Prelink/ru

В этом руководстве рассказывается, как использовать поддержку prelink в Portage 2.0.46 и более поздних версиях.

Что такое Prelink и как он может помочь?
В большинстве распространенных приложений используются общие библиотеки. Эти разделяемые библиотеки должны быть загружены в память во время выполнения, при этом различные символьные ссылки должны быть вычислены. Для большинства небольших программ эта динамическая компоновка очень быстрая. Но для программ, написанных на C++ и имеющих множество зависимостей между библиотеками, динамическое связывание может занимать достаточно много времени.

В большинстве систем библиотеки не изменяются очень часто, и когда программа запускается, операции, предпринятые для связывания программы, каждый раз одинаковы. Prelink использует это, выполняя привязку и сохраняя ее в исполняемом файле, по сути предварительно привязывая ее.

Предварительное связывание может сократить время запуска приложений. Например, типичное время загрузки программы KDE можно сократить на целых 50%. Единственное, что необходимо сделать - повторно выполненить prelink каждый раз, когда библиотека обновляется для предварительно связанного исполняемого файла.

Обобщение

 * Prelinking is done via a program called, surprisingly,  . It changes the binary to make it start faster.
 * If an application's dependent libraries change after you have prelinked it, you need to re-prelink the application, otherwise you lose the speed advantage. This is to say, everytime you update a package via portage that updates libraries, they need to be re-prelinked.
 * The change to the binary is fully reversible.  has an undo function.
 * Current versions of Portage can handle, via , the changing MD5sums and mtimes of the binaries.
 * You do not need to set  in your  file; Portage will automatically support prelink if it can find the prelink binary.

Установка программ
First you need to install the  tool. The emerge process automatically verifies that your system can prelink safely.

A number of people get errors in emerging prelink because of the failed tests. The tests were put in for safety reasons, prelink's behavior is undefined if you disable them. The emerge errors are usually only dependent on the core packages; binutils, gcc, and glibc. Try re-emerging those packages in that order.

If you have a set of steps that reproduces the emerge error on another system please check Bugzilla and create a bug report if it has not already been reported.

Подготовка системы
Also make sure that you do not have -fPIC set in your CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS. If you do, you will need to rebuild your entire system without.

Конфигурация
Running  will generate the  file that tells  which files to prelink.

Unfortunately you cannot prelink files that were compiled by old versions of binutils. Most of these applications come from pre-compiled, binary only packages which are installed in. Making the following file will tell prelink not to attempt to prelink them.

Prelink Usage
I use the following command to prelink all the binaries in the directories given by.

Prelink Cron Job
and later install a cron job in. To enable it, edit the configuration file. This will run prelink daily in the background, as needed, saving you running the command manually.

Speeding Up KDE After Prelinking
KDE's loading time can be greatly reduced after prelinking. If you inform KDE that it has been prelinked it will disable the loading of  (as it isn't required anymore) which speeds up KDE even more.

Set  in  to inform KDE about the prelinking.

Removing prelink
If you ever change your mind about prelinking, before you unmerge prelink, you'll first need to remove the prelink cronjob from and. Next, you'll have to remove prelinking from all binaries:

Finally, unmerge the  package itself:

"Cannot prelink against non-PIC shared library"
The cause of this problem is from badly compiled shared libraries that were compiled without the -fPIC gcc option for all their object files.

Here are the libraries that haven't been fixed or cannot be fixed:


 * The libraries in the wine package, including winex. Prelinking wouldn't speed up MS Windows executables anyway.
 * The library in media-video/mjpegtools,.
 * Nvidia OpenGl libraries, . Due to performance reasons they were compiled without PIC support.

If your problem library was not listed please report it with, preferably, a patch to add  to the relevant CFLAGS.

When I prelink my system some static binaries don't work anymore
Where glibc is concerned, there is no such thing as a 100% static binary. If you statically compile a binary with glibc, it may still depend on other system files. Below is an explanation by Dick Howell,

"I suppose the idea is that everything will be in the downloaded file, so nothing depends on the local libraries on the target system. Unfortunately with Linux, and I think anything else using GLIBC, this still isn't quite true. There's this "libnss" (name service switch, some people seem to call it network security system) which provides functions for accessing various databases for authentication, network information, and other things. It's supposed to make application programs independent of the separately configured actual network environment of the machine. A nice idea, but changes to GLIBC can lead to problems loading it. And you can't statically link "libnss", since it is configured for each machine individually. The problem comes, I think, mainly from statically linking other GLIBC libraries, notably "libpthread", "libm", and "libc", from which come incompatible calls to "libnss" functions."

Prelink aborts with "prelink: dso.c:306: fdopen_dso: Assertion `j
k' failed." ===

This a known problem, kindly diagnosed here. Prelink cannot cope with UPX-compressed executables. As of prelink-20021213 there is no fix except to hide the executables while you are prelinking. See the section above for an easy way to do this.

I use grsecurity and it seems that prelinking doesn't work.
In order to prelink on a system with grsecurity using a randomized mmap base, it is necessary to turn "randomized mmap base" OFF for. This can be done with the  utility, but it must be done when the file is not in use (f.i. boot from a rescue CD).

Prelink fails with error "prelink: Can't walk directory tree XXXX: Too many levels of symbolic links"
Your symlinks are nested too deeply. This happens when a symlink points to itself. For example, is the most common. To fix this, you can find the symlink manually or use the utility provided by the  package:

More details can be found at Bugzilla and this forum post.

Заключение
Prelinking can drastically speed up the start up times for a number of large applications. Support is built into Portage. Prelinking is also safe as you can always undo the prelinking for any binary if you come across any problems. Just remember that when you update glibc or other libraries that you prelinked with, you need to rerun ! In short good luck!