Home router/zh-cn

本文档详细说明Article description::如何将旧的Gentoo机器变成路由器以将家庭网络连接到互联网.

介绍
与购买由大公司（Linksys、D-Link、Netgear 等）制造的预制路由器相比，使用旧备件构建个人路由器具有许多优势. 迄今为止最大的优势是对连接的控制. 其他优点可以留给用户想象；在这种情况下几乎可以做任何事情，这只是一个需求的问题.

This guide will provide instructions on how to setup Network Address Translation (NAT) on a custom router (kernel and iptables), add and configure common services (Domain Name System (DNS) via, DHCP via , ADSL via ), and conclude with some elaborate and fun things custom routers are capable of (port forwarding, traffic shaping, proxies/caching, etc...).

在开始之前，请查看基本要求列表：


 * 1) 至少安装了 2 个网络接口卡 (NIC) 的计算机.
 * 2) Internet 连接的配置设置（可能包括 IP/DNS/网关/用户名/密码等）.
 * 3) （可选）支持主模式的 Wi-Fi 卡. 建议使用主模式以避免具有旁路功能的 NIC，因为某些 NIC 需要专有驱动程序. 如果无法访问专有驱动程序，该卡将永久保持旁路模式并且无法使用.
 * 4) 一点空闲时间和对 Gentoo 的热爱，以便成功地遵循本指南并实现一个功能良好的家庭路由器.

本指南中使用的约定包括：


 * eth0 - NIC 连接到局域网 (LAN) 或由多个 NIC 组成的网桥
 * eth1 - 连接到广域网 (WAN) 的 NIC
 * LAN 使用私有 192.168.0.xxx 网络
 * 路由器硬编码为标准的 192.168.0.1 IP 地址

内核设置（先了解你自己）
内核需要为系统上存在的两个 NIC 安装驱动程序. 要查看网卡是否已设置，请使用 命令. 输出可能与以下示例略有不同. 重要的是接口存在.

If only one (or none) of the two cards show up try running.

Once the make(s)/model(s) of the NIC(s) has been obtained, configure the kernel with support for the correct drivers. For more information on kernel configuration see the Kernel Configuration Guide.

The next thing needed is support for IP tables and NAT (and packet shaping if desired). The following list is split up into always required (*), required only for ADSL via PPPoE (a), suggested for everyone (x), and only for shaper (s) features. It does not matter whether the features are built into the kernel or as modules as long as when the feature is needed, the correct module(s) are loaded. For more information on loading modules see the Kernel Modules Guide.

Those who would rather search for these features directly in menuconfig can find them under the following names: CONFIG_INET, CONFIG_IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER , and CONFIG_NETFILTER , CONFIG_NETFILTER_ADVANCED , CONFIG_NF_CONNTRACK_IPV6 , and CONFIG_IP6_NF_IPTABLES.

使用 2.4.x 内核时，必须为 DHCP 启用以下功能：

Intro
There are many ways to connect to the Internet, however there are generally only a couple of ways that are used by most of the public. ADSL (PPPoE) and cable modems (static/dynamic) are the two most common methods ISP (Internet Service Providers) provide. If there are other methods available, feel free to add them to this wiki article. Skip any of the following sections in this chapter that are not applicable to the needed use case. This chapter addresses getting the router connected to the Internet via eth1.

ADSL and PPPoE
All the fancy PPPoE software that used to be provided by rp-pppoe (Roaring Penguin) has been integrated into the standard PPP package. Simply to install PPPoE. Remember how username and password information was a requirement listed above? Load up in a favorite text editor and configure it accordingly.

Replace  and   in the following example with the required username with the password:

Cable and/or dynamic/static IP
如果需要静态 IP，则需要其他配置详细信息. 静态用户 IP 的用户需要添加 IP 地址、网关地址和 DNS 服务器地址.

动态IP用户：

静态IP用户：

动态和静态设置：

完成上述更改后，系统应准备好继续.

拥抱局域网（带上一些朋友）
This step is a breeze compared to the previous one. To use more than two devices (more than the one for LAN and the one for WAN), a Network bridge will need to be setup between all NICs using the LAN. This will allow multiple NICs to be reached by the same IP address.

If a network bridge will be necessary, follow the instructions to set up a Network bridge. The name of the bridge (default br0) will then replace eth0 for the LAN device in the steps in this wiki. If a large number of network devices in the home router, consider renaming them via udev to make administration easier. Setting up a bridge and renaming devices is completely optional but recommended for larger home networks.

创建 Wi-Fi 接入点时，请确保 Wi-Fi 卡支持主模式并设置 Hostapd.

DHCP 服务器
It would be nice if everyone in the house could plug their computers into the network and things would just work. No need to remember mind-numbing details or make them stare at confusing configuration screens! Life would be grand, eh? Introducing the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and why everyone should care.

DHCP is exactly what its name implies: a protocol that allows dynamic configuration of hosts automatically. Run a DHCP server on the router, give it all the information about the network (valid IPs, DNS servers, gateways, etc...), then when the other hosts start up, they can run a DHCP client to automatically configure themselves. No fuss, no muss! For more information about DHCP, visit Wikipedia's DHCP article.

This section will use the package which will provide both DHCP and DNS services. For now lets focus on the DHCP aspect. Note: to run a different DHCP server, another example can be found in the Fun Things section below. Also, to tinker with the DHCP server settings read the comments in the file.

Setting the interface is very important. Using default dnsmasq settings will open the router to DNS amplification attacks which could create some scary email from the ISP providing the connection. Check to make sure the router is not allowing for DNS amplification attacks by using.

Now the little router is a bona-fide DHCP server. Plug in those computers and watch them work! With Windows systems navigate to the and select the  and  options. Sometimes the changes are not instantaneous, so opening a command prompt and running and  might be necessary. Enough about Windows, time to get back to everyone's favorite penguin!

DHCP 服务器
When people want to visit a place on the Internet, they remember names, not a string of funky numbers. After all, what is easier to remember, eBay.com or 66.135.192.87? This is where the DNS steps in. DNS servers run all over the Internet, and whenever someone wants to visit eBay.com, these servers turn the text "eBay.com" (what we understand) into IP address "66.135.192.87" (what computers understand). For more information about DNS visit Wikipedia.

Since dnsmasq is being used for the DHCP server, and it includes a DNS server, there is nothing left to do here! The little router is already providing DNS to its DHCP clients. Shouldn't everything be this easy? ;)

It is possible to choose other DNS servers if they are more comfortable to setup. dnsmasq is used in this article because it was designed to do exactly what this guide required. It is a little DNS caching/forwarding server for local networks. The scope of this howto is not to provide DNS for a domain; but it does offer simple DNS services to every user of a home-based LAN.

NAT（又名IP伪装）
At this point, people on the network can talk to each other and look up hostnames via DNS, but they still ca not actually connect to the Internet. While the network administrator (the person reading this) may think it is great (more bandwidth for the Admin!), the other users are probably not very happy without an Internet connection.

This is where Network Address Translation (NAT) steps in. NAT is a way of connecting multiple computers in a private LAN to the Internet when a small number of public IP addresses are available. Typically a home Internet user is provided with 1 public IP address by an ISP for the whole house to connect to the Internet. NAT is the magic that makes this possible. For more information about NAT, please visit Wikipedia.

After IPtables is installed, flush the current rules:

设置默认策略以处理不匹配的流量：

复制并粘贴以下内容：

下一步锁定服务，使它们只能在 LAN 中工作：

（可选）允许从 WAN 访问 ssh 服务器：

将 TCP / UDP 数据包丢弃到特权端口：

最后添加NAT规则：

通知内核 IP 转发正常：

指示 IPtables 守护进程保存对规则的更改，然后将 IPtables 添加到默认运行级别：

对于动态 Internet，应启用以下设置：

输入上述文本后，其他网络用户现在应该可以像自己直接连接一样使用 Internet.

The  option is useful for dial on demand systems or when the ISP gives out dynamic addresses. This works around the problem where a connection is attempted before the Internet interface is fully setup. This provides a smoother network experience for users behind the router.

介绍
信不信由你，它已经完成了！从现在开始，将涵盖一些你可能感兴趣的其他常见主题. 以下部分内容都是完全可选的.

端口转发
Sometimes users need to be able to host services on a computer behind the router, or need to be able to connect remotely to a computer behind the router. Perhaps a FTP, HTTP, SSH, or VNC server is needed on one or more machines behind the router and outsiders need to connect to them all. The only caveat to Port Forwarding is only one service/machine combo can be established per port. For example, there is no practical way to setup three FTP servers behind the router and connect to them all through port 21; only one system can be on port 21 while the others would need to be on other ports (port 123 and port 567 would be fine options).

All the port forwarding rules are of the form. Unfortunately, iptables does not accept hostnames when port forwarding. When forwarding an external port to the same port on the internal machine, omit the destination port. See the iptables(8) man page for more information.

将端口 2 转发到内部主机上的 ssh：

FTP 转发到内部主机：

HTTP 转发到内部主机：

内部主机的 VNC 转发：

SAMBA 转发到内部主机（覆盖 Windows 的多余端口）：

Bittorrent 转发：

eDonkey/eMule 转发:

Game Cube Warp Pipe support:

Playstation 2 在线支持：

Xbox Live:

Identd (用于 IRC)
Internet Relay Chat utilizes the ident service pretty heavily. Now that the IRC clients are behind the router, a way to host ident for both the router and the clients is needed. A server has been created for this purpose. It is called.

Portage 树中还有一些其他身份的服务器. 其他可行的选项是 和.

时间服务器
Keeping the system time correct is essential to maintaining a healthy system. One of the most common ways of accomplishing this is with the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and the package (which provides implementations for both server and client).

Many users run ntp clients on their computers. Obviously, the more clients in the world, the larger the load ntp servers need to shoulder. In environments like home networks an NTP server can be setup locally to help keep the load down on public servers while still providing the proper time to local systems. As an added bonus, private updates will be a lot faster for the local clients! The setup is simple: run a NTP server on the router that synchronizes itself with the public Internet servers while, at the same time, providing the time to the rest of the computers in the network. To get started, simply on the router and edit  as desired.

这些将仅允许 IP 地址在 192.168.0.xxx 范围内的 NTP 客户端使用 NTP 服务器.

Now, on the clients, run. By running the NTP client setup is a lot simpler.

在 中，将   变量中的   服务器更改为

同步服务器
For those who run multiple Gentoo boxes on the same LAN, it is wise to prevent every machine running with remote servers. By setting up a local rsync, both personal bandwidth and the Gentoo rsync servers' bandwidth is saved. The process is relatively simple.

Since every Gentoo machine requires rsync, there is no need to emerge it. Edit the default config file, uncomment the   section, and make sure to add an   option. All other defaults should be already set correctly.

然后需要启动该服务（同样，默认值是可以的）.

Only thing left is to set tell the clients to sync against the router. Edit the config file. If this file does not exist, make a directory under called  and copy the  file into this directory. Then update this file accordingly - don't forget to set  to match the address of the server (the home router).

邮件服务器
Sometimes it is nice to run a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server on the router. Each user may have their own reason for wanting to do so, however one advantage to running SMTP on the router is the users see mail as being sent instantly and the work of retrying/routing is left up to the mail server. Some ISPs do not allow for mail relaying for accounts that are not part of their network (like Verizon). Also, throttling the delivery of mail may be needed so that large attachments will not seriously lag the Internet connection.

确保 命令的输出正确：

编辑 并在允许部分添加如下条目：

When e-mail is setup on the hosts in the network, tell them the SMTP server is 192.168.0.1. Visit the netqmail homepage for more documentation on netqmail usage.

完整的 DHCP 服务器
Earlier dnsmasq was used to provide DHCP service to all DHCP clients. For most people with a simple small LAN, this is perfect, however there may needs something with more features. Thus a full-featured DHCP server is provided by the ISC folks for users who crave the maximum.

在 中，将   设置为“eth0”.

This is the minimal setup required to replace the dnsmasq DHCP functionality used earlier. The DHCP features in dnsmasq should be disabled? If not, comment out the  setting in  and restart the service.

连接另一个局域网（或两个或三个）
Sometimes the router must be connected to another LAN. This can be done to hook up a group of friends temporarily or to section off different groups of computers. Whatever the reason, extending the router to other LAN networks should is straightforward. In the following examples, This article presumes that the new network is connected via a third ethernet card, namely.

First configure the interface. Take the instructions in this section and replace  with.

Tweak dnsmasq to service the new interface. Edit the file again and append   to  ; using -i multiple times is OK. Then edit and add another line like the dhcp-range line in this section, replacing   with   and replace   with. Having multiple dhcp-range and interface lines is OK too.

Finally, see the rules in this section and duplicate the rules that have  in them. Another variable may need to be created, say, to make things easier.

有用的工具
当无法让计算机进行通信时，请尝试以下工具（它们都可以在 Portage 的 net-analyzer 类别中找到）：

DHCP 无法启动
When starting the dhcp init.d script for the first time, it may fail to load but neglect to provide any useful information.

The trick is used to know where dhcpd is sending its output. Browse to and read the log files. Since the exact log file depends on the package using a syslog, try running to narrow down the possibilities. Chances are a typo was made in the configuration file. Another command to try running: (short for debug / foreground). This aids in debugging the errors based upon the output.

不正确的 MTU 值
If odd errors are experienced (such as not being able to access some webpages while others load fine), it might be Path MTU Discovery trouble. The quick way to test for this is to run the following iptables command:

This will affect all new connections; refresh the problematic website in order to test the fix. In case it helps, the standard MTU value for 100mbit ethernet connections is ; this value also applies to PPPoA. For PPPoE connections it is. For more info, read Chapter 15 of the Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO.

If the above command does not work, consider putting the rule into the mangle table. Simply add  to the command.

无法直接连接两台机器
If (for whatever reason) connecting two machines directly together without a hub or switch is required, a regular ethernet cable will likely not work, unless an Auto MDI/MDI-X (also known as "autosensing") capable network adapter is available. A different cable called a crossover cable will be needed for direct NIC to NIC connections. This Wikipedia page explains the low level details.

最后的笔记
There are no other final notes. If any troubles with this guide are experienced either update this article with the correct information or leave a brief message on this article's talk page with a summary of what is broken. Eventually someone should be able to correct any issue(s). It is also possible to file a bug on Gentoo's Bugtracking Website. If there are any other interesting bits that would enhance this guide, by all means include them! The worst that could happen is they could be removed.