Kernel/Overview/de

This document provides an overview on all kernel sources that Gentoo provides through Portage.

Einleitung
Wie bei allem anderem in Gentoo Linux, besteht die Philosophie des Gentoo Kernel Teams darin dem Nutzer eine größtmögliche Wahlfreiheit zu überlassen. Wenn man einen Blick auf die Ausgabe von  wirft, sieht man eine große Vielzahl von Kerneln aus denen man auswählen kann. Dieses Dokument versucht einen kurzen Überblick über die Ziele jedes einzelnen Patchsets, welches Gentoo anbietet zu geben und erklärt auch, welche anderen Kernelquellen verfügbar sind.

genkernel
ist ein Kernelwerkzeug, das dazu genutzt werden kann die vorhandene Hardware zu erkennen und den Kernel automatisch zu konfigurieren. Dies ist die übliche Empfehlung für Nutzer die ihren Kernel nicht von Hand kompilieren möchten.

For more information, please read the Gentoo Linux Genkernel Guide.

Allgemein einsetzbar: gentoo-sources
Für die meisten Nutzer empfehlen wir den  Kernel. ist ein Kernel, welcher auf Linux 3.x basiert und mit wenigen Patches, die Sicherheitsprobleme oder Fehler lösen und die Kompatibilität mit weiteren ungebräuchlichen Systemarchitekturen zu erhöhen, erweitert wurde.

Das  Paket nimmt die meisten Ressourcen des Gentoo Kernel Teams in Anspruch. Diese werden von einer Gruppe talentierter Entwickler, welche auf die Expertise des bekannten Kernelhackers Greg Kroah-Hartman zählen können, bereitgestellt. Kroah-Hartman betreut udev und ist verantwortlich für die USB und PCI Subsysteme im offiziellen Linuxkernel.

Für Server: hardened-sources
The kernel is based on the official Linux kernel and is targeted at users running Gentoo on server systems. It provides patches for the various sub-projects of Gentoo Hardened (such as support for SELinux and grsecurity), together with stability and security-enhancements. Check http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/hardened/ for more information.

ck-sources
is Con Kolivas's kernel patch set. This patchset is primarily designed to improve system responsiveness and interactivity and is configurable for varying workloads (from servers to desktops). The patchset includes a different scheduler, BFS, designed to keep systems responsive and smooth even when under heavy load. Support and information is available at http://kernel.kolivas.org and in the  channel on irc.oftc.net.

git-sources
The package tracks daily snapshots of the upstream development kernel tree. These kernels are good for users interested in kernel development or testing. Bug reports should go to the Linux Kernel Bug Tracker or LKML (Linux Kernel Mailing List).

Architekturspezifische Kernel
and are, as their names suggest, patched to run best on specific architectures. They also contain some of the patches for hardware and features support from the other patch sets mentioned above and below.

Nicht-unterstützte Kernelpakete
Now to briefly describe some of the other which scrolled by when the emerge -s sources command was run. Below we discuss each one of them individually. These kernels are provided as a courtesy only — the various patch sets are not supported by the Gentoo kernel team. There is no specific preference to one source or another, so we review the kernel sources in alphabetical order.

aufs-sources
The package contains full kernel sources including the official genpatchset (found in gentoo-sources) for the 3.1x kernel tree and aufs3 support. This kernel is useful when attempting to utilize the aufs3 filesystem. For more information see the aufs3 page on Sourceforge or the genpatches homepage.

pf-sources
The kernel brings together parts of several different kernel patches. It includes the BFS patchset from, the patches, LinuxIMQ, and the BFQ I/O scheduler.

openvz-sources
OpenVZ is a server virtualization solution built on Linux. OpenVZ creates isolated, secure virtual private servers (VPSs) or virtual environments on a single physical server enabling better server utilization and ensuring that applications do not conflict. For more information, see http://www.openvz.org.

tuxonice-sources
The (formerly sys-kernel/suspend2-sources) are patched with both genpatches which includes the patches found in gentoo-sources, and the patches found in TuxOnIce which are an improved implementation of suspend-to-disk for the Linux kernel, formerly known as suspend2.

This kernel is recommended for laptop users who often rely on being able to suspend their laptop and resume work elsewhere.

usermode-sources
usermode-sources are the User Mode Linux kernel patches and can be found in the package. These kernel patches are designed to allow Linux to recursively run within Linux. User Mode Linux is intended for testing and virtual server support. For more information about this amazing tribute to the stability and scalability of Linux, see http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net.

For more information on UML and Gentoo, read the Gentoo UML Guide.

vanilla-sources
Many Linux users will probably be familiar with the package. These kernels are copies of the official kernel sources released on http://www.kernel.org/. Please note that the Gentoo kernel team does not patch vanilla-sources at all; they are purely for people who wish to run a completely unmodified Linux kernel. The Gentoo kernel team recommends instead.

Versions of the kernel can be found under this package: 3.x.

aa-sources
aa-sources was a heavily modified kernel with all kinds of patches. The upstream maintainer stopped releasing kernel patchsets and subsequently this package has been removed.

alpha-sources
alpha-sources was a 2.4 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the Alpha architecture. These patches have been developed and are now included in the mainline kernel. Alpha users can run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

Architekturspezifische Kernel
war ein 2.6 Kernel, welcher entworfen wurde, um auf der Sony PlayStation 3 Spielekonsole zu laufen.

development-sources
, der offizielle 2.6 Kernel von kernel.org. Dieser kann jetzt im  Paket gefunden werden.

gentoo-dev-sources
, ein 2.6 kernel mit zusätzlichen Fehlerbehebungen, Sicherheits- und Stabilitätsverbesserungen. Dieser kann jetzt im  Paket gefunden werden.

grsec-sources
The grsec-sources kernel source used to be patched with the latest grsecurity updates (grsecurity version 2.0 and up) which included, amongst other security-related patches, support for PaX. Grsecurity patches are included in the hardened-sources kernel, so this package is no longer available in Portage.

hardened-dev-sources
hardened-dev-sources can now be found under the hardened-sources package.

hppa-sources
hppa-sources was a 2.6 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the HPPA architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. HPPA users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

mm-sources
The mm-sources were based on vanilla-sources and contained Andrew Morton's patch set. They included the experimental and bleeding-edge features that were going to be included in the official kernel (or were going to be rejected because they set systems on fire!). They were known to be always moving at a fast pace and could change radically from one week to the other; kernel hackers often used mm-sources as a testing ground for highly experimental stuff. They have since been removed from the Portage tree.

rsbac-dev-sources
The rsbac-dev-sources</tt> kernels can now be found under the package.

rsbac-sources
Back in the days of 2.6-based kernels contained patches to use Rule Set Based Access Controls (RSBAC ). It was removed due to lack of maintainers, but has has magically reappeared with the 3.10 kernel series. Use hardened-sources if additional security features are needed.

selinux-sources
selinux-sources</tt>, a 2.4 kernel including lots of security enhancements, has been obsoleted by security development in the 2.6 kernel tree. SELinux functionality can be found in the hardened-sources package.

sh-sources
sh-sources</tt> was a 2.6 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the SuperH architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. SuperH users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

sparc-sources
sparc-sources</tt> was a 2.4 kernel with patches applied to improve hardware compatibility for the SPARC architecture. These patches have been developed and included in the mainline kernel. SPARC users can now run any recent kernel with no need for extra patches.

uclinux-sources
The uclinux-sources</tt> are meant for CPUs without MMUs as well as embedded devices. For more information, see http://www.uclinux.org. Lack of security patches as well as hardware to test on were the reasons this package is no longer found in the Portage tree.

win4lin-sources
win4lin-sources</tt> were patched to support the userland win4lin tools that allowed Linux users to run many Microsoft Windows (TM) applications at almost native speeds. These kernel sources were removed due to security issues.

xen-sources
xen-sources</tt> was a 2.6-based kernel that allowed running multiple operating systems on a single physical system. A user could create virtual environments in which one or more guest operating systems could run on a Xen-powered host operating system.

The xen-sources</tt> patches were incorporated into the mainline Linux kernel as of version 3.0.

For more information on working with Xen and Gentoo, read the Gentoo Xen Guide.

zen-sources
The package is designed for desktop systems. It includes code not found in the mainline kernel. The Zen kernel has patches that add new features, support additional hardware, and contains various tweaks for desktops. The Zen 3.8 kernel series is currently masked in the Portage tree. For more information on the Zen kernel please visit Zen Kernel Live Sources website.

Danksagungen
Gedankt sei folgenden Autoren für ihre Beiträge zu diesem Leitfaden:


 * Sven Vermeulen
 * Brandon Low
 * Daniel Drake
 * Carl Anderson
 * Jorge Paulo
 * Benny Chuang
 * Gregorio Guidi
 * Shyam Mani
 * Joshua Saddler