Upgrading GCC/zh-cn

本文档将指导用户完成GCC的升级.

介绍
这篇文章讲述 升级 GCC. GCC降级可能会有不愿看到的副作用. 对于一些报告中常见的问题请查阅故障排除一节.

下一节将给出GCC升级的快速指南（这件事太容易了）. 如果你想要阅读升级GCC背后冗长的材料，请继续阅读GCC升级详解.

简明版
如果你正在升级GCC，那么你需要做的事情只有改变编译器版本和重新构建libtool.

如果你从GCC 3.4.0（3.x系列）或4.1之前的版本升级，你还需要运行 ：

检查当前版本并卸载旧版本

这样就完成了！

介绍
GCC upgrading has always been mystified, with suggestions ranging from "You do not need to do anything" up to "You will need to rebuild your entire system twice". Most of this FUD comes from the confusion surrounding ABI incompatibility. But first a quick pointer towards.

libtool 和 fix_libtool_files.sh
Earlier installments of GCC on Gentoo required you to run a specific command called. Some time ago, the execution of this command has been integrated in the package deployments itself (through the toolchain eclass) so there is no need for users to call this themselves anymore.

The reason we need to rebuild libtool after the upgrade of gcc versions is because of its main purpose: libtool is a toolset that aggregates platform-specific code in a generic interface, allowing applications to build against shared libraries without needing to deal with the platform specific aspects of shared libraries. To fulfill its function properly, the  script uses various library locations that have hardcoded GCC version information in them.

ABI Changes
An ABI, or Application Binary Interface, is a set of conventions used by all tools that deal with binary representation of programs, including compilers, assemblers, linkers and language runtime support (source: GCC Binary Compatibility). When the ABI used for binary applications and libraries is changed, you will risk getting linker errors or malfunctioning programs unless you rebuild all libraries that use C++ code. Yes, C++, since most incompatibilities occur within the C++ ABI. This is also why we use the  command against the  library.

So why is this only needed up to GCC 3.4.0/4.1? That's because from that version onwards, GCC uses a forward compatible ABI, which removes the need for rebuilding applications and libraries. Of course, guarantees can never be given indefinitely, but when an incompatibility occurs again, we'll definitely document it here. In that case, the version of the library will probably be increased.

Rebuilding Everything
Some people swear that they need to rebuild every single package on their system when a new GCC version is made available. Of course, that doesn't make sense, since there are many applications that are not using GCC for their build and install process anyhow, so they would never be affected by such changes.

That however doesn't mean they are completely incorrect: newer GCC versions often include better support for the processors' instruction set, which might influence the performance of some applications in a positive way. Although it is expected that this improvement is generally only marginally, in some cases (especially CPU intensive applications) this might yield notable improvements.

There are also known cases where packages need to be built with the same compiler. Although these packages are usually bumped by Gentoo simultaneously (so that they are always built with the same GCC version) cherry-picking reinstalls on these packages might prove to be troublesome. The various packages are a nice example on this matter.

libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.15' not found
During updates, you might encounter an error like the following:

GLIBCXX_x.y.z not found

This means that you are trying to build a package with an older GCC version than with which some depending libraries were built. Remember when we told that the C++ ABI if forward-compatible? That is true, but it ensures only that higher (or same) GCC versions can be used when building applications and linking libraries (compared to the GCC version used to build those libraries).

To rebuild all the packages depending on libstdc++ the next bash script can be executed.

Script to rebuild libstdc++ depending packages

Which packages are known to need a rebuild?
The following table gives the packages that, if installed, need to be rebuild and why.

Gentoo Guides and Resources

 * GCC Upgrading up to 4.1, the previous version of this document