Handbook:AMD64/Blocks/Booting/zh-cn

启动安装媒介
安装媒介准备就绪后，就可以启动了. 将安装媒介插入系统中，重启，然后进入主板的固件用户界面. 通常是在开机自检（POST）过程中通过在键盘上按,, , 或 进入，“触发”键取决于系统和主板. 如果使用主板的型号作为关键字在互联网搜索引擎进行搜索， 结果应该很容易确定. 进入主板的固件菜单后，更改引导顺序，以便在内部磁盘设备之前尝试外部可启动媒介（CD / DVD盘或USB驱动器）. 否则，系统很可能会重新启动到内部磁盘设备，从而忽略外部启动媒介.

如果启动没有成功，请确保将安装媒介插入系统，然后重新启动. 这是会显示一个启动提示符. 此时按键将使用默认的启动选项启动. 如果要使用自定义引导选项引导安装媒介，请指定一个内核，然后按启动选项，然后按.

在启动提示符下，用户可以按 按键显示可用的内核，按  按键显示可用的启动选项. 如果在15秒内没做任何选择（既不显示信息，也不选择内核）安装媒介将会从硬盘启动. 这样不用将 CD 光盘从光盘驱动器里拿出来，也可以在安装过程中重启并尝试已安装好的环境（这有时在远程安装的时候很有用）.

提到了指定一个内核. 在最小安装介质上，只提供了两个预定义的内核启动选项. 默认选项叫. 另一个是“-nofb”变体; 这会禁用内核帧缓冲区支持.

下一节将简要介绍可用的内核及其说明：

内核选择

 * gentoo
 * 默认内核，支持K8 CPU（包括NUMA支持）和EM64T CPU.


 * gentoo-nofb
 * 与“gentoo”相同，但没有framebuffer支持.


 * memtest86
 * 测试本地RAM的错误.

引导选项可以配合内核进一步调整引导过程的行为.

硬件选择

 * acpi=on
 * This loads support for ACPI and also causes the acpid daemon to be started by the CD on boot. This is only needed if the system requires ACPI to function properly. This is not required for Hyperthreading support.


 * acpi=off
 * Completely disables ACPI. This is useful on some older systems and is also a requirement for using APM. This will disable any Hyperthreading support of your processor.


 * console=X
 * This sets up serial console access for the CD. The first option is the device, usually ttyS0 on x86, followed by any connection options, which are comma separated. The default options are 9600,8,n,1.


 * dmraid=X
 * This allows for passing options to the device-mapper RAID subsystem. Options should be encapsulated in quotes.


 * doapm
 * This loads APM driver support. This also requires that.


 * dopcmcia
 * This loads support for PCMCIA and Cardbus hardware and also causes the pcmcia cardmgr to be started by the CD on boot. This is only required when booting from PCMCIA/Cardbus devices.


 * doscsi
 * This loads support for most SCSI controllers. This is also a requirement for booting most USB devices, as they use the SCSI subsystem of the kernel.


 * sda=stroke
 * This allows the user to partition the whole hard disk even when the BIOS is unable to handle large disks. This option is only used on machines with an older BIOS. Replace sda with the device that requires this option.


 * ide=nodma
 * This forces the disabling of DMA in the kernel and is required by some IDE chipsets and also by some CDROM drives. If the system is having trouble reading from the IDE CDROM, try this option. This also disables the default hdparm settings from being executed.


 * noapic
 * This disables the Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller that is present on newer motherboards. It has been known to cause some problems on older hardware.


 * nodetect
 * This disables all of the autodetection done by the CD, including device autodetection and DHCP probing. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.


 * nodhcp
 * This disables DHCP probing on detected network cards. This is useful on networks with only static addresses.


 * nodmraid
 * Disables support for device-mapper RAID, such as that used for on-board IDE/SATA RAID controllers.


 * nofirewire
 * This disables the loading of Firewire modules. This should only be necessary if your Firewire hardware is causing a problem with booting the CD.


 * nogpm
 * This disables gpm console mouse support.


 * nohotplug
 * This disables the loading of the hotplug and coldplug init scripts at boot. This is useful for doing debugging of a failing CD or driver.


 * nokeymap
 * This disables the keymap selection used to select non-US keyboard layouts.


 * nolapic
 * This disables the local APIC on Uniprocessor kernels.


 * nosata
 * This disables the loading of Serial ATA modules. This is used if the system is having problems with the SATA subsystem.


 * nosmp
 * This disables SMP, or Symmetric Multiprocessing, on SMP-enabled kernels. This is useful for debugging SMP-related issues with certain drivers and motherboards.


 * nosound
 * This disables sound support and volume setting. This is useful for systems where sound support causes problems.


 * nousb
 * This disables the autoloading of USB modules. This is useful for debugging USB issues.


 * slowusb
 * This adds some extra pauses into the boot process for slow USB CDROMs, like in the IBM BladeCenter.

逻辑卷／设备管理

 * dolvm
 * This enables support for Linux's Logical Volume Management.

其他选项

 * debug
 * Enables debugging code. This might get messy, as it displays a lot of data to the screen.


 * docache
 * This caches the entire runtime portion of the CD into RAM, which allows the user to umount and mount another CDROM. This option requires that there is at least twice as much available RAM as the size of the CD.


 * doload=X
 * This causes the initial ramdisk to load any module listed, as well as dependencies. Replace X with the module name. Multiple modules can be specified by a comma-separated list.


 * dosshd
 * Starts sshd on boot, which is useful for unattended installs.


 * passwd=foo
 * Sets whatever follows the equals as the root password, which is required for dosshd since the root password is by default scrambled.


 * noload=X
 * This causes the initial ramdisk to skip the loading of a specific module that may be causing a problem. Syntax matches that of doload.


 * nonfs
 * Disables the starting of portmap/nfsmount on boot.


 * nox
 * This causes an X-enabled LiveCD to not automatically start X, but rather, to drop to the command line instead.


 * scandelay
 * This causes the CD to pause for 10 seconds during certain portions the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use.


 * scandelay=X
 * This allows the user to specify a given delay, in seconds, to be added to certain portions of the boot process to allow for devices that are slow to initialize to be ready for use. Replace X with the number of seconds to pause.

现在启动安装媒介，选择一个内核（如果默认的 的内核不能满足）和引导选项. 作为示例，我们引导 内核启动，并带有 作为内核参数：

接下来迎接用户的是一个引导屏幕和进度条. 如果用来安装系统的是一个非US键盘，确保马上按 + 来切换到详细模式并遵照提示. 如果在10秒钟内什么都没有选，则接受默认（US键盘）并继续引导过程. 一旦引导过程完成，用户将自动以root超级用户身份登录到“Live”Gentoo Linux环境. 当前控制台将显示一个root提示符，并且可以通过按 + 、 + 和 + 切换到其他控制台. 按 + 返回到启动时的那个.