GCC optimization/it

This guide provides an introduction to optimizing compiled code using safe, sane CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS. It also as describes the theory behind optimizing in general.

Cosa sono CFLAGS e CXXFLAGS?
CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS are environment variables that are used to tell the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) what kinds of switches to use when compiling source code. The CFLAGS variable is used for compiling code written in C, while the CXXFLAGS variable is for code written in C++.

Possono essere usate per ridurre la quantità di messaggi per il debug, per incrementare i livelli dei messaggi di avvertimento e ovviamente per ottimizzare il codice prodotto. Il manuale GCC contiene una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili, e per ciascuna di esse viene fornita una spiegazione del motivo per cui vengono usate.

Come vengono usate?
CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS can be used in two ways. First, they can be used per-program with Makefiles generated by the program.

However, this should not be done when installing packages found in the Portage tree. Instead, for Gentoo-based machines, set the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS variables in This way all packages will be compiled using the options specified in

As seen in the example above the CXXFLAGS variable is set to use all the options present in CFLAGS. Most every system should be configured in this manner; additional options for CXXFLAGS are extremely rare in common use cases.

Convinzioni errate
While CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS can be very effective means of getting source code to produce smaller and/or faster binaries, they can also impair the function of the code, bloat its size, slow down its execution time. Setting them incorrectly can even cause compilation failures!

CFLAGS are not a magic bullet; they will not automatically make the system run faster or reduce the size of binaries on the disk. Adding too many flags in an attempt to optimize (or "rice") the system is a sure recipe for failure. The point of diminishing returns is reached rather quickly when dealing with CFLAGS.

Despite the boasts and brags found on the internet, aggressive CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS are far more likely to harm binaries than to do any good. Keep in mind the flags are designed to be used at specific places for specific purposes. Few flags work as intended globally.

Pronto?
Being aware of the risks involved, take a look at some sane, safe optimizations. These will hold in good stead and will be endearing to developers the next time a problem is reported on Bugzilla. (Developers will usually request the user to recompile a package with minimal CFLAGS to see if the problem persists. Remember: aggressive flags can ruin code!)

Le basi
The goal behind CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS is to create code tailor-made to your system; it should function perfectly while being lean and fast, if possible. Sometimes these conditions are mutually exclusive, so this guide will stick to combinations known to work well. Ideally, they are the best available for any CPU architecture. For informational purposes, aggressive flag use will be covered later. Not every option listed on the GCC manual (there are hundreds) will be discussed, but basic, most common flags will be reviewed.

-march
The first and most important option is. This tells the compiler what code it should produce for the system's processor architecture (or arch); it tells GCC that it should produce code for a certain kind of CPU. Different CPUs have different capabilities, support different instruction sets, and have different ways of executing code. The  flag will instruct the compiler to produce specific code for the system's CPU, with all its capabilities, features, instruction sets, quirks, and so on.

Even though the  variable in  specifies the general architecture used,   should still be used so that programs can be optimized for the system specific processor. x86 and x86-64 CPUs (among others) should make use of the  flag.

What kind of CPU does the system have? To find out, run the following command:

To get more details, including  and   values, two commands can be used.


 * The second command will show the compiler directives for building the header file, but without actually performing the steps and instead showing them on the screen . The final output line is the command that holds all the optimization options and architecture selection:

Now lets see  in action. This example is for an older Pentium III chip:

Questo è invece un esempio per una CPU AMD a 64-bit:

If the type of CPU is undetermined, or if the user does not know what setting to choose, it is possible use the  setting. When this flag is used, GCC will attempt to detect the processor and automatically set appropriate flags for it. However, this should not be used when intending to compile packages for different CPUs!

If compiling packages on one computer in order to run them on a different computer (such as when using a fast computer to build for an older, slower machine), then do not use. "Native" means that the code produced will run only on that type of CPU. The applications built with  on an AMD Athlon 64 CPU will not be able to run on an old VIA C3 CPU.

Also available are the  and   flags. These flags are normally only used when there is no available  option; certain processor architectures may require   or even. Unfortunately, GCC's behavior isn't very consistent with how each flag behaves from one architecture to the next.

On x86 and x86-64 CPUs,  will generate code specifically for that CPU using its available instruction sets and the correct ABI; it will have no backwards compatibility for older/different CPUs. Consider using  when generating code for older CPUs such as i386 and i486. produces more generic code than ; though it will tune code for a certain CPU, it does not take into account available instruction sets and ABI. Do not use  on x86 or x86-64 systems, as it is deprecated for those arches.

Only non-x86/x86-64 CPUs (such as Sparc, Alpha, and PowerPC) may require  or   instead of. On these architectures,  /   will sometimes behave just like   (on x86/x86-64) but with a different flag name. Again, GCC's behavior and flag naming is not consistent across architectures, so be sure to check the GCC manual to determine which one should be used.

-O
Next up is the  variable. This variable controls the overall level of optimization. Changing this value will make the code compilation take more time and will use much more memory, especially as the level of optimization is increased.

There are seven  settings: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. Only use one of them in

Con la sola eccezione di, ciascuna delle impostazioni   attiva alcune opzioni aggiuntive. Assicurarsi quindi di leggere il capitolo del manuale GCC sulle opzioni per l'ottimizzazione per capire quali opzioni vengono attivate per ciascuno dei livelli  e qual'è la loro funzione.

Let us examine each optimization level:


 * : This level (that is the letter "O" followed by a zero) turns off optimization entirely and is the default if no  level is specified in CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS . This reduces compilation time and can improve debugging info, but some applications will not work properly without optimization enabled. This option is not recommended except for debugging purposes.


 * : the most basic optimization level. The compiler will try to produce faster, smaller code without taking much compilation time. It is basic, but it should get the job done all the time.


 * : A step up from . The recommended level of optimization unless the system has special needs.   will activate a few more flags in addition to the ones activated by  . With , the compiler will attempt to increase code performance without compromising on size, and without taking too much compilation time.


 * : the highest level of optimization possible. It enables optimizations that are expensive in terms of compile time and memory usage. Compiling with   is not a guaranteed way to improve performance, and in fact, in many cases, can slow down a system due to larger binaries and increased memory usage.   is also known to break several packages. Using   is not recommended.


 * : optimizes code for size. It activates all  options that do not increase the size of the generated code. It can be useful for machines that have extremely limited disk storage space and/or CPUs with small cache sizes.


 * : Questa opzione è stata introdotta con GCC 4.8. Essa soddisfa il bisogno di ridurre i tempi della compilazione e quello di migliorare la capacità di effettuare il debug mantenendo però un ragionevole livello prestazionale in fase di esecuzione. Complessivamente con  l'attività di sviluppo dovrebbe risultare migliore rispetto a  . Si noti che   non implica  ;   si limita semplicemente a disattivare le ottimizzazioni che hanno ripercussioni negative sull'attività di debug.


 * : Si tratta di un'opzione introdotta con GCC 4.7. Essa consiste della somma di  con ,   e  .   viola la conformità stretta agli standard e pertanto non è consigliata.

As previously mentioned,  is the recommended optimization level. If package compilation fails and while not using, try rebuilding with that option. As a fallback option, try setting the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to a lower optimization level, such as  or even   (for error reporting and checking for possible problems).

-pipe
A common flag is. This flag has no effect on the generated code, but it makes the compilation process faster. It tells the compiler to use pipes instead of temporary files during the different stages of compilation, which uses more memory. On systems with low memory, GCC might get killed. In those cases do not use this flag.

-fomit-frame-pointer
This is a very common flag designed to reduce generated code size. It is turned on at all levels of  (except  ) on architectures where doing so does not interfere with debugging (such as x86-64), but it may need to be activated. In that case add it to the flags. Though the GCC manual does not specify all architectures, it is turned on by using the  option. It's still necessary to explicitly enable the  option, to activate it on x86-32 with GCC up to version 4.6, or when using   on x86-32 with any version of GCC. However, using  will make debugging hard or impossible.

In particular, it makes troubleshooting applications written in Java much harder, though Java is not the only code affected by using this flag. So while the flag can help, it also makes debugging harder; backtraces in particular will be useless. When not doing software debugging and no other debugging-related CFLAGS such as  have been used, then try using.

-msse, -msse2, -msse3, -mmmx, -m3dnow
These flags enable the Streaming SIMD Extentions (SSE), SSE2, SSE3, MMX, and 3DNow! instruction sets for x86 and x86-64 architectures. These are useful primarily in multimedia, gaming, and other floating point-intensive computing tasks, though they also contain several other mathematical enhancements. These instruction sets are found in more modern CPUs.

Normally none of these flags need to be added to, as long as the system is using the correct  (for example,   implies  ). Some notable exceptions are newer VIA and AMD64 CPUs that support instructions not implied by  (such as SSE3). For CPUs like these additional flags will need to be enabled where appropriate after checking.

Ma ottengo migliori prestazioni con -funroll-loops -fomg-optimize!
No, you only think you do because someone has convinced you that more flags are better. Aggressive flags will only hurt applications when used system-wide. Even the GCC manual says that using  and   will make code larger and run more slowly. Yet for some reason, these two flags, along with,  ,  , and similar flags, continue to be very popular among ricers who want the biggest bragging rights.

La verità è che si tratta di opzioni aggressive e pericolose. Si invita il lettore a controllare il [forum] e il [bugzilla] di Gentoo per vedere quali sono le conseguenze di queste opzioni. Niente di buono!

You do not need to use those flags globally in CFLAGS or CXXFLAGS. They will only hurt performance. They may make you sound like you have a high-performance system running on the bleeding edge, but they don't do anything but bloat the code and get your bugs marked INVALID or WONTFIX.

Non c'è bisogno di utilizzare tali opzioni. Non usarle. Limitarsi alle opzioni di base:,   e.

Livelli per -O maggiori di 3
Some users boast about even better performance obtained by using,  , and so on, but the reality is that   levels higher than 3 have no effect. The compiler may accept CFLAGS like, but it actually doesn't do anything with them. It only performs the optimizations for, nothing more.

Need more proof? Examine the source code:

Il lettore può osservare che i valori maggiori di 3 sono trattati allo stesso modo che per.

What about compiling outside the target machine?
Some readers might wonder if compiling outside the target machine with a strictly inferior CPU or GCC sub-architecture will result in inferior optimization results (compared to a native compilation). The answer is simple: No. Regardless of the actual hardware on which the compilation takes place and the CHOST for which GCC was built, as long as the same arguments are used (except for ) and the same version of GCC is used (although minor version might be different), the resulting optimizations are strictly the same.

To exemplify, if Gentoo is installed on a machine whose GCC's CHOST is i686-pc-linux-gnu, and a Distcc server is setup on another computer whose GCC's CHOST is i486-linux-gnu, then there is no need to be afraid that the results would be less optimal because of the strictly inferior sub-architecture of the remote compiler and/or hardware. The result would be as optimized as a native build, as long as the same options are passed to both compilers (and the  parameter doesn't get a   argument). In this particular case the target architecture needs to be specified explicitly as explained in Distcc and -march=native.

The only difference in behavior between two GCC versions built targeting different sub-architectures is the implicit default argument for the  parameter, which is derived from the GCC's CHOST when not explicitly provided in the command line.

Opzioni ridondanti
Oftentimes CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS that are turned on at various  levels are specified redundantly in. Sometimes this is done out of ignorance, but it is also done to avoid flag filtering or flag replacing.

Flag filtering/replacing is done in many of the ebuilds in the Portage tree. It is usually done because packages fail to compile at certain  levels, or when the source code is too sensitive for any additional flags to be used. The ebuild will either filter out some or all CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS, or it may replace  with a different level.

Il Gentoo Developer Manual spiega nel dettaglio in che modo funziona il filtraggio e la sostituzione delle opzioni e dove essi hanno luogo.

È possibile aggirare il filtraggio delle opzioni attivate ad un certo livello di, come ad esempio  , nel seguente modo:

However, this is not a smart thing to do. CFLAGS are filtered for a reason! When flags are filtered, it means that it is unsafe to build a package with those flags. Clearly, it is not safe to compile your whole system with  if some of the flags turned on by that level will cause problems with certain packages. Therefore, you shouldn't try to "outsmart" the developers who maintain those packages. Trust the developers. Flag filtering and replacing is done for your benefit! If an ebuild specifies alternative flags, then don't try to get around it.

Se si sceglie di compilare un pacchetto con opzioni inaccettabili è molto probabile che si avranno ulteriori problemi successivamente. Quando l'utente segnala un problema sul Bugzilla le opzioni che si usano in sono chiaramente visibili a tutti e gli sviluppatori chiederanno senz'altro di ricompilare il pacchetto senza le opzioni problematiche. Si può evitare il fastidio di dover ricompilare tali pacchetti se si evita in primo luogo di utilizzare opzioni ridondanti in questa maniera. Non si deve assumere di saperne di più rispetto agli sviluppatori.

LDFLAGS
The Gentoo developers have already set basic, safe LDFLAGS in the base profiles, so they do not need to be changed.

Opzioni specifiche per un singolo pacchetto
Information on how to use per-package environment variables (including CFLAGS ) is described in the Gentoo Handbook, "Per-Package Environment Variables".

Risorse
Le seguenti risorse sono utili per approfondire ulteriormente il tema dell'ottimizzazione:


 * La documentazione per GCC


 * Gentoo Handbook - Configuring compile options


 * man make.conf


 * Wikipedia


 * I forum Gentoo