Xorg/Guide/zh-cn

Xorg的是X Window服务器，它允许用户在他们的指尖创造一个图形环境. 本指南解释了什么是Xorg，如何安装它，以及各种配置选项.

图形或命令行
普通用户可能有害怕敲命令的思想. 他为什么不能够指向和点击自己的方式，这难道不是（一般和Linux）Gentoo提供的自由吗？嗯，当然，你可以做到这一点！ Linux提供了许多优秀的用户界面和环境，你可以在现有的系统基础上安装.

这是新用户遇到的最大惊喜之一: 无非是在您的系统运行的应用程序是一个图形用户界面. 它并非是 '' Linux 内核的一部分或任何其他内部的系统组件. 它只是您的计算机的一个强大工具，完全能使您拥有图形操作的能力.

标准是重要的，一个标准的绘图和窗口是在屏幕上移动,通过鼠标，键盘和其他基本的东西，重要的方面用户交互的标准，并命名为“”X Window系统'，通常简称为X11或只是X. 它被世界各地的Unix，Linux和Unix类操作系统使用.

这个程序为Linux用户提供运行图形用户界面的能力，Xorg-X11使用X11的接口和标准，是XFree86项目的一个分支. XFree86的决定使用的许可证，可能无法与GPL许可兼容;因此建议使用Xorg. 官方的Portage树并不提供XFree86包.

The X.org project
The X.org project created and maintains a freely redistributable, open-source implementation of the X11 system. It is an open source X11-based desktop infrastructure.

Xorg provides an interface between your hardware and the graphical software you want to run. Besides that, Xorg is also fully network-aware, meaning you are able to run an application on one system while viewing it on a different one.

Installation
Before you can install Xorg, you need to prepare your system for it. First, we'll set up the kernel to support input devices and video cards. Then we'll prepare so that the right drivers and Xorg packages are built and installed.

Input driver support
By default, Xorg uses, a generic input driver. You'll need to activate support for  by making a change to your kernel configuration. Read the Kernel Configuration Guide if you don't know how to setup your kernel.

Kernel modesetting
Modern open-source video drivers rely on kernel modesetting (KMS). KMS provides an improved graphical boot with less flickering, faster user switching, a built-in framebuffer console, seamless switching from the console to Xorg, and other features. KMS conflicts with legacy framebuffer drivers, which must remain disabled in your kernel configuration.

First, prepare your kernel for KMS. You need to do this step regardless of which Xorg video driver you're using.

Next, configure the kernel to use the proper KMS driver for your video card. Intel, nVidia, and AMD/ATI are the most common cards, so follow code listing for each card below.

For Intel cards :

For nVidia cards:

For newer AMD/ATI cards (RadeonHD 2000 and up), emerge or. Once one of these packages has been installed, configure the kernel as detailed in the firmware section of Radeon article:

Now that KMS has been set up, continue preparing in the next section.

make.conf configuration
Now that the kernel is prepared, two important variables in the file must be configured before installing Xorg.

The first variable is VIDEO_CARDS. This is used to set the video drivers that you intend to use and is usually based on the kind of video card you have. The most common settings are  for nVidia cards or   for ATI cards. Both have actively developed, well-supported open-source drivers.

The  driver may be used for desktops or laptops with common Intel integrated graphics chipsets.

The second variable is INPUT_DEVICES and is used to determine which drivers are to be built for input devices. In most cases setting it to should work just fine. If you use alternative input devices, such as a Synaptics touchpad for a laptop, be sure to add it to INPUT_DEVICES.

Decide which drivers will be used and add necessary settings to the file:

If the suggested settings does not work emerge the package(see the step below). Check all the options available and choose those which apply to the system. This example is for a system with a keyboard, mouse, Synaptics touchpad, and a Radeon video card.

After setting all the necessary variables Xorg can be installed:

When the installation is finished, some environment variables will need to re-initialized before continuing. Source the profile with this command:

NVidia users
For NVidia users it might be beneficial to run nvidia-xconfig in order to generate a working file for the selected graphics card. Without this step the file will need to be created manually as described below. Missing the will sometimes generate a "No screens found" error to the terminal when attempting to startx.

Also the NVidia driver will only work after a reboot, so be sure to restart the system after running nvidia-xconfig.

It is both possible and recommended to set the OpenGL renderer to the hardware renderer instead of a software renderer:

Configuration
The X server is designed to work out-of-the-box, with no need to manually edit Xorg's configuration files. It should detect and configure devices such as displays, keyboards, and mice.

Try using startx without editing any configuration files. If Xorg will not start, or there is some other problem, then manual configuration of Xorg will be needed. This is explained in the following section.

The directory
Most of the configuration files for Xorg are stored in. Each file is given a unique name and ends in. The file names in Xorg's configuration directory will read in alpha numeric order. For example, will be read before ;  will be read before, and so on. The files in this directory are not required to be numbered, but doing so will help keep them organize. Organization is helpful in when debugging faulty configuration files.

Using startx
Try to start up the X server. is a script that executes an X session; that is, it starts the X server and some graphical applications on top of it. It decides which applications to run using the following logic:


 * If a file named exists in the home directory, it will execute the commands listed there.


 * Otherwise, it will read the value of the XSESSION variable and will execute one of the sessions available in accordingly. The value of XSESSION can be set in the  file to make a default session for all users on the system. For example, as root, run:




 * This will create the file and set the default X session to Xfce. Remember to run  after making changes to.

If no window manager has been installed a solid black screen will appear. Since this can also be a sign that something is wrong, the and  packages can be installed only to test X.

Once the programs are installed, run startx again. A few windows should appear, making it easy to verify the X server is working correctly. Once satisfied with the results, unmerge and  if installed in the step above to remove the testing packages. They will not be needed to setup a proper desktop environment.

Setting the screen resolution
If the screen resolution looks to be wrong, you will need to check two sections in your configuration. First of all, you have the Screen section which lists the resolutions that your X server will run at. This section might not list any resolutions at all. If this is the case, Xorg will estimate the resolutions based on the information in the second section, Monitor.

Now let us change the resolution. In the next example from we add the   line so that our X server starts at 1440x900 by default. The  in the   section must match the name of your monitor, which can be obtained by running xrandr. Install xrandr (emerge xrandr) just long enough to get this information. The argument after the monitor name (in the  section) must match the   in the   section.

Run X (startx) to discover it uses the desired resolution.

Multiple monitors
More than one monitor in can be established in. Give each monitor a unique identifier, then list its physical position, such as "RightOf" or "Above" another monitor. The following example shows how to configure a DVI and a VGA monitor, with the VGA monitor as the right-hand screen:

Configuring the keyboard
To setup X to use an international keyboard create the appropriate config file in. This example features a Czech keyboard layout:

The "terminate" command lets users kill the X session by using the ++ key combination. This will, however, make X exit disgracefully -- something that users might want to avoid. It can be useful when programs have frozen the display entirely, or when configuring and tweaking the Xorg environment. Be careful when killing the desktop with this key combination - most programs really do not like it when they are ended this way. Some, if not all, of the information that has not been written to the disk (information stored in "open documents") will be lost.

Finishing up
Run startx</tt> and be happy about the result. Congratulations, you now (hopefully) have a working Xorg! The next step is to install a useful window manager or desktop environment such as KDE, GNOME, or Xfce. Information on installing these desktop environments can be found here on the wiki.

Creating and editing config files
First of all, man xorg.conf</tt> and man evdev</tt> provide quick yet complete references about the syntax used by these configuration files. Be sure to have them open on a terminal when editing Xorg configuration files!

There are also many online resources on editing config files in. Only a few are listed here; use a choice favorite search engine to find more.

Other resources
More information about installing and configuring various graphical desktop environments and applications can be found in the Gentoo Desktop Documentation Resources section of our documentation.

When upgrading to xorg-server 1.9 or higher, be sure to read the migration guide.

X.org provides many FAQs on their website, in addition to their other documentation.