Handbook:Parts/Installation/System/de

Über fstab
Unter Linux müssen alle Partitionen, die im System genutzt werden, in aufgelistet werden. Diese Datei beinhaltet die Mountpunkte ("Einhängepunkte", also wo sie im Dateisystem erscheinen) dieser Partitionen, wie sie eingehängt werden sollen und mit welchen speziellen Optionen (automatisch einhängen oder nicht, können Benutzer sie einhängen, etc.)

fstab erstellen
Die Datei verwendet eine tabellenartige Syntax. Jede Zeile besteht aus sechs Feldern, die jeweils von Leerräumen (Leerzeichen, Tabulatoren oder beides gemischt). Jedes Feld besitzt seine eigene Bedeutung:


 * 1) Das erste Feld beinhaltet die Partition, die diese Zeile beschreibt (den Pfad zur Gerätedatei)
 * 2) Das zweite Feld zeigt den Einhängepunkt, an dem die Partition eingehängt werden soll
 * 3) Das dritte Feld zeigt das Dateisystem der Partition
 * 4) Im vierten Feld stehen die Einhängeoptionen, die von  genutzt werden, wenn Partitionen eingehängt werden. Da jedes Dateisystem seine eigenen Optionen hat, empfiehlt sich ein Blick in die Manpage, wo sich eine vollständige Liste findet. Mehrere Einhängeoptionen werden mit Kommata getrennt.
 * 5) Das fünfte Feld wird von dump verwendet, um herauszufinden ob die Partition in einem Dump-Backup berücksichtigt werden soll. Dieser Eintrag kann üblicherweise auf 0 (null) belassen werden.
 * 6) Das sechste Feld wird von  verwendet, um die Reihenfolge festzulegen, in der Dateisysteme nach einem unsauberen Neustart überprüft werden. Das root-Dateisystem (/) sollte hier 1 steheh haben, alle anderen Dateisysteme 2 (oder 0, wenn eine Dateisystemprüfung nicht nötig ist.)

In the remainder of the text, we use the default block device files as partition.

Filesystem labels and UUIDs
Both MBR (BIOS) and GPT include support for filesystem labels and filesystem UUIDs. These attributes can be defined in as alternatives for the  command to use when attempting to find and mount block devices. Filesystem labels and UUIDs are identified by the LABEL and UUID prefix and can be viewed with the command:

Because of uniqueness, readers that are using an MBR-style partition table are recommended to use UUIDs over labels to define mountable volumes in.

Partition labels and UUIDs
Users who have gone the GPT route have a couple more 'robust' options available to define partitions in. Partition labels and partition UUIDs can be used to identify the block device's individual partition(s), regardless of what filesystem has been chosen for the partition itself. Partition labels and UUIDs are identified by the PARTLABEL and PARTUUID prefixes respectively and can be viewed nicely in the terminal by running the command:

While not always true for partition labels, using a UUID to identify a partition in provides a guarantee that the bootloader will not be confused when looking for a certain volume, even if the filesystem would be changed in the future. Using the older default block device files for defining the partitions in  is risky for systems that are restarted often and have SATA block devices added and removed regularly.

The naming for block device files depends on a number of factors, including how and in what order the disks are attached to the system. They also could show up in a different order depending on which of the devices are detected by the kernel first during the early boot process. With this being stated, unless one intends to constantly fiddle with the disk ordering, using default block device files is a simple and straightforward approach.

Add the rules that match the previously decided partitioning scheme and append rules for devices such as CD-ROM drive(s), and of course, if other partitions or drives are used, for those too.

Below is a more elaborate example of an file:

When  is used in the third field, it makes the  command guess what the filesystem would be. This is recommended for removable media as they can be created with one of many filesystems. The  option in the fourth field makes it possible for non-root users to mount the CD.

To improve performance, most users would want to add the  mount option, which results in a faster system since access times aren't registered (those are not needed generally anyway). This is also recommended for solid state drive (SSD) users, who should also enable the  mount option (ext4 and btrfs only for now) which makes the   command work.

Double-check the file, save and quit to continue.

Host- und Domäneninformationen
Eine der Entscheidungen, die Benutzer treffen müssen, ist der Name des PC. Auf den ersten Blick scheint dies einfach zu sein, aber viele Benutzer haben Schwierigkeiten einen passenden Namen für ihren Linux-PC zu finden. Um diesen Prozess zu beschleunigen, sei darauf hingewiesen dass der Name später wieder geändert werden kann. In den folgenden Beispielen wird der Hostname "tux" in der Domäne "homenetwork" verwendet.

Anschließend, wenn ein Domänenname benötigt wird, setzen Sie diesen in. Dies ist nur nötig, wenn Ihr Provider oder Netzwerkadministrator dies verlangen, oder wenn das Netzwerk einen DNS-Server besitzt, aber keinen DHCP-Server. Sie können DNS oder Domänennamen ignorieren, wenn das System DHCP für die Zuweisung dynamischer IP-Adressen und Netzwerkkonfiguration verwendet wird.

If a NIS domain is needed (users that do not know this will not need one), define that one too:

Configuring the network
During the Gentoo Linux installation, networking was already configured. However, that was for the installation CD itself and not for the installed environment. Right now, the network configuration is made for the installed Gentoo Linux system.

All networking information is gathered in. It uses a straightforward yet perhaps not intuitive syntax. But don't fear, everything is explained below. A fully commented example that covers many different configurations is available in.

First install :

DHCP is used by default. For DHCP to work, a DHCP client needs to be installed. This is described later in Installing Necessary System Tools.

If the network connection needs to be configured because of specific DHCP options or because DHCP is not used at all, then open :

Set both config_eth0 and routes_eth0 to enter IP address information and routing information:

To use DHCP, define config_eth0 :

Please read for a list of all available options. Be sure to also read up on the DHCP client man page if specific DHCP options need to be set.

If the system has several network interfaces, then repeat the above steps for config_eth1, config_eth2 , etc.

Now save the configuration and exit to continue.

Automatically start networking at boot
To have the network interfaces activated at boot, they need to be added to the default runlevel.

If the system has several network interfaces, then the appropriate files need to be created just like we did with.

If after booting the system we find out that the assumption about the network interface name (which is currently documented as ) was wrong, then execute the following steps to rectify this:


 * 1) Update the  file with the correct interface name (like   instead of  ).
 * 2) Create new symbolic link (like ).
 * 3) Remove the old symbolic link.
 * 4) Add the new one to the default runlevel.
 * 5) Remove the old one using.

The hosts file
Next inform Linux about the network environment. This is defined in and helps in resolving host names to IP addresses for hosts that aren't resolved by the nameserver.

Save and exit the editor to continue.

Optional: Get PCMCIA working
PCMCIA users should now install the package.

Root password
Set the root password using the command.

The root Linux account is an all-powerful account, so pick a strong password. Later an additional regular user account will be created for daily operations.

Init and boot configuration
Gentoo (at least when using OpenRC) uses to configure the services, startup, and shutdown of a system. Open up and enjoy all the comments in the file. Review the settings and change where needed.

Next, open to handle keyboard configuration. Edit it to configure and select the right keyboard.

Take special care with the keymap variable. If the wrong keymap is selected, then weird results will come up when typing on the keyboard.

Finally, edit to set the clock options. Edit it according to personal preference.

If the hardware clock is not using UTC, then it is necessary to set  in the file. Otherwise the system might show clock skew behavior.