Handbook:Parts/Installation/Base/ta

பகுத்தளிப்பு கோப்புகள்
மூலநிரல் கோப்புகளை விரைவாகப் பதிவிறக்க வேகமான கண்ணாடி தளத்தைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப் பரிந்துரைக்கிறோம். Portage கோப்பினுள் உள்ள GENTOO_MIRRORS மாறியைக் கண்டறிந்து அதில் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ள கண்ணாடி தளங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தும். ஜென்டூ கண்ணாடி பட்டியலில் முறைமை அமைந்துள்ள இடத்திற்கு அருகில் உள்ள (பெரும்பாலும் வேகமானதாக இருக்கும் என்பதால்) கண்ணாடி தளத்தை (அல்லது கண்ணாடி தளங்களை) தேட முடியும். இதை எளிமையாக்கும் நோக்கில், நாங்கள் பயனர்களுக்கு நல்ல இடைமுகத்தைக் கொண்டுள்ள கருவியை அளிக்கிறோம். இதன்மூலம் தேவையான கண்ணாடி தளங்களைத் தேர்வு செய்யப் பட்டியலில் விருப்பமான கண்ணாடி தளங்களைக் கண்டறிந்து விசையை அழுத்தி ஒன்று அல்லது அதற்கு மேல் உள்ள கண்ணாடி தளங்களைத் தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

ஜென்டூ ebuild கருவூலம்
கண்ணாடி தளங்களைத் தேர்வு செய்வதில் உள்ள இரண்டாவது முக்கியமான படிநிலை கோப்பு மூலம் ஜென்டூ ebuild கருவூலத்தை உள்ளமைத்தல். இந்த கோப்பு தொகுப்பு கருவூலத்தை (Portage ற்கு மென்பொருள் தொகுப்புகளைப் பதிவிறக்கி நிறுவுவதற்குத் தேவையான ebuild கள் மற்றும் அதனைச் சார்ந்த தகவல்களை உள்ளடக்கிய கோப்புகளின் திரளாகும்) புதுப்பிப்பதற்குத் தேவையான ஒத்திசைவு தகவல்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

கருவூலத்தை சில எளிமையான படிநிலைகளில் உள்ளமைத்துவிடலாம். முதலில், ஏற்கனவே இல்லையென்றால் அடைவை உருவாக்கவும்:

அடுத்து, Portage ஆல் வழங்கப்பட்ட ஜென்டூ கருவூல உள்ளமைவு கோப்பை  (புதிதாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட) அடைவில் நகலெடுத்து வைக்கவும்:

Take a peek with a text editor or by using the command. The inside of the file should be in format and look like this:

The default sync-uri variable value listed above will determine a mirror location based on a rotation. This will aid in easing bandwidth stress on Gentoo's infrastructure and will provide a fail-safe in case a specific mirror is offline. It is recommended the default URI is retained unless a local, private Portage mirror will be used.

Copy DNS info
One thing still remains to be done before entering the new environment and that is copying over the DNS information in. This needs to be done to ensure that networking still works even after entering the new environment. contains the name servers for the network.

To copy this information, it is recommended to pass the  option to the  command. This ensures that, if is a symbolic link, that the link's target file is copied instead of the symbolic link itself. Otherwise in the new environment the symbolic link would point to a non-existing file (as the link's target is most likely not available inside the new environment).

Mounting the necessary filesystems
In a few moments, the Linux root will be changed towards the new location. To make sure that the new environment works properly, certain filesystems need to be made available there as well.

The filesystems that need to be made available are:


 * which is a pseudo-filesystem (it looks like regular files, but is actually generated on-the-fly) from which the Linux kernel exposes information to the environment
 * which is a pseudo-filesystem, like which it was once meant to replace, and is more structured than
 * is a regular file system, partially managed by the Linux device manager (usually ), which contains all device files

The location will be mounted on  whereas the other two are bind-mounted. The latter means that, for instance, will actually be  (it is just a second entry point to the same filesystem) whereas  is a new mount (instance so to speak) of the filesystem.

Entering the new environment
Now that all partitions are initialized and the base environment installed, it is time to enter the new installation environment by chrooting into it. This means that the session will change its root (most top-level location that can be accessed) from the current installation environment (installation CD or other installation medium) to the installation system (namely the initialized partitions). Hence the name, change root or chroot.

This chrooting is done in three steps:


 * 1) The root location is changed from  (on the installation medium) to  (on the partitions) using chroot
 * 2) Some settings (those in ) are reloaded in memory using the  command
 * 3) The primary prompt is changed to help us remember that this session is inside a chroot environment.

From this point, all actions performed are immediately on the new Gentoo Linux environment. Of course it is far from finished, which is why the installation still has some sections left!

Installing a Gentoo ebuild repository snapshot from the web
Next step is to install a snapshot of the Gentoo ebuild repository. This snapshot contains a collection of files that informs Portage about available software titles (for installation), which profiles the system administrator can select, package or profile specific news items, etc.

The use of is recommended for those who are behind restrictive firewalls (it uses HTTP/FTP protocols for downloading the snapshot) and saves network bandwidth. Readers who have no network or bandwidth restrictions can happily skip down to the next section.

This will fetch the latest snapshot (which is released on a daily basis) from one of Gentoo's mirrors and install it onto the system:

From this point onward, Portage might mention that certain updates are recommended to be executed. This is because system packages installed through the stage file might have newer versions available; Portage is now aware of new packages because of the repository snapshot. Package updates can be safely ignored for now; updates can be delayed until after the Gentoo installation has finished.

Optional: Updating the Gentoo ebuild repository
It is possible to update the Gentoo ebuild repository to the latest version. The previous command will have installed a very recent snapshot (usually recent up to 24h) so this step is definitely optional.

Suppose there is a need for the last package updates (up to 1 hour), then use. This command will use the rsync protocol to update the Gentoo ebuild repository (which was fetched earlier on through ) to the latest state.

On slow terminals, like some framebuffers or serial consoles, it is recommended to use the  option to speed up the process:

Reading news items
When the Gentoo ebuild repository is synchronized, Portage may output informational messages similar to the following:

News items were created to provide a communication medium to push critical messages to users via the Gentoo ebuild repository. To manage them, use. The application is a Gentoo-specific utility that allows for a common management interface for system administration. In this case, is asked to use its   module.

For the  module, three operations are most used:


 * With  an overview of the available news items is displayed.
 * With  the news items can be read.
 * With  news items can be removed once they have been read and will not be reread anymore.

More information about the news reader is available through its manual page:

Choosing the right profile
A profile is a building block for any Gentoo system. Not only does it specify default values for USE, CFLAGS , and other important variables, it also locks the system to a certain range of package versions. These settings are all maintained by Gentoo's Portage developers.

You can see what profile the system is currently using with, now using the  module:

As can be seen, there are also desktop subprofiles available for some architectures.

After viewing the available profiles for the architecture, users can select a different profile for the system:

Updating the @world set
At this point, it is wise to update the system's @world set so that a base can be established.

This following step is necessary so the system can apply any updates or USE flag changes which have appeared since the stage3 was built and from any profile selection:

Configuring the USE variable
USE is one of the most powerful variables Gentoo provides to its users. Several programs can be compiled with or without optional support for certain items. For instance, some programs can be compiled with support for GTK+ or with support for Qt. Others can be compiled with or without SSL support. Some programs can even be compiled with framebuffer support (svgalib) instead of X11 support (X-server).

Most distributions compile their packages with support for as much as possible, increasing the size of the programs and startup time, not to mention an enormous amount of dependencies. With Gentoo users can define what options a package should be compiled with. This is where USE comes into play.

In the USE variable users define keywords which are mapped onto compile-options. For instance,  will compile SSL support in the programs that support it. will remove X-server support (note the minus sign in front). will compile programs with GNOME (and GTK+) support, and not with KDE (and Qt) support, making the system fully tweaked for GNOME (if the architecture supports it).

The default USE settings are placed in the files of the Gentoo profile used by the system. Gentoo uses a (complex) inheritance system for its profiles, which we will not dive into at this stage. The easiest way to check the currently active USE settings is to run and select the line that starts with USE:

A full description on the available USE flags can be found on the system in.

Inside the command, scrolling can be done using the  and  keys, and exited by pressing.

As an example we show a USE setting for a KDE-based system with DVD, ALSA, and CD recording support:

When USE is defined in it is added (or removed if the USE flag starts with the  sign) from that default list. Users who want to ignore any default USE settings and manage it completely themselves should start the USE definition in with  :

Optional: Configuring the ACCEPT_LICENSE variable
All of the Gentoo packages are tagged with the license(s) the package falls under. This allows users to select software by specific licenses or groups of licenses prior to installing it.

Portage uses the ACCEPT_LICENSE variable to determine which packages to allow without prompting the user for the licenses previously accepted. Exceptions can be made per-package in as well.

The license groups defined in the Gentoo repository, managed by the Gentoo Licenses project, are:

module.

With, the available targets are displayed:

With the correct locale can be selected:

Manually, this can still be accomplished through the file and for Systemd the  file:

Setting the locale will avoid warnings and errors during kernel and software compilations later in the installation.

Now reload the environment:

A full Localization guide to provide additional guidance through the locale selection process. Another interesting article is the UTF-8 guide for very specific information to enable UTF-8 on the system.