euro symbol in (X)Emacs
To use the Euro symbol in (X)Emacs, add the following to :

setting the font for emacs

For XEmacs (not plain Emacs), you have to do a little more. In, add:

setting the font for xemacs

LibreOffice
The current stable and  ebuilds support the  for selecting installed GUI language packs. To see the status of GUI translation, hyphenation, spell checking and other localisations on your language, please refer to LibreOffice translation web site.

NLS
For message based localization to work in programs that support it, you will probably need to have programs compiled with the  (Native language support) USE flag set. Most of the programs using nls also need the gettext library to extract and use localized messages. Of course, Portage will automatically install it when needed.

After enabling the  USE flag you may need to re-emerge some packages:

LINGUAS
There is also additional localization variable called, which affects to localization files that get installed in gettext-based programs, and decides used localization for some specific software packages, such as  and. The variable takes in space-separated list of language codes, and suggested place to set it is :

A list of the installed programs making use of the  variable and their supported languages can be shown as follows:

A list of locales that can be used is provided as :

After setting the  USE flag you may need to re-emerge some packages:

Resources
Xorg resources:
 * Keyboard layout inside the Evdev article
 * X resources

Danksagungen
Gedankt sei folgenden Autoren für ihre Beiträge zu diesem Leitfaden:


 * Alexander Holler
 * Steven Lucy
 * Benny Chuang
 * Lars Weiler
 * Tobias Scherbaum
 * Flammie Pirinen
 * nightmorph
 * klondike