Handbook:Parts/Installation/Disks/ru

Блочные устройства
Let's take a good look at disk-oriented aspects of Gentoo Linux and Linux in general, including Linux filesystems, partitions, and block devices. Once the ins and outs of disks and filesystems are understood, partitions and filesystems can be established for the Gentoo Linux installation.

To begin, let's look at block devices. The most famous block device is probably the one that represents the first drive in a Linux system, namely. SCSI and Serial ATA drives are both labeled ; even IDE drives are labeled with the newer libata framework in the kernel. When using the old device framework, then the first IDE drive is.

The block devices above represent an abstract interface to the disk. User programs can use these block devices to interact with your disk without worrying about whether the drives are IDE, SCSI, or something else. The program can simply address the storage on the disk as a bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible 512-byte blocks.

Введение
Теперь, когда разделы созданы, пора разместить на них файловые системы. В следующем разделе описаны различные поддерживаемые в Linux файловые системы. Те из читателей, кто уже знает, какую файловую систему будет использовать, могут продолжить с раздела Создание файловой системы. Другим стоит продолжить чтение, чтобы узнать о доступных файловых системах...

Файловые системы
На выбор доступно несколько файловых систем. Некоторые из них считаются стабильными на архитектуре. Рекомендуется прочитать информацию о файловых системах и об их состоянии поддержки перед тем, как выбирать экспериментальные для важных разделов.


 * btrfs
 * A next generation filesystem that provides many advanced features such as snapshotting, self-healing through checksums, transparent compression, subvolumes and integrated RAID. A few distributions have begun to ship it as an out-of-the-box option, but it is not production ready. Reports of filesystem corruption are common. Its developers urge people to run the latest kernel version for safety because the older ones have known problems. This has been the case for years and it is too early to tell if things have changed. Fixes for corruption issues are rarely backported to older kernels. Proceed with caution when using this filesystem!


 * ext2
 * This is the tried and true Linux filesystem but doesn't have metadata journaling, which means that routine ext2 filesystem checks at startup time can be quite time-consuming. There is now quite a selection of newer-generation journaled filesystems that can be checked for consistency very quickly and are thus generally preferred over their non-journaled counterparts. Journaled filesystems prevent long delays when the system is booted and the filesystem happens to be in an inconsistent state.


 * ext3
 * The journaled version of the ext2 filesystem, providing metadata journaling for fast recovery in addition to other enhanced journaling modes like full data and ordered data journaling. It uses an HTree index that enables high performance in almost all situations. In short, ext3 is a very good and reliable filesystem.


 * ext4
 * Initially created as a fork of ext3, ext4 brings new features, performance improvements, and removal of size limits with moderate changes to the on-disk format. It can span volumes up to 1 EB and with maximum file size of 16TB. Instead of the classic ext2/3 bitmap block allocation ext4 uses extents, which improve large file performance and reduce fragmentation. Ext4 also provides more sophisticated block allocation algorithms (delayed allocation and multiblock allocation) giving the filesystem driver more ways to optimize the layout of data on the disk. Ext4 is the recommended all-purpose all-platform filesystem.


 * f2fs
 * The Flash-Friendly File System was originally created by Samsung for the use with NAND flash memory. As of Q2, 2016, this filesystem is still considered immature, but it is a decent choice when installing Gentoo to microSD cards, USB drives, or other flash-based storage devices.


 * JFS
 * IBM's high-performance journaling filesystem. JFS is a light, fast and reliable B+tree-based filesystem with good performance in various conditions.


 * ReiserFS
 * A B+tree-based journaled filesystem that has good overall performance, especially when dealing with many tiny files at the cost of more CPU cycles. ReiserFS appears to be less maintained than other filesystems.


 * XFS
 * A filesystem with metadata journaling which comes with a robust feature-set and is optimized for scalability. XFS seems to be less forgiving to various hardware problems.


 * vfat
 * Also known as FAT32, is supported by Linux but does not support any permission settings. It is mostly used for interoperability with other operating systems (mainly Microsoft Windows) but is also a necessity for some system firmware (like UEFI).


 * NTFS
 * This "New Technology" filesystem is the flagship filesystem of Microsoft Windows. Similar to vfat above it does not store permission settings or extended attributes necessary for BSD or Linux to function properly, therefore it cannot be used as a root filesystem. It should only be used for interoperability with Windows systems (note the emphasis on only).

When using ext2, ext3, or ext4 on a small partition (less than 8GB), then the file system must be created with the proper options to reserve enough inodes. The  application uses the "bytes-per-inode" setting to calculate how many inodes a file system should have. On smaller partitions, it is advised to increase the calculated number of inodes.

Для ext2 это может быть сделано следующей командой:

Для ext3 и ext4 добавьте опцию  для разрешения журналирования:

Как правило необходимо увеличивать в четыре раза количество inodes для таких систем, снижая "bytes-per-inode" с одного на 16kB до одного на 4kB. Это может быть настроено далее с помощью рейтинга:

Создание файловой системы
To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are user space utilities available for each possible filesystem. Click the filesystem's name in the table below for additional information on each filesystem:

Например, чтобы сделать корневой раздел  в ext4 при использовании структуры разделов из примера, используются следующие команды:

Теперь созданы файловые системы на вновь созданных томах (или логических разделах).

Активация раздела подкачки
Для инициализации разделов подкачки используется команда :

Чтобы активировать раздел подкачки, используйте :

Создайте и активируйте раздел подкачки командами выше:

Монтирование
Теперь, когда созданы разделы и файловые системы на них, настало время их смонтировать. Используйте команду, но не забывайте, что необходимо создать каталоги для монтирования каждого созданного раздела. Для примера монтирование корневого  раздела:

Позже в инструкции будут смонтированы файловая система proc (виртуальный интерфейс с ядром) и другие псевдо-файловые системы ядра. Но сначала мы устанавливаем установочные файлы Gentoo.