SSH/fr

SSH (Secure SHell) est un programme de terminal chiffré qui remplace telnet, l'outil classique des systèmes d'exploitation du type Unix.

En plus de l'accès par terminal distant procuré par le binaire principal ssh la suite de programmes SSH s'est développée pour inclure d'autres outils tels que scp (Secure Copy Program, pour programme de copie sécurisée) et sftp (Secure File Transfer Protocol, pour protocole de transfert de fichier sécurisé).

À l'origine, SSH n'était pas libre. Cependant, de nos jours, la mise en œuvre la plus populaire de SSH, qui constitue un standard de fait, est l'OpenSSH de OpenBSD. Cette version est pré-installée sur Gentoo.

Vérifier l'installation
La plupart des installations Gentoo Linux ont déjà OpenSSH d'installé. Sa présence peut être vérifiée avec la commande ssh. Dans le cas où SSH est disponible, une aide sur son invocation est affichée :

Dans le cas où aucune aide à l'invocation n'est affichée, SSH est soit corrompu, soit non installé. Il est aussi possible qu'un utilisateur soit en cours de recompilation d'OpenSSH afin d'inclure une nouvelle configuration USE. Quoi qu'il en soit, continuez pour voir la liste des options USE disponibles.

Emerger OpenSSH
Une fois les paramètres USE changés, n'oubliez pas d'installer (ou de recompiler) OpenSSH.

Serveur
Add openssh to the default runlevel if this has not been done already:

Start the sshd daemon with:

Le serveur OpenSSH peut être contrôlé comme tout autre service géré par OpenRC :

Create keys
In order to provide a secure shell, cryptographic keys are used to manage the encryption, decryption, and hashing functionalities offered by SSH.

On the first start of the SSH service, system keys will be generated. Keys can be (re)generated using the ssh-keygen command.

To generate the key used for SSH protocol version 1 (which usually is not enabled anymore; it has been deprecated in favor of protocol version 2) use:

Pour générer les clés les clés pour la version 2 du protocole SSH (algorythmes DSA et RSA):

Configuration du serveur
Le serveur SSH est ordinairement configuré dans le fichier, bien qu'il soit aussi possible de compléter la configuration dans le fichier d'OpenRC, y compris le changement de l'emplacement du fichier de configuration. Pour une information détaillée sur la manière de configurer le serveur, reportez-vous à la page de manuel de sshd_config.

Users should study Sven's OpenSSH guide for a security focused configuration.

Configuration du client
The ssh client and related programs (scp, sftp, etc.) can be configured using the following files:

For more information read the manual:

Authentification sans mot de passe
Pratique pour la gestion du serveur git.

Client
Sur votre client, exécutez :

Serveur
Make sure an account for the user exists on the server, and then place the clients' file into the server's  file in the user's home directory.

Single machine testing
La procédure mentionnée ci-dessus peut être testée localement :

Dépannage
There are 3 different levels of debug modes that can help troubleshooting issues. With the  option SSH prints debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful in debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. Multiple  options increase the verbosity. Maximum verbosity is three levels deep.

Death of long-lived connections
Many internet access devices perform Network Address Translation (NAT), a process that enables devices on a private network such as that typically found in a home or business place to access foreign networks, such as the internet, despite only having a single IP address on that network. Unfortunately, not all NAT devices are created equal, and some of them incorrectly close long-lived, occasional-use TCP connections such as those used by SSH. This is generally observable as a sudden inability to interact with the remote server, even though the ssh</tt> client program has not exited.

In order to resolve the issue, OpenSSH clients and servers can be configured to send a 'keep alive', or invisible message aimed at maintaining and confirming the live status of the link.
 * To enable keep alive for all clients connecting to your local server, set  (or some other value, in seconds) within the  file.
 * To enable keep alive for all servers connected to by your local client, set  (or some other value, in seconds) within the  file.

X11 forwarding, not forwarding, or tunneling
Problem: After having made the necessary changes to the configuration files for permitting X11 forwarding, it is discovered X applications are executing on the server and are not being forwarded to the client.

Solution: What is likely occurring during SSH login into the remote server or host, the  variable is either being unset or is being set after the SSH session sets it.

Test for this scenario perform the following after logging in remotely:

The output should be something similar to  or   using server side   setting. If the usual  is not displayed, check to make sure the   variable within  is not being unset or re-initializing. If it is, remove or comment out any custom initialization of  to prevent the code in  from executing during a SSH login:

A trick that works to complete this task would be to define an alias within the users' file.

Intrusion prevention
SSH is a commonly attacked service. Tools such as sshguard and fail2ban monitor logs and black list remote users who have repeatedly attempted, yet failed to login. Utilize them as needed to secure a frequently attacked system.

External resources

 * Securing OpenSSH - Gentoo developer documentation.
 * OpenSSH Key Management Part1 - Gentoo documentation, have a look at all 3 parts.