GCC optimization/it

This guide provides Article description::an introduction to optimizing compiled code using safe, sane CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS . It also as describes the theory behind optimizing in general.

Cosa sono CFLAGS e CXXFLAGS?
CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS are among the environment variables conventionally used to specify compiler options to a build system when compiling C and C++ code. While these variables are not standardized, their use is essentially ubiquitous and any correctly written build should understand these for passing extra or custom options when it invokes the compiler. See the GNU make info page for a list of some of the commonly used variables in this category.

Poiché la maggior parte dei pacchetti che costituiscono i sistemi Gentoo sono scritti in C e C++, queste sono due variabili che gli amministratori dovranno impostare correttamente, in quanto eserciteranno una grande influenza su come il sistema verrà costruito.

Possono essere usate per ridurre la quantità di messaggi per il debug per un programma, per incrementare i livelli dei messaggi di avvertimento e, ovviamente, per ottimizzare il codice prodotto. Il manuale GCC contiene una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili, e per ciascuna di esse viene fornita una spiegazione del motivo per cui vengono usate.

Come vengono usate?
Normalmente, CFLAGS e CXXFLAGS verrebbero inizializzate nell'ambiente al momento dell'invocazione di uno script configure o con Makefile generati da. Nei sistemi basati su Gentoo, le variabili CFLAGS e CXXFLAGS vengono impostate nel file. Le variabili impostate in questo file verranno esportate nell'ambiente dei programmi invocati da portage, in modo tale che tutti i pacchetti vengano compilati usano quelle opzioni come base.

Come è possibile vedere nell'esempio di cui sopra, la variabile CXXFLAGS è configurata in modo da usare le stesse opzioni presenti nelle CFLAGS. La maggior parte dei sistemi dovrebbe essere configurata in questa maniera. Le opzioni aggiuntive in CXXFLAGS sono meno comuni e non si dovrebbe configurarle globalmente.

Convinzioni errate
Anche se le variabili CFLAGS e CXXFLAGS possono essere un modo molto valido per produrre codice binario più piccolo o più veloce, se utilizzate in modo errato, possono anche compromettere la funzionalità del codice stesso, aumentare a dismisura le sue dimensioni, ridurre drasticamente le prestazioni. La loro configurazione errata può anche provocare errori di compilazione. La soglia di diminuzione delle prestazioni viene raggiunta piuttosto velocemente quando si ha a che fare con le CFLAGS. Non è consigliabile configurarle arbitrarialmente.

È bene ricordare che la variabile globale CFLAGS configurata in verrà applicata ad ogni pacchetto nel sistema, pertanto gli amministratori configureranno solo opzioni generali e applicabili su vasta scala. I pacchetti modificano ulteriormente queste opzioni individualmente nell'ebuild o nel sistema compilato stesso per generare l'insieme di flag finale usato quando si invoca il compilatore.

Pronto?
Adesso che il lettore è stato informato dei possibili rischi, è possibile esaminare alcune ottimizzazioni sicure, utilizzando le quali si ha l'approvazione degli sviluppatori quando si segnala un problema su Bugzilla. (Gli sviluppatori di solito richiedono all'utente di ricompilare il pacchetto problematico con un insieme ridotto di CFLAGS per vedere se il problema persiste. Si ricordi che opzioni aggressive possono rovinare il codice!)

Le basi
Lo scopo che ci si pone utilizzando le CFLAGS e le CXXFLAGS è di creare codice su misura per il sistema dell'utente; tale sistema dovrebbe funzionare perfettamente ed essere anche snello e veloce, se possibile. Alcune volte queste ultime due condizioni si escludono a vicenda, e pertanto questa guida si limiterà ad utilizzare combinazioni note per funzionare bene. Idealmente, si tratta delle migliori combinazioni per ogni architettura di CPU. Verrà fatta menzione delle opzioni aggressive più in là, in modo tale che l'utente possa sapere cosa bisogna evitare. Non verrà discussa ogni opzione presente nel manuale di  (ce ne sono centinaia) ma verranno spiegate solo le opzioni fondamentali e quelle più comuni.

-march
The first and most important option is. This tells the compiler what code it should produce for the system's processor architecture (or arch); it tells GCC that it should produce code for a certain kind of CPU. Different CPUs have different capabilities, support different instruction sets, and have different ways of executing code. The  flag will instruct the compiler to produce specific code for the system's CPU, with all its capabilities, features, instruction sets, quirks, and so on provided the source code is prepared to use them. For instance, to take benefit from AVX instructions, the source code needs to be adapted to support it.

is an ISA selection option; it tells the compiler that it may use the instructions from the ISA. On an Intel/AMD64 platform with  or lower OPT level, the code will likely end up with AVX instructions used but using shorter SSE XMM registers. To take full advantage of AVX YMM registers, the,   or   options should be used as well.

is an optimization option (default at  and  ), which attempts to vectorize loops using the selected ISA if possible. The reason it isn't enabled at  is that it doesn't always improve code, it can make code slower as well, and usually makes the code larger; it really depends on the loop etc.

Even though the CHOST variable in specifies the general architecture used,   should still be used so that programs can be optimized for the system specific processor. x86 and x86-64 CPUs (among others) should make use of the  flag.

What kind of CPU does the system have? To find out, run the following command:

or even install and add the available CPU-specific options to the  file, which the tool does through e.g. the CPU_FLAGS_X86 variable:

Per ottenere maggiori dettagli, inclusi i valori di  e , si possono usare due comandi:


 * Il primo comanda dice al compilatore di non effettuare alcun link, ed invece di interpretare l'opzione  per dettagliare le opzioni della linea di comando, mostra se certe opzioni sono abilitate o disabilitate . In questo caso, le opzioni mostrate sono abilitate per il target selezionato.:


 * The second command will show the compiler directives for building the header file, but without actually performing the steps and instead showing them on the screen . The final output line is the command that holds all the optimization options and architecture selection:

Si veda  in azione. Questo è un esempio per un vecchio processore Pentium III:

Questo è invece un esempio per una CPU AMD a 64-bit:

Se il tipo di CPU è indeterminato, o se l'utente non sa quali impostazioni scegliere, è possibile usare l'opzione. Con questa opzione GCC proverà a determinare automaticamente di quale processore si dispone, impostando di conseguenza le opzioni più appropriate. Questa opzione, tuttavia, non dovrebbe essere utilizzata qualora si intenda compilare pacchetti per una CPU differente!

If compiling packages on one computer in order to run them on a different computer (such as when using a fast computer to build for an older, slower machine), then do not use. "Native" means that the code produced will run only on that type of CPU. The applications built with  on an AMD Athlon 64 CPU will not be able to run on an old VIA C3 CPU.

Also available are the  and   flags. These flags are normally only used when there is no available  option; certain processor architectures may require   or even. Unfortunately, GCC's behavior isn't very consistent with how each flag behaves from one architecture to the next.

On x86 and x86-64 CPUs,  will generate code specifically for that CPU using its available instruction sets and the correct ABI; it will have no backwards compatibility for older/different CPUs. Consider using  when generating code for older CPUs such as i386 and i486. produces more generic code than ; though it will tune code for a certain CPU, it does not take into account available instruction sets and ABI. Do not use  on x86 or x86-64 systems, as it is deprecated for those arches.

Only non-x86/x86-64 CPUs (such as SPARC, Alpha, and PowerPC) may require  or   instead of. On these architectures,  /   will sometimes behave just like   (on x86/x86-64) but with a different flag name. Again, GCC's behavior and flag naming is not consistent across architectures, so be sure to check the GCC manual to determine which one should be used.

-O
Next up is the  variable. This variable controls the overall level of optimization. Changing this value will make the code compilation take more time and will use much more memory, especially as the level of optimization is increased.

There are seven  settings: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. Only use one of them in.

With the exception of, the   settings each activate several additional flags, so be sure to read the GCC manual's chapter on optimization options to learn which flags are activated at each   level, as well as some explanations as to what they do.

Let us examine each optimization level:


 * : This level (that is the letter "O" followed by a zero) turns off optimization entirely and is the default if no  level is specified in CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS . This reduces compilation time and can improve debugging info, but some applications will not work properly without optimization enabled. This option is not recommended except for debugging purposes.


 * : the most basic optimization level. The compiler will try to produce faster, smaller code without taking much compilation time. It is basic, but it should get the job done all the time.


 * : A step up from . The recommended level of optimization unless the system has special needs.   will activate a few more flags in addition to the ones activated by  . With , the compiler will attempt to increase code performance without compromising on size, and without taking too much compilation time. SSE or AVX may be be utilized at this level but no YMM registers will be used unless   is also enabled.


 * : the highest level of optimization possible. It enables optimizations that are expensive in terms of compile time and memory usage. Compiling with   is not a guaranteed way to improve performance, and in fact, in many cases, can slow down a system due to larger binaries and increased memory usage.   is also known to break several packages. Using   is not recommended. However, it also enables   so that loops in the code get vectorized and will use AVX YMM registers.


 * : optimizes code for size. It activates all  options that do not increase the size of the generated code. It can be useful for machines that have extremely limited disk storage space and/or CPUs with small cache sizes.


 * : Questa opzione è stata introdotta con GCC 4.8. Essa soddisfa il bisogno di ridurre i tempi della compilazione e quello di migliorare la capacità di effettuare il debug mantenendo però un ragionevole livello prestazionale in fase di esecuzione. Complessivamente con  l'attività di sviluppo dovrebbe risultare migliore rispetto a  . Si noti che   non implica  ;   si limita semplicemente a disattivare le ottimizzazioni che hanno ripercussioni negative sull'attività di debug.


 * : Si tratta di un'opzione introdotta con GCC 4.7. Essa consiste della somma di  con ,   e  .   viola la conformità stretta agli standard e pertanto non è consigliata.

As previously mentioned,  is the recommended optimization level. If package compilation fails and while not using, try rebuilding with that option. As a fallback option, try setting the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to a lower optimization level, such as  or even   (for error reporting and checking for possible problems).

-pipe
A common flag is. This flag has no effect on the generated code, but it makes the compilation process faster. It tells the compiler to use pipes instead of temporary files during the different stages of compilation, which uses more memory. On systems with low memory, GCC might get killed. In those cases do not use this flag.

-fomit-frame-pointer
This is a very common flag designed to reduce generated code size. It is turned on at all levels of  (except  ) on architectures where doing so does not interfere with debugging (such as x86-64), but it may need to be activated. In that case add it to the flags. Though the GCC manual does not specify all architectures, it is turned on by using the  option. It's still necessary to explicitly enable the  option, to activate it on x86-32 with GCC up to version 4.6, or when using   on x86-32 with any version of GCC. However, using  will make debugging hard or impossible.

In particular, it makes troubleshooting applications written in Java much harder, though Java is not the only code affected by using this flag. So while the flag can help, it also makes debugging harder; backtraces in particular will be useless. When not doing software debugging and no other debugging-related CFLAGS such as  have been used, then try using.

-msse, -msse2, -msse3, -mmmx, -m3dnow
These flags enable the Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), SSE2, SSE3, MMX, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DNow! 3DNow!] instruction sets for x86 and x86-64 architectures. These are useful primarily in multimedia, gaming, and other floating point-intensive computing tasks, though they also contain several other mathematical enhancements. These instruction sets are found in more modern CPUs.

Normally none of these flags need to be added to, as long as the system is using the correct  (for example,   implies  ). Some notable exceptions are newer VIA and AMD64 CPUs that support instructions not implied by  (such as SSE3). For CPUs like these additional flags will need to be enabled where appropriate after checking.

Ma ottengo migliori prestazioni con -funroll-loops -fomg-optimize!
No, people only think they do because someone has convinced them that more flags are better. Aggressive flags will only hurt applications when used system-wide. Even the GCC manual says that using  and   will make code larger and run more slowly. Yet for some reason, these two flags, along with,  ,  , and similar flags, continue to be very popular among ricers who want the biggest bragging rights.

La verità è che si tratta di opzioni aggressive e pericolose. Si invita il lettore a controllare il [forum] e il [bugzilla] di Gentoo per vedere quali sono le conseguenze di queste opzioni. Niente di buono!

These flags are not needed globally in CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS. They will only hurt performance. They might bring on the idea of having a high-performance system running on the bleeding edge, but they don't do anything but bloat the code and get bugs marked INVALID or WONTFIX.

Dangerous flags like these are not needed. Don't use them. Stick to the basics:,  , and.

Livelli per -O maggiori di 3
Some users boast about even better performance obtained by using,  , and so on, but the reality is that   levels higher than 3 have no effect. The compiler may accept CFLAGS like, but it actually doesn't do anything with them. It only performs the optimizations for, nothing more.

Need more proof? Examine the source code:

As can be seen, any value higher than 3 is treated as just.

What about compiling outside the target machine?
Some readers might wonder if compiling outside the target machine with a strictly inferior CPU or GCC sub-architecture will result in inferior optimization results (compared to a native compilation). The answer is simple: No. Regardless of the actual hardware on which the compilation takes place and the CHOST for which GCC was built, as long as the same arguments are used (except for ) and the same version of GCC is used (although minor version might be different), the resulting optimizations are strictly the same.

To exemplify, if Gentoo is installed on a machine whose GCC's CHOST is i686-pc-linux-gnu, and a Distcc server is setup on another computer whose GCC's CHOST is i486-linux-gnu, then there is no need to be afraid that the results would be less optimal because of the strictly inferior sub-architecture of the remote compiler and/or hardware. The result would be as optimized as a native build, as long as the same options are passed to both compilers (and the  parameter doesn't get a   argument). In this particular case the target architecture needs to be specified explicitly as explained in Distcc and -march=native.

The only difference in behavior between two GCC versions built targeting different sub-architectures is the implicit default argument for the  parameter, which is derived from the GCC's CHOST when not explicitly provided in the command line.

Opzioni ridondanti
Oftentimes CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS that are turned on at various  levels are specified redundantly in. Sometimes this is done out of ignorance, but it is also done to avoid flag filtering or flag replacing.

Flag filtering/replacing is done in many of the ebuilds in the Portage tree. It is usually done because packages fail to compile at certain  levels, or when the source code is too sensitive for any additional flags to be used. The ebuild will either filter out some or all CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS, or it may replace  with a different level.

The Gentoo Developer Manual outlines where and how flag filtering/replacing works.

È possibile aggirare il filtraggio delle opzioni attivate ad un certo livello di, come ad esempio  , nel seguente modo:

However, this is not a smart thing to do. CFLAGS are filtered for a reason! When flags are filtered, it means that it is unsafe to build a package with those flags. Clearly, it is not safe to compile the whole system with  if some of the flags turned on by that level will cause problems with certain packages. Therefore, don't try to "outsmart" the developers who maintain those packages. Trust the developers. Flag filtering and replacing is done to ensure stability of the system and application! If an ebuild specifies alternative flags, then don't try to get around it.

Building packages with unacceptable flags will most likely lead to problems. When reporting problems on Bugzilla, the flags that are used in will be readily visible and developers will ask to recompile without those flags. Save the trouble of recompiling by not using redundant flags in the first place! Don't just automatically assume to be more knowledgeable than the developers.

LDFLAGS
The Gentoo developers have already set basic, safe LDFLAGS in the base profiles, so they do not need to be changed.

Opzioni specifiche per un singolo pacchetto
Information on how to use per-package environment variables (including CFLAGS ) is described in the Gentoo Handbook, "Per-Package Environment Variables".

External resources
Le seguenti risorse sono utili per approfondire ulteriormente il tema dell'ottimizzazione:


 * The GCC online documentation




 * Wikipedia


 * I forum Gentoo