Ebuild repository/zh-cn

An ebuild repository, colloquially known as an overlay, is Article description::a structure of directories and files used to add and extend packages for a Gentoo-based system's package manager. Ebuild repositories can contain ebuilds conforming to one or more Ebuild APIs.

The main repository on a Gentoo system is known as the Gentoo ebuild repository. It contains ebuilds maintained by official Gentoo developers and members of the community (through the Proxy Maintainers project). System administrators can add additional ebuild repositories to the system using various utilities and methods described below.

版本库
Ebuild repositories are nothing more (or less) than a set of files (ebuilds, metadata files, ...). These can be pulled in from public repositories (git, CVS, SVN ...) or downloaded as tarballs and extracted manually onto the system. It is advised to use managed repositories by trusted third parties; any installed ebuild repository will cause Portage to look through the overlaid files when deciding which software to install. If compromised code is in the ebuild repository, then compromised packages could be installed on the system.

The now default approach for handling repositories is through which, like many other Portage related locations, can be a directory as well.

Repository definitions inside also inform Portage if and how the repository can be updated. With it, calling will automatically update the repositories as well.

A deprecated, yet still supported method is to use the PORTDIR_OVERLAY variable inside. This variable can point to one or more additional locations on the file system where repositories are available. The use of the directory is highly preferred.

For more information, see /etc/portage/repos.conf and the Portage/Sync article.

优先级
Each ebuild repository has a unique priority to the package manager. This ensures that in the case of a specific version being found in several ebuild repositories, the resolution is unambiguous. Ebuilds from repositories with higher priority numbers (for example 60) will take precedence over ebuilds from repositories with lower priorities (such as 50).

The list of ebuild repositories with their priorities can be obtained through the output of the following commands (look for the "Repositories" string):

The Gentoo ebuild repository will have a priority of -1000 which means that all other repositories generally take precedence if they are assigned a higher priority. This is the default behavior, because ebuild repositories are designed to "lay over" or "on top" of the Gentoo repository.

工具支持
A number of tools support or integrate with ebuild repositories.

layman
The application makes it easier to manage and update multiple additional ebuild repositories. It is a command-line application through which publicly available ebuild repositories can be listed, subscribed to and unsubscribed from, as well as update those repositories.

It supports both the as well as  method.
 * When using the method,  manages a dedicated configuration file which should be sourced in by
 * When using, manages the  file directly

For more information, see Layman and Project:Portage/Sync.

emaint
See the Sync (Portage project) article and.

eix
is a wrapper starting (which in turn starts ) followed by. For further details see the Eix article and.

eselect-repository
maintains entries for Portage to access and synchronize. See Eselect/Repository article for details.

Emerging a duplicate package
When working with ebuild repositories it is possible to encounter a situation where multiple versions of the same package are available from different ebuild repositories. Instruct Portage to install a specific package from a specific ebuild repository with the  notation:

The same notation can be used for different emerge instructions, including uninstalling a package through.

生成缓存
When large ebuild repositories are installed, Portage may take a long time to perform operations like dependency resolution. This is because ebuild repositories do not usually contain a metadata cache.

Generate a local metadata cache by running after syncing the ebuild repositories:

Be careful, because takes a lot of time and it's not recommended for rsync users as rsync updates the cache using server-side caches (most of users of portage are rsync users). Rsync users should simply run (or ) to regenerate the cache. It's probably only users of very large ebuild repositories should try.

Masking installed but unsafe ebuild repositories
When using large ebuild repositories or those with unknown/low quality it is best practice to hardmask the whole ebuild repository and only accept specific ebuilds on a case-by-case basis:

After that unmask the packages that will be installed.

参考

 * Overlays project - Gentoo官方ebuild版本库项目支持.
 * Overlays guide (Overlay project) - Overlay项目的用户指南.
 * Developer's guide to Gentoo overlays - This document is kept only for historical purposes. The current guide is maintained as Project:Overlays/Overlays guide.
 * Defining a custom repository - Section in the Gentoo Handbook

外部资源

 * https://repos.gentoo.org
 * https://github.com/gentoo/
 * https://gpo.zugaina.org/Overlays