FAQ/fr

Cette FAQ est un regroupement des questions et réponses collectées sur la liste de diffusion gentoo-dev mailing et sur le canal Gentoo sur Freenode (IRC).

Introduction
Notez que beaucoup de ces questions trouvent leur réponse dans la documentation ou les guides officiels de Gentoo. Ce n'est qu'une simple liste de questions fréquemment posées. Prenez le temps de lire la documentation et/ou les pages du manuel afin d'avoir une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont Gentoo et GNU/Linux fonctionnent, ou pour les réponses à des questions qui ne sont pas traitées ici.

Comment prononcer Gentoo, qu'est-ce que cela signifie ?
Gentoo se prononce "gen-too" (le "g" de "Gentoo" se prononce "j" comme dans le mot "geste"). Le nom latin du pingouin Gentoo est Pygoscelis papua. Le nom Gentoo a été donné au pingouin par les habitants des Îles_Malouines.

Qu'est-ce qui rend Gentoo différent ?
Gentoo utilise un système de ports semblable à BSD appelé Portage. Portage est un système de gestion de paquets donnant une grande souplesse d'installation et de maintenance. Il offre des options de compilation à travers les variables USE (USE flags), des dépendances conditionnelles, un résumé avant installation des paquets, des installations (via un bac à sable) et désinstallations sûres des paquets, des profils système, une protection des fichiers de configuration parmi d'autres fonctionnalités.

Dès l'origine un système Gentoo est entièrement construit à partir de codes source, en suivant les choix d'optimisation de l'utilisateur. Celui-ci choisit les paquets installés ou non. Gentoo offre de nombreux choix, les utilisateurs peuvent installer Gentoo selon leurs préférences, c'est pourquoi Gentoo est appelé une meta-distribution.

Gentoo est développé activement. La distribution entière se développe à un rythme rapide : les patches (rustines) sont rapidement intégrés à l'arbre principal, la documentation est mise à jour quotidiennement, des fonctionnalités sont souvent ajoutées à Portage, et des releases (parutions) officielles ont lieu deux fois par an.

Tout est très instable en utilisant les optimisations -O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer. Que se passe-t-il ?
Ne vous embêtez pas avec quoi que ce soit de plus élevé que  car cela n'est pas autorisé avec les versions actuelles de GCC. Des optimisations très agressives font que le compilateur cherche sans fin à simplifier ou rationnaliser le code assembleur.

Tenter de compiler avec CFLAGS  avant de signaler un bug.

Comment changer le mot de passe de root (ou n'importe quel autre) ?
Utiliser la commande pour modifier le mot de passe de l'utilisateur logué. Root peut changer le mot de passe d'un utilisateur avec la commande. Pour des options supplémentaires voir la page de manuel de,.

Comment ajouter un utilisateur ordinaire ?
La commande ajoute un utilisateur nommé « larry ». Mais cela ne lui donne pas beaucoup des droits nécessaires à une utilisation courante, la commande suivante le fait :

Cela crée l'utilisateur "larry". L'option  ajoute cet utilisateur à plusieurs groupes :
 * le groupe standard « interactif »
 * permettant d'accéder aux périphériques son
 * permet d'utiliser la commande pour accéder aux privilèges de root (si son mot de passe est connu)

Pourquoi un utilisateur ne peut pas accéder à su comme root ?
Les utilisateurs ne peuvent utiliser comme root que s'ils appartiennent au groupe wheel, pour une question de sûreté. Pour ajouter un utilisateur au groupe wheel, faire la commande suivante :

Puis-je mettre Gentoo à jour d'une release (publication) à l'autre sans réinstallation ?
Il n'y a pas de différence entre les releases après leur installation. À partir de la version 1.4, Gentoo est basé sur la. À partir de cette version la commande met à jour le système entier vers le Gentoo le plus récent. La différence entre publications réside dans les médias d'installation et leurs paquets précompilés. Voir le guide de mise à jour (en anglais) pour plus d'informations sur les profils et leur rôle lors des mises à jour.

Noter que la commande  met à jour les paquets installés et leurs dépendances, mais pas les dépendances de compilation – les paquets nécessaires lors de la compilation et non lors de l'utilisation des logiciels. Pour mettre également ces paquets à jour, ajouter l'option.

Mon noyau ne démarre pas, que faire ?
Il n'est pas obligatoire de refaire toutes les étapes de l'installation, mais il est nécessaire d'examiner le noyau et les étapes de son installation. Supposons que Gentoo est installé sur  et ,  étant la partition de swap.

Démarrer depuis le CD d'installation et attendre l'invite de commandes.

Monter toutes les partitions :

Puis chrooter dans l'environnment Gentoo et lancer la configuration du noyau :

Refaire le paramétrage en corrigeant les erreurs (éléments sélectionnés, ou non, à tort), quitter puis compiler le noyau :

Copier le fichier en écrasant le précédent :

Si le bootloader est LILO, relancer – les utilisateurs de GRUB doivent sauter cette étape :

Quitter l'environnement chrooté, démonter les partitions et relancer le système :

Si le problème vient de la configuration du bootloader, suivre les mêmes étapes mais, au lieu de reconfigurer puis recompiler le noyau, reconfigurer le bootloader (sa recompilation n'est habituellement pas nécessaire).

Mon proxy demande une authentication, que faire ?
To have Portage automatically use this scheme, define it in :

Keep in mind that the proxy server must support the CONNECT method for the rsync port(s).

How do I burn an ISO file?
ISO files must be burned in raw mode. This means the file should not just be placed on the CD, but interpreted as an entire CD.

There are lots of CD burning tools available; covering them all would be a Sisyphean problem. However, describing a few popular tools never hurts:


 * With EasyCD Creator select, . Then change the to . Then locate the ISO file and click . After clicking  the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD/DVD.


 * With Nero Burning ROM, cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select from the  menu. Select the image to burn and click . Now click the  button and watch the brand new Gentoo Live CD being burnt.


 * With, simply type (replace  with the CDROM drive's device path) followed by the path to the ISO file.


 * With K3B, select →  → . Then locate the ISO file within the 'Image to Burn' area. Click  to begin the burn process.


 * With Mac OS X Panther, launch Disk Utility from, select from the  menu, select the mounted disk image in the main window and select  in the  menu.


 * With Mac OS X Jaguar, launch Disk Copy from, select from the  menu, select the ISO and click the  button.

What CD/stage should I use for my CPU?
First find out what CPU is in the system Gentoo is to be installed on (for instance a Pentium-M). Next find out what CPU type it is compatible with (instruction-wise) to find a proper match with Gentoo's CD or stages. Consulting the CPU's vendor website for this information usually works, although querying a search engine of choice is usually more efficient.

When uncertain, take a "lower" CD/stage file, for instance a i686 or even generic x86 (or the equivalent in the system's arch). This will ensure that the system will work, but may not be as fast as further optimizations.

Please note that many more options exist than those for which Gentoo builds binary stages. Please see the GCC guide for setting the  flag.

The Internet does not work after rebooting. What is wrong?
First verify that the network card is discovered properly by the kernel. Run and look for network interfaces. Something such as eth0, eno1, enp2s0, enp0s8, wlan0 (in case of certain wireless network cards) should be present. Specific kernel modules may be required for the kernel to properly detect the network card. If that is the case, make sure that the required kernel modules are listed in the file.

If support for the system's network card has been left out of the kernel, it will need to be reconfigured and, in some cases, recompiled.

If the network card is found by the kernel, but the network configuration has been set to use DHCP, a DHCP client might not have been installed on the system. There are many DHCP clients available in Gentoo, a common one being. If necessary to get the connection to the Internet working reboot to the installation CD and.

Information on how to rescue the system using the installation CD is available here as well.

Attempting to boot Windows from GRUB or LILO only shows a black screen. What should I do?
This is a known problem. Windows refuses to boot when it is not installed on the first hard drive and shows a black/blank screen. To handle this, it is necessary to "fool" Windows into believing that it is installed on the first hard drive with a little tweak in the boot loader configuration. Please note that in the below example, Gentoo is installed on (first disk) and Windows on  (second disk). Adjust the configuration as needed:

This will make Windows believe it is installed on the first hard drive and boot without problems. More information can be found in official GRUB documentation and in.

How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 tarball?
The Gentoo Handbook only describes a Gentoo installation using a stage3 tarball. However, Gentoo still provides stage1 and stage2 tarballs. This is for development purposes (the Release Engineering team starts from a stage1 tarball to obtain a stage3) but should not be used by users: a stage3 tarball can very well be used to bootstrap the system. A working Internet connection is a requirement.

Bootstrapping means building the toolchain (the C library and compiler) for the system after which all core system packages are installed. To bootstrap the system, perform a stage3 installation. Before starting the chapter on Configuring the Kernel, it might be necessary to modify the script to match personal requirements:

After modifications, run the script.

Next, rebuild all core system packages with the newly built toolchain. We need to rebuild them since the stage3 tarball already offers them:

Now continue with Configuring the Kernel.

In what form are the packages stored?
Packages are not "stored" per se. Instead, Gentoo provides a set of scripts which can resolve dependencies, fetch source code, and compile a version of the package tailored to the user his needs. Generally Gentoo only builds binaries for releases and snapshots. The Gentoo Developer Manual covers the contents of an ebuild script in detail.

For full ISO releases, a full suite of binary packages will be created using an enhanced format, which is  compatible with meta-information attached to the end of the file. These can be used to install a working (though not fully optimized) version of the package quickly and efficiently.

It is possible to create RPMs (Red Hat package manager files) using Gentoo's Portage, but it is not currently possible to use already existing RPMs to install packages.

I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
Yes, but it is not trivial, nor is it recommended. Since the method to do this requires a good understanding of Portage internals and commands, it is instead recommended that the ebuild is patched to do whatever it is that the user wants and place it in a Portage overlay (that is why overlays exist). This is much better for maintainability, and usually easier. See the Gentoo Developer Manual for more information.

What if rsync does not work for me?
When behind a firewall that does not permit rsync traffic through port 873, the command can be used to fetch and install a Portage snapshot through regular HTTP. See this section for information on downloading source files and Portage snapshots via a proxy.

I have a slow (or no) Internet connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
Definitely. Run to see what programs are going to be installed. To find out the sources for those packages and where to download the sources from, run. Download sources and bring them on any media home. Put the sources into the folder and then simply run. Be warned: this can be a very tedious process.

Source tarballs are collecting in /usr/portage/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
Deleting these files will have no negative impact on day-to-day performance. However, it might be wise to keep the most recent version of the files; often several ebuilds will be released for the same version of a specific piece of software. If the archive is deleted and the software is upgraded or rebuilt it will be necessary to download them from the Internet again.

Use the script from  to manage the contents of  and a few other locations. Please read to learn more about its usage, as well as the Gentoolkit article.

What is in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
During compilation, Gentoo saves the sources of the package in. These files and folder are usually deleted upon a successful merge, but this sometimes fails. It is safe to clean out all contents of this directory if the command is not running. Be sure to always before cleaning out this directory.

How do I set up an International Keyboard Layout?
Edit the  variable in. To have console working correctly with extended characters in the keymap, it might be necessary to set up the variables  and   in the  file (for further information on localizing the environment, refer to the localization guide). Then, issue a, or restart the keymaps and consolefont scripts:

DNS name resolution works for root only
has the wrong permissions; it as follows:

Why can't my user use their own crontab?
Add that user to the cron group:

How do I get numlock to start on boot?
The following command will add the numlock service to the default runlevel, enabling numlock at boot:

Each GUI provides different tools for this sort of thing; please check the help section or online manuals for the GUI of choice for further assistance.

How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
To have the terminal cleared, add the command to the user's  script:

To have this happen automatically when adding a new user, do the same for the file:

ReiserFS and filesystem corruption issues - how to fix them, etc
If the ReiserFS partition is corrupt, try booting the Gentoo Install CD and run on the corrupted filesystem. This should make the filesystem consistent again, although there may be some lost files or directories due to the corruption.

Where can I report bugs?
Use the Bugzilla site to report bugs. Visit on the Freenode IRC network] and ask around if it is unclear whether an issue is really a bug or not.

How often are new releases made?
Gentoo's packages are usually updated shortly after the upstream authors release new code. As for when Gentoo itself makes new stage/profile/ISO releases, check the Release Engineering Project page. New releases are announced on the gentoo-announce mailing list. See this section for more information.

My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Console beeps can be turned off using, like this:

To turn off the console beeps on boot, put the following command in the file. However, this only disables beeps for the current terminal. To disable beeps for other terminals, pipe the command output to the target terminal, like this:

Replace with the terminal for which console beeps need to be disabled.

Where can I find more information about Gentoo Linux?
Much of the official Gentoo documentation can be found here on the Wiki.

Can I buy a CD of Gentoo Linux?
Users who are not able to download and burn installation CDs personally might find one through one of our licensed stores. However, most stores have dropped offering CDs and DVDs as these installation media quickly become obsolete.

The licensed stores are listed on the stores page.

This FAQ has not answered my question. What do I do now?
A good first step is to browse through the relevant documentation, failing that, the various Gentoo Linux mailing lists listed on here. To search through the Gentoo mailing lists, enter "site:lists.gentoo.org foo" to search for "foo". If all else fails, or to just hang out with Gentoo folks, visit us on the # Freenode IRC channel].