OpenAFS/ko

이 안내서는 젠투 리눅스에서 OpenAFS 서버 및 클라이언트를 설치하는 방법을 보여드립니다.

이 문서 정보
이 문서는 젠투 리눅스에 OpenAFS 서버를 설치하는데 필요한 단계 정보를 제공합니다. 이 문서의 각 부분에는 AFS FAQ 및 IBM의 AFS 간편 초보자 안내서로부터 내용을 가져왔습니다. 글쎄요. 바퀴를 굳이 또 찍을 이유가 없죠 :&#41;

AFS란게 뭔가요?
AFS는 로컬, 광역 네트워크를 통해 파일 시스템 자원을 효율적으로 공유하는 호스트(클라이언트 및 서버)간 협업을 가능케 하는 분산 파일 시스템입니다. 클라이언트는 주로 사용하는 객체(파일)을 빠르게 접근할 수 있도록 보관하고 있습니다.

AFS is based on a distributed file system originally developed at the Information Technology Center at Carnegie-Mellon University that was called the "Andrew File System". "Andrew" was the name of the research project at CMU - honouring the founders of the University. Once Transarc was formed and AFS became a product, the "Andrew" was dropped to indicate that AFS had gone beyond the Andrew research project and had become a supported, product quality filesystem. However, there were a number of existing cells that rooted their filesystem as /afs. At the time, changing the root of the filesystem was a non-trivial undertaking. So, to save the early AFS sites from having to rename their filesystem, AFS remained as the name and filesystem root.

AFS 셀은 뭔가요?
An AFS cell is a collection of servers grouped together administratively and presenting a single, cohesive filesystem. Typically, an AFS cell is a set of hosts that use the same Internet domain name (for example, gentoo.org) Users log into AFS client workstations which request information and files from the cell's servers on behalf of the users. Users won't know on which server a file which they are accessing, is located. They even won't notice if a server will be located to another room, since every volume can be replicated and moved to another server without any user noticing. The files are always accessible. Well, it's like NFS on steroids :)

AFS를 쓰면 뭐가 좋아요?
The main strengths of AFS are its: caching facility (on client side, typically 100M to 1GB), security features (Kerberos 5 based, access control lists), simplicity of addressing (you just have one filesystem), scalability (add further servers to your cell as needed), communications protocol.

더 많은 내용은 어디서 찾아볼 수 있나요?
Read the AFS FAQ.

www.openafs.org의 OpenAFS 메인 페이지

AFS was originally developed by Transarc which is now owned by IBM. Since April 2005, it has been withdrawn from IBM's product catalogue. IBM branched the source of the AFS product, and made a copy of the source available for community development and maintenance in 2000. They called the release OpenAFS.

문제를 어떻게 디버깅하죠?
OpenAFS has great logging facilities. However, by default it logs straight into its own logs instead of through the system logging facilities you have on your system. To have the servers log through your system logger, use the  option for all   commands.

도입부
This section aims to help you through the process of upgrading an existing OpenAFS installation to OpenAFS version 1.4.0 or higher (or 1.2.x starting from 1.2.13. The latter will not be handled specifically, as most people will want 1.4 for a.o. linux-2.6 support, large file support and bug fixes).

If you're dealing with a clean install of a 1.4 version of OpenAFS, then you can safely skip this chapter. However, if you're upgrading from a previous version, we strongly urge you to follow the guidelines in the next sections. The transition script in the ebuild is designed to assist you in quickly upgrading and restarting. Please note that it will (for safety reasons) not delete configuration files and startup scripts in old places, not automatically change your boot configuration to use the new scripts, etc. If you need further convincing, using an old OpenAFS kernel module together with the updated system binaries, may very well cause your kernel to freak out. So, let's read on for a clean and easy transition, shall we?

이전 버전과의 차이점
Traditionally, OpenAFS has used the same path-conventions that IBM TransArc labs had used, before the code was forked. Understandably, old AFS setups continue using these legacy path conventions. More recent setups conform with FHS by using standard locations (as seen in many Linux distributions). The following table is a compilation of the configure-script and the README accompanying the OpenAFS distribution tarballs:

There are some other oddities, like binaries being put in in Transarc mode, but this list is not intended to be comprehensive. It is rather meant to serve as a reference to those troubleshooting config file transition.

Also as a result of the path changes, the default disk cache location has been changed from to.

Furthermore, the init-script has been split into a client and a server part. You used to have, but now you'll end up with both  and. Consequently, the configuration file has been split into  and. Also, options in to turn either client or server on or off have been obsoleted.

Another change to the init script is that it doesn't check your disk cache setup anymore. The old code required that a separate ext2 partition be mounted at. There were some problems with that:


 * Though it's a very logical setup, your cache doesn't need to be on a separate partition. As long as you make sure that the amount of space specified in really is available for disk cache usage, you're safe. So there is no real problem with having the cache on your root partition.
 * Some people use soft-links to point to the real disk cache location. The init script didn't like this, because then this cache location didn't turn up in.
 * Many prefer ext3 over ext2 nowadays. Both filesystems are valid for usage as a disk cache. Any other filesystem is unsupported (like: don't try reiserfs, you'll get a huge warning, expect failure afterwards).

새 경로로 전환
First of all, emerging a newer OpenAFS version should not overwrite any old configuration files. The script is designed to not change any files already present on the system. So even if you have a totally messed up configuration with a mix of old and new locations, the script should not cause further problems. Also, if a running OpenAFS server is detected, the installation will abort, preventing possible database corruption.

One caveat though -- there have been ebuilds floating around the internet that partially disable the protection that Gentoo puts on. These ebuilds have never been distributed by Gentoo. You might want to check the  variable in the output of the following command:

Though nothing in this ebuild would touch the files in, upgrading will cause the removal of your older OpenAFS installation. Files in  that belong to the older installation will be removed as well.

It should be clear to the experienced user that in the case he has tweaked his system by manually adding soft links (e.g. to  ), the new installation may run fine while still using the old configuration files. In this case, there has been no real transition, and cleaning up the old installation will result in a broken OpenAFS config.

Now that you know what doesn't happen, you may want to know what does:


 * is copied to
 * is copied to
 * is copied to
 * is copied to, while replacing occurrences of  with  ,  with  and  (without the / as previously) with
 * is copied to
 * The configuration file is copied to , as all known old options were destined for client usage only.

자체 업그레이드
OpenAFS 서버를 설정하지 않았다고요? 했으면 이전 어떤 상황인지 여전히 대기중인지 알아채셨죠?

그럼 시작하지요!

서버가 실행중이면 일단 끄십시오.

명령 실행이 끝나면 자체적으로 업그레이드를 실행하십시오.

OpenAFS 다시 시작하기
If you had an OpenAFS server running, you would have not have been forced to shut it down. Now is the time to do that.

As you may want keep the downtime to a minimum, so you can restart your OpenAFS server right away.

You can check whether it's running properly with the following command:

Before starting the OpenAFS client again, please take time to check your cache settings. They are determined by. To restart your OpenAFS client installation, please type the following:

과정 후 정리
Before cleaning up, please make really sure that everything runs smoothly and that you have restarted after the upgrade (otherwise, you may still be running your old installation).

The following directories may be safely removed from the system:



다음 파일은 필요하지 않습니다:



In case you've previously used ebuilds =openafs-1.2.13 or =openafs-1.3.85, you may also have some other unnecessary files:



초기화 스크립트 변경
Now most people would have their systems configured to automatically start the OpenAFS client and server on startup. Those who don't can safely skip this section. If you had your system configured to start them automatically, you will need to re-enable this, because the names of the init scripts have changed.

If you had  or  , you should remove  and  from the default runlevel, instead of.

문제 해결: 자동 업그레이드 실패
Don't panic. You shouldn't have lost any data or configuration files. So let's analyze the situation. Please file a bug at bugs.gentoo.org in any case, preferably with as much information as possible.

If you're having problems starting the client, this should help you diagnosing the problem:


 * Run  . The client normally sends error messages there.
 * Check . It should be of the form: /afs:{path to disk cache}:{number of blocks for disk cache}. Normally, your disk cache will be located at.
 * Check the output of  . You will want to see a line beginning with the word openafs.
 * will tell you whether afsd is running or not
 * should reveal whether has been mounted.

If you're having problems starting the server, then these hints may be useful:


 * tells you whether the overseer is running or not. If you have more than one overseer running, then something has gone wrong. In that case, you should try a graceful OpenAFS server shutdown with , check the result with   , kill all remaining overseer processes and then finally check whether any server processes are still running (   to get a list of them). Afterwards, do   to reset the status of the server and   to try launching it again.
 * If you're using OpenAFS' own logging system (which is the default setting), check out . If you're using the syslog service, go check out its logs for any useful information.

AFS 문서 가져오기
You can get the original IBM AFS Documentation. It is very well written and you really want read it if it is up to you to administer a AFS Server.

You also have the option of using the documentation delivered with OpenAFS. It is installed when you have the USE flag  enabled while emerging OpenAFS. It can be found in. At the time of writing, this documentation was a work in progress. It may however document newer features in OpenAFS that aren't described in the original IBM AFS Documentation.

클라이언트 빌드
컴파일이 끝나면 계속 진행할 준비가 끝납니다.

간단한 전역 브라우징 클라이언트 설치
If you're not part of a specific OpenAFS-cell you want to access, and you just want to try browsing globally available OpenAFS-shares, then you can just install OpenAFS, not touch the configuration at all, and start.

지정 OpenAFS 셀에 접근
If you need to access a specific cell, say your university's or company's own cell, then some adjustments to your configuration have to be made.

Firstly, you need to update with the database servers for your cell. This information is normally provided by your administrator.

Secondly, in order to be able to log onto the OpenAFS cell, you need to specify its name in.

CellServDB tells your client which server(s) it needs to contact for a specific cell. ThisCell should be quite obvious. Normally you use a name which is unique for your organisation. Your (official) domain might be a good choice.

For a quick start, you can now start and use   to authenticate yourself and start using your access to the cell. For automatic logons to you cell, you want to consult the appropriate section below.

캐시 조정
You can house your cache on an existing filesystem (if it's ext2/3), or you may want to have a separate partition for that. The default location of the cache is, but you can change that by editing. A standard size for your cache is 200MB, but more won't hurt.

시스템 시작시 AFS 시작하기
The following command will create the appropriate links to start your afs client on system startup.

커베로스 서버 설치
OpenAFS requires Kerberos 5 for authentication. The following shows how to install the MIT Kerberos server. Alternatively, the Heimdal kerberos implementation may be used.

Install the MIT Kerberos server binaries with the following command:

Edit the and  configuration files. Replace the EXAMPLE.COM realm name with your realm name, and update the example hostnames with your actual hostnames.

Create the Kerberos database like so:

서버 빌드
If you haven't already done so, the following command will install all necessary binaries for setting up an AFS Server and Client.

서버 키 생성
As of OpenAFS version 1.6.5, the OpenAFS servers support strong crypto (AES, etc.) for the service key, and will read the Kerberos keytab file directly. Create the Kerberos service key for OpenAFS and export it to a keytab for the OpenAFS server processes, before starting the OpenAFS services.

AFS 서버 시작하기
You need to run the  command to initialize the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server, which monitors and controls other AFS server processes on its server machine. Think of it as init for the system.

OpenAFS  를 시작하십시오.

다시 부팅할 때 OpenAFS 서버가 시작하는지 확인하십시오:

Verify that the BOS Server created and :

서버 프로세스의 셀 이름 정의
이제 셀 이름을 할당하십시오.

Run the  command to set the cell name:

데이터베이스 서버 프로세스 시작하기
Next use the  command to create entries for the three database server processes in the  file. The three processes run on database server machines only.

You can verify that all servers are running with the  command:

첫 파일 서버, 볼륨 서버, 셀베이저 시작하기
Start the  process, which consists of the File Server, Volume Server and Salvager (fileserver, volserver and salvager processes).

모든 프로세스가 실행중인지 확인하십시오:

Your next action depends on whether you have ever run AFS file server machines in the cell.

If you are installing the first AFS Server ever in the cell, create the first AFS volume, root.afs

If there are existing AFS file server machines and volumes in the cell issue the  and   commands to synchronize the VLDB (Volume Location Database) with the actual state of volumes on the local machine. This will copy all necessary data to your new server.

If the command fails with the message "partition /vicepa does not exist on the server", ensure that the partition is mounted before running OpenAFS servers, or mount the directory and restart the processes using.

첫 관리 계정 만들기
An administrative account is needed to complete the cell setup and perform on going administration. The first account must be created directly on the servers. Additional accounts may then be created without direct ssh access to the servers.

Four tasks need to be done to create the first administrative account.


 * a Kerberos principal, by convention, in the form of USERNAME/admin
 * an AFS user, by convention, the form of USERNAME.admin
 * membership in the built-in AFS system::administrators group
 * membership in the OpenAFS superuser list

Create the Kerberos principal. Run this following command on the Kerberos server, as root:

Create the AFS admin user. Run this command on the OpenAFS database server, as root:

Add the AFS admin user to the built-in admin group. Run this command on the OpenAFS database server, as root:

Add the AFS admin user to the superuser list. Run this command on each OpenAFS server, as root:

AFS 파일 공간 최상위 레벨 설정
서버 설정이 끝났습니다. AFS 클라이언트를 실행하여 AFS 최상위 디렉터리를 설정하고 올바른 접근 권한을 부여해야합니다. 이 클라이언트는 OpenAFS 서버에 설치할 필요가 없습니다. 단지 관리 권한만 가져오면 됩니다. 이 부분에서 명령 실행 목적의 루트 접근은 필요하지 않습니다.

우선 관리 권한을 가져오겠습니다:

우선 일부 ACL을 설정하여 어떤 사용자든 을 탐색할 수 있게 해야합니다.

Then you need to create the root volume, mount it readonly on and read/write on.

At this point, you can create volumes for your new AFS site and add them to the filespace. Users and groups should be created and directory ACLs setup to allow users to create files and directories. To create and mount a volume:

Finally you're done!!! You should now have a working AFS file server on your local network. Time to get a big cup of coffee and print out the AFS documentation!!!

면책 사항
OpenAFS는 확장 기술입니다. 더 많은 정보를 확인하시려면 AFS 문서를 살펴보십시오. 이 부분에서는 지극히 일부의 관리 작업만 나열합니다.

로그인시 AFS 토큰을 획득하기 위한 PAM 설정
To use AFS you need to authenticate against the Kerberos 5 KDC (MIT, Heimdal, ShiShi Kerberos 5, or Microsoft Active Directory). However in order to login to a machine you will also need a user account, this can be local in, NIS, LDAP (OpenLDAP), or a Hesiod database. PAM allows Gentoo to tie the authentication against AFS and login to the user account.

You will need to update which is used by the other configurations. "use_first_pass" indicates it will be checked first against the user login, and "ignore_root" stops the local superuser being checked so as to order to allow login if AFS or the network fails.

실제 사용자의 토큰을 유지하고 로컬 사용자가 의 내용을 바꾸어 AFS 접근 권한을 취득하는 문제를 막으려면 다음 명령을 실행하십시오: