Handbook:Parts/Installation/Media/ta

வன்பொருள் தேவைகள்
துவங்குவதற்கு முன், ஜென்டூவை வெற்றிகரமாக நிறுவுவதற்குத் தேவையான வன்பொருட்களின் பட்டியலை பெட்டியில் இப்போது காணலாம்.

சிறும நிறுவல் குறுந்தகடு
ஜென்டூ சிறும நிறுவல் குறுந்தகடு ஒரு துவக்கவல்ல படமாகும்: இது ஜென்டூ சூழலை தன்னுள் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதன்மூலம் பயனரால் குறுந்தகடு அல்லது மற்ற நிறுவல் ஊடகம் வாயிலாக லினக்ஸை துவக்க முடியும். துவக்கச் செயலின் போது வன்பொருள் கண்டறியப்பட்டு அதற்குரிய இயக்கி ஏற்றப்படுகிறது. இந்த படம் ஜென்டூ உருவாக்குனர்களால் பராமரிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. இணைய இணைப்பு உள்ள எவரும் இதைப் பதிவிறக்கி நிறுவலாம்.

சிறும நிறுவல் CD என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

அவ்வப்போது வெளிவரும் ஜென்டூ நிகழ் பல்திறன்வட்டு (DVD)
Occasionally, a special DVD image is crafted which can be used to install Gentoo. The instructions in this chapter target the Minimal Installation CD, so things might be a bit different when booting from the LiveDVD. However, the LiveDVD (or any other bootable Linux environment) supports getting a root prompt by just invoking or  in a terminal.

அப்படியென்றால் நிலைகள் என்றால் என்ன?
A stage3 tarball is an archive containing a profile specific minimal Gentoo environment. Stage3 tarballs are suitable to continue the Gentoo installation using the instructions in this handbook. Previously, the handbook described the installation using one of three stage tarballs. Gentoo does not offer stage1 and stage2 tarballs for download any more since these are mostly for internal use and for bootstrapping Gentoo on new architectures.

Stage3 tarballs can be downloaded from on any of the official Gentoo mirrors. Stage files update frequently and are not included in official installation images.

ஊடகத்தை பெறுங்கள்
The default installation media that Gentoo Linux uses are the minimal installation CDs, which host a bootable, very small Gentoo Linux environment. This environment contains all the right tools to install Gentoo. The CD images themselves can be downloaded from the downloads page (recommended) or by manually browsing to the ISO location on one of the many available mirrors.

If downloading from a mirror, the minimal installation CDs can be found as follows:


 * 1) Go to the  directory.
 * 2) Select the directory for the relevant target architecture (such as ).
 * 3) Select the  directory.
 * 4) For  and  architectures select either the  or  directory (respectively). For all other architectures navigate to the  directory.

Inside this location, the installation media file is the file with the suffix. For instance, take a look at the following listing:

In the above example, the file is the minimal installation CD itself. But as can be seen, other related files exist as well:


 * A file which is a text file listing all files available on the installation media. This file can be useful to verify if particular firmware or drivers are available on the installation media before downloading it.
 * A file which contains the hash of the ISO file itself, in various hashing formats/algorithms. This file can be used to verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not.
 * A file which not only contains the hash of the ISO file (like the  file), but also a cryptographic signature of that file. This can be used to both verify if the downloaded ISO file is corrupt or not, as well as verify that the download is indeed provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team and has not been tampered with.

Ignore the other files available at this location for now - those will come back when the installation has proceeded further. Download the file and, if verification of the download is wanted, download the   file for the  file as well. The file does not need to be downloaded as the installation instructions will not refer to this file anymore, and the  file should contain the same information as the  file, except that the latter also contains a signature on top of it.

Verifying the downloaded files
Through the and  files, the validity of the ISO file can be confirmed using the right set of tools. This verification is usually done in two steps:


 * 1) First, the cryptographic signature is validated to make sure that the installation file is provided by the Gentoo Release Engineering team
 * 2) If the cryptographic signature validates, then the checksum is verified to make sure that the downloaded file itself is not corrupted

Microsoft Windows based verification
On a Microsoft Windows system, chances are low that the right set of tools to verify checksums and cryptographic signatures are in place.

To first verify the cryptographic signature, tools such as GPG4Win can be used. After installation, the public keys of the Gentoo Release Engineering team need to be imported. The list of keys is available on the signatures page. Once imported, the user can then verify the signature of the file.

The checksum itself can be verified using the Hashcalc application, although many others exist as well. Most of the time, these tools will show the user the calculated checksum, and the user is requested to verify this checksum with the value that is inside the file.

Linux based verification
On a Linux system, the most common method for verifying the cryptographic signature is to use the software. With this package installed, the following commands can be used to verify the cryptographic signature of the file.

First, download the right set of keys as made available on the signatures page:

Alternatively you can use instead the WKD to download the key:

Next verify the cryptographic signature of the file:

To be absolutely certain that everything is valid, verify the fingerprint shown with the fingerprint on the Gentoo signatures page.

With the cryptographic signature validated, next verify the checksum to make sure the downloaded ISO file is not corrupted. The file contains multiple hashing algorithms, so one of the methods to validate the right one is to first look at the checksum registered in the  file. For instance, to get the SHA512 checksum:

In the above output, two SHA512 checksums are shown - one for the file and one for its accompanying  file. Only the first checksum is of interest, as it needs to be compared with the calculated SHA512 checksum which can be generated as follows:

As both checksums match, the file is not corrupted and the installation can continue.

வட்டில் எழுதல்
வெறும் பதிவிறக்கிய ISO கோப்பை கொண்டு ஜென்டூ நிறுவலைத் தொடங்க முடியாது. ISO கோப்பில் உள்ள முழு தகவல்களும் ஒரு குறுந்தகட்டில் துவங்குவதற்காக எழுத வேண்டும். துவக்க வேண்டிய குறுந்தகட்டில் ISO கோப்பை எழுதாமல் அதில் உள்ள தகவல்களை எழுத வேண்டும். இதைச் செய்யக் கீழே சில பொதுவான முறைகள் விவரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. கூடுதல் அறிவுறுத்தல்களுக்கு ISO கோப்பை எழுதல் பற்றி அடிக்கடி கேட்கப்படும் கேள்விகள் என்னும் பக்கத்தைக் காணவும்.

மைக்குரோசாஃப்ட் Windows 7 அல்லது அதற்கு மேல் உள்ளவற்றின் மூலம் குறுந்தகட்டில் எழுதல்
மைக்குரோசாஃப்ட் Windows 7 அல்லது அதற்கு மேல் உள்ள பதிப்புகளில் மூன்றாவதாள் சார்ந்த மென்பொருட்களின் துணையின்றி ஒரு ஒளியியலூடகத்தை ஏற்றி ISO படத்தை எழுத முடியும். இதற்கு முதலில் எழுதக்கூடிய தகட்டை சொருகி ISO கோப்பு இருக்கும் இடத்திற்கு சென்று Windows Explorer இல் உள்ள அந்த கோப்பின் மேல் வலச் சொடுக்கு செய்து பின் Burn Image என்பதை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

லினக்ஸின் மூலம் குறுந்தகட்டில் எழுதல்
லினக்ஸில் தொகுப்பில் உள்ள  என்னும் கருவியின் உதவியோடு கொண்டு ISO கோப்புகளை எழுதலாம்.

ISO கோப்பை என்னும் குறுந்தகடு சாதனத்தில் எழுத (இதுதான் இந்த முறைமையில் உள்ள முதல் குறுந்தகடு சாதனம் - தேவைப்பட்டால் சரியான சாதன கோப்பிற்கு மாற்றவும்):

Users that prefer a graphical user interface can use K3B, part of the package. In K3B, go to and use.

கூடுதல் வன்பொருள் உள்ளமைவு
When the Installation medium boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed by the system. If the PCI auto-detection missed some of the system's hardware, the appropriate kernel modules have to be loaded manually.

In the next example the 8139too module (which supports certain kinds of network interfaces) is loaded:

விரும்பினால்: பயனர் கணக்குகள்
If other people need access to the installation environment, or there is need to run commands as a non-root user on the installation medium (such as to chat using without root privileges for security reasons), then an additional user account needs to be created and the root password set to a strong password.

To change the root password, use the utility:

To create a user account, first enter their credentials, followed by the account's password. The and  commands are used for these tasks.

In the next example, a user called john is created:

To switch from the (current) root user to the newly created user account, use the command:

TTYs
To view the Gentoo handbook during the installation, first create a user account as described above. Then press + to go to a new terminal.

During the installation, the command can be used to browse the Gentoo handbook - of course only from the moment that the Internet connection is working.

To go back to the original terminal, press +.

GNU Screen
The Screen utility is installed by default on official Gentoo installation media. It may be more efficient for the seasoned Linux enthusiast to use to view installation instructions via split panes rather than the multiple TTY method mentioned above.

Optional: Starting the SSH daemon
To allow other users to access the system during the installation (perhaps to support during an installation, or even do it remotely), a user account needs to be created (as was documented earlier on) and the SSH daemon needs to be started.

To fire up the SSH daemon on an OpenRC init, execute the following command:

To be able to use sshd, the network needs to function properly. Continue with the chapter on Configuring the network.